Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-fwgfc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-12T08:44:09.506Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

International obligations as regards safety in international civil aviation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 July 2016

R. I. R. Abeyratne*
Affiliation:
Air Transport Officer, International Civil Aviation OrganizationMontreal, Canada

Extract

In 1995, 19 western built jet aircraft were totally destroyed in air crashes which killed 383 passengers and 39 crew members. Although this rate of loss has been steady for the past 10 years, there were three major losses in 1996 — the famous Valujet and TWA aircraft in the United States and the world's worst midair collision in history New Delhi, India, where a Saudia Boeing 747 with 312 persons aboard collided with a Kazak aircraft carrying 37 passengers and crew. All on board were killed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 1997 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This article has been written in the author's personal capacity and its contents should not be attributed to his position in the Icao Secretariat.

References

1. 1997 Britannica Book of the Year, Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago, 1997, pp 372 and 58.Google Scholar
2. IcaoDOC. PI0 16/97, p 1.Google Scholar
3. 1TA Press 284, 01-05 April 1997, p 10.Google Scholar
4. Icao Doc 7300/6, Sixth Edition, 1980.Google Scholar
5. Ibid Preamble, p 1.Google Scholar
6. Ibid Article 44 (a).Google Scholar
7. ITA Press , supra, note 3, p 10.Google Scholar
8. Decision SI3-3: Safety Oversight. African Civil Aviation Commission, Thirteenth PlenarySession,Abuja11-18May1995,AFCAC/13 Report, p 25.Google Scholar
9. DGCA/100-DP/7, 21/4/97, Appendix.Google Scholar
10. DGCA/I00-DP/8, 28/4/97, Appendix.Google Scholar
11. EU Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985.Google Scholar
12. Icao Doc 9637, Annual Report of the Council 1994, Icao: Montreal, Chapter III, pp 45-46.Google Scholar
13. Proceedings of the Council 2nd Session 2 September-12 December 1947, Doc 7248 - C/839, pp 44-45.Google Scholar
14. Icao Annex 9, Facilitation, Ninth Edition, July 1990, Foreword.Google Scholar
15. Aeronautical Information Services Manual, Icao Doc 8126-0 AN/872/3. Icao Resolution A 1-31 defines a Standard as any specification for physical characteristics… the uniform application of which is recognised as necessary… and one that States will conform to. The same resolution describes a Recommended Practice as any specification for physical characteristics… which is recognised as desirable… and one that member States will endeavour to conform to… Buergenthal, T. Law Making in the International Civil Aviation Organization, 1969, p 10 also cites the definitions given in Icao's Annex 9 of Sarps.Google Scholar
16. Milde, M. The Chicago Convention — after forty years, IX Annals Air and Space L 119, p 126. Also Schenkman, J. International Civil Aviation Organization, Geneva. 1955, p 163.Google Scholar
17. Milde, M. supra, p 122.Google Scholar
18. Buergenthal, T. Law Making in the International Civil Aviation Organization, 1969, p 9.Google Scholar
19. Dempsey, P.S. Law and Foreign Policy in International Aviation, Transnational Publishers, Dobbs Ferry, New York, 1987, p 302.Google Scholar
20. Ibid p 5. Google Scholar
21. Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice, United Nations, New York, Article 57.Google Scholar
22. Ibid Article 63 (I) and (2).Google Scholar
23. Potter, P.B. AnIntroductiontotheStudyofInternational Organisation, Appleton Century-Crofts, New York and London, Fifth Edition, 1935, pp 273-274.Google Scholar
24. Resolutions Adopted by the Assembly — 31 st Session, Montreal, 19 September-4 October 1995. Icao, Montreal 1995, p 2.Google Scholar
25. Icao Releases Strategic Action Plan President Renews Call for Empowerment, Icao News Release PIO 10/97, p 1.Google Scholar
27. C-WP/10066.Google Scholar
28. 2217th Report to the Council by the President of the Air Navigation Commission, C-WP/10559, 3 March 1997.Google Scholar
29. Ibid pp 2-4.Google Scholar
30. Action Plan to Address Shortcomings and Deficiencies in the Air Navigation Field, AN-WP/7228, 27/5/97.Google Scholar
31. Sparaco, P. Combating fatigue to enhance safety, Av Week and Space Tech, 4 November, 1996, p 49.Google Scholar
32. Ibid, 54.Google Scholar
33. Gander, P.H. et al A NASA study shows how age and circadian rhythm affect sleep loss, Airline Pilot, April 1995, p 20.Google Scholar
34. Cooper, Air CDRE G. Sleepless flights?. Report of the Royal AeronauticalSocietyAviationMedicineGroupConference“Aeromedical Aspects of Ultra Long-Haul Operations”, Aerospace, September 1994, 21, (9), pp 2226.Google Scholar
35. Annex 6 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Operation of Aircraft) Part 1, Fifth Edition, July 1990, Attachment A, 1.1.Google Scholar
36. Ibid 1.2. Google Scholar
37. Ibid 2.2.1.Google Scholar
38. Ibid 2.3.Google Scholar
39. Ibid 3.2.Google Scholar
40. Annex 6 to the Convention on International Civil aviation. Part III, Second Edition of Part III, July 1990, Attachment C, 3 and 4.Google Scholar
41. AN-WP/6888,28/2/94.Google Scholar
42. Ibid Appendix A. Also State Letter AN 11/9-93/77.Google Scholar
43. AN-WP/6888 supra note 46, Appendices B and C.Google Scholar
44. Out of synch jet lag, Airworthy Aviator, August 1992, p 1. Also Dingles, D.F. Crew rest and sleep deprivation, Flight Safety Foundation, 35th Corporate Aviation Seminar, April 18-20. 1990, Montreal. Thompson, L.J. Disorders of circadian rhythm with air travel, Patient Management, December 1986, p 13. Also Davenport and Jensen, Fatigue factors on two man crews, Pilot, December 1989, p 23.Google Scholar
45. Graeber, C. Fatigue in long haul operations — sources and solutions, UK Flight Safety Focus, Spring 1992, Part 2, p 1.Google Scholar
46. Dille, J.R. and Morris, E.W. Human factors in general aviation accidents, aerospace medicine, 1967, 38, pp 1063-6. Also Gibbons, H.L. Alcohol, aviation and safety revisited: a historical review and a suggestion, Aviation Space Environmental Medicine, 1988, 59, pp 657-60. Ryan, C.C. and Mohler, S.R. Intoxicating liquor and the general aviation pilot, 1971, Aerospace Medicine, 1972: 43:1024–6.Google Scholar
47. Kalfus, S.L. Alcohol testing begins. Airline Pilot, October 1994, p 16.Google Scholar
48. A/RES/48/112. 11 March 1994.Google Scholar
49. Doc 9662. Assembly Resolutions in Force (as of 4 October 1995), pp 1-36: 1-37.Google Scholar
50. Ibid, pp 11-24.Google Scholar
51. Doc 9654-AN/945, First Edition, 1995.Google Scholar
52. Ibid iii.Google Scholar
53. Wiener, E.L. Cockpit automation, in Wiener, E.L. and Nagel, D.C. Human Factors in Aviation, San Diego: Academic Press, 1988, pp 433 459.Google Scholar
54. Schute, R.D. Cockpit-cabin communication: I. A tale of-two cultures, IntJAv Psyc, 5, (3), 1995, 257, p 258.Google Scholar
55. Cited in Moshansky, V.P. Commission of Inquiry into the Air Ontario Crash at Dryden, Ontario, Toronto, Canada: Minister of Supply and Services, 1992, p 1087.Google Scholar
56. Vandermark, M.J. Should flight attendants be included in CRM training? A discussion of major air carrier's approach to total crew training, Int J Av Psyc, 1991, 1, pp 8794. Also, Merritt, A. Human factors on the flight deck; the influence of national culture, paper presented at the Seventh International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, Ohio, April 1993.Google Scholar
57. Air Letter, Wednesday, 17 August 1994, (13 060), p 1.Google Scholar
58. Schute, R.D. On a collision course, Air Line Pilot, March 1995, p 20.Google Scholar
59.Pasinato v American Airlines, 93 C 1510, 1994 Westlaw 171522 (ND ILL May 2, 1994). For a more detailed report and analysis of this case see Lloyd's Aviation Law , 1 June 1994, 13, (11), pp 45.Google Scholar
60. Doctor on board. Aeronaut Sat News, October-November 1996, p 5.Google Scholar
61. Unruly passengers, Av Sec hit, June 1997,2,(2), p 4.Google Scholar
62. Ibid, p 6.Google Scholar
63. Increasing Europe's Air Traffic Control Capacity, European Air Traffic Control Harmonisation and Integration Programme (EATCHIP), April 1994, Olsen International at EUROCONTROL Headquarters, p 4.Google Scholar
64. Articles 11, 12, 15, 28, 69 and 70.Google Scholar
65. Annexes 2, 11 and 14.Google Scholar
66. Icao Doc 4444 (PANS-RAC).Google Scholar
67. Penney, S.M. TO err is human, Aerospace, March 1997, 24, (3), pp 1619.Google Scholar
68. Mattrick, T. International conference on Disruptive Airline Passengers, Airline Pilot, June/July 1997, p 24 and p 26.Google Scholar