Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-rvbq7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T21:37:09.496Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Uniformity and Variability in the Indian English Accent

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2020

Caroline R. Wiltshire
Affiliation:
University of Florida

Summary

The sounds of Indian English are distinct and recognizable to outsiders, while insiders perceive variations in how English has developed in this large diverse population. What characteristics mark the unity? Which are clues to a speaker's origins or identity? This Element synthesizes research over the past fifty years and adds to it, focusing on selected features of consonants, vowels, and suprasegmentals (stress, intonation, rhythm) to understand the characteristics of Indian English accents and sources of its uniformity and variability. These accent features, perceptible by humans and discoverable by computational approaches, may be used in expressing identity, both local and pan-Indian.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108913768
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 17 December 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agnihotri, R. K., and Khanna, A. L.. 1997. Problematizing English in India. Delhi: Sage Publications India.Google Scholar
Agnihotri, R. K., and Sahgal, Anju. 1985. Is Indian English retroflexed and r-full? Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics 11: 97108.Google Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto. 2009. The Asian typology of English. English World-Wide 30: 133–48. DOI:10.1075/eww.30.2.02ansGoogle Scholar
Arvaniti, Amalia. 2009. Rhythm, timing and the timing of rhythm. Phonetica 66: 4663. DOI:10.1159/000208930Google Scholar
Awan, Shaheen N., and Stine, Carolyn L.. 2011. Voice onset time in Indian English-accented speech. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 25: 9981003. DOI:10.3109/02699206.2011.619296CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balasubramanian, T. 1972. The vowels of Tamil and English: a study in contrast. CIEFL Bulletin 9: 2734.Google Scholar
Bamgbose, Ayo. 1998. Torn between the norms: innovations in world Englishes. World Englishes 17: 114. DOI:10.1111/1467-971X.00078Google Scholar
Bansal, Ram K. 1976. The Intelligibility of Indian English. (2nd edition). Monograph 4. Hyderabad: CIEFL.Google Scholar
Bansal, Ram K. 1983. Studies in Phonetics and Spoken English. Monograph 10. Hyderabad: CIEFL.Google Scholar
Bansal, Ram K. 1990. The pronunciation of English in India. In Ramsaran, Susan, ed., Studies in the Pronunciation of English. London: Routledge, 2019–33.Google Scholar
Bansal, Ram K., and Harrison, J. B.. 2013 [1972 originally]. Spoken English: A Manual of Speech and Phonetics. (4th edition). Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan.Google Scholar
Barpujari, H. K. 1986. The American Missionaries and North-East India (1836–1900 A.D.). Guwahati: Spectrum Publications.Google Scholar
Barron, A. W. J. 1961. The English dental fricatives in India. CIEFL Bulletin (CIEFL) 1: 84–6.Google Scholar
Beckman, Jill, Jessen, Michael, and Ringen, Catherine. 2013. Empirical evidence for laryngeal features: aspirating vs. true voice languages. Journal of Linguistics 49: 259–84. DOI:10.1017/S0022226712000424Google Scholar
Beal, Joan. 2004. English dialects in the North of England: phonology. In Schneider, Edgar, Burridge, Kate, Kortmann, Bernd, Mesthrie, Rajend, and Upton, Clive, eds., Varieties of English. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 113–33.Google Scholar
Bernaisch, Tobias, and Koch, Christopher. 2016. Attitudes toward Englishes in India. World Englishes 35: 118–32. DOI:10.1111/weng.12174Google Scholar
Broselow, Ellen, Chen, Su-i, and Wang, Chilin. 1998. The emergence of the unmarked in second language phonology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20: 261–80. DOI:10.1017/S0272263198002071Google Scholar
Britain, David, and Trudgill, Peter. 2009. New dialect formation and contact-induced reallocation: three case studies from the English fens. International Journal of English Studies 5: 183209. https://revistas.um.es/ijes/article/view/47951Google Scholar
Bush, Clara N. 1967. Some acoustic parameters of speech and their relationships to the perception of dialect differences. TESOL Quarterly 1: 2030. DOI: 10.2307/3586196Google Scholar
CIEFL. 1972. The Sound System of Indian English. Monograph 7. Hyderabad: CIEFL.Google Scholar
Chakraborty, Sinjini, and Didla, Grace Suneetha. 2020. A forensic phonetic study of Indian English: phonetic features as an indexical marker. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 5: 714–20. DOI: 10.22161/ijels.53.24Google Scholar
Chand, Vineeta. 2009. [v] at is going on? Local and global ideologies about Indian English. Language in Society 38: 393419. DOI:10.1017/S0047404509990200Google Scholar
Chand, Vineeta. 2010. Postvocalic (r) in urban Indian English. English World-Wide 31: 139. DOI:10.1075/eww.31.1.01chaGoogle Scholar
Chaudhary, Shreesh Chandra. 1993. Issues on Indian English phonology: a rejoinder. World Englishes 12: 375–83. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1993.tb00035.xGoogle Scholar
Chhangte, Lalnunthangi. 1986. A preliminary grammar of the Mizo language. Unpublished MA thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.Google Scholar
Chodroff, Eleanor, and Wilson, Colin. 2017. Structure in talker-specific phonetic realization: covariation of stop consonant VOT in American English. Journal of Phonetics 61: 3047. DOI:10.1016/j.wocn.2017.01.001Google Scholar
Coelho, Gail. 1997. Anglo-Indian English: a nativized variety of Indian English. Language and Society 26: 561–89. DOI:10.1017/S0047404500021059Google Scholar
Das, Shyamal. 2001. Some Aspects of the prosodic phonology of Tripura Bangla and Tripura Bangla English. Unpublished PhD dissertation, CIEFL.Google Scholar
Datta, Sunanda. 1972–3. The pronunciation of English by Bengali speakers. CIEFL Bulletin 9: 3540.Google Scholar
Dauer, Rebecca M. 1983. Stress-timing and syllable-timing reanalyzed. Journal of Phonetics 11: 5162. DOI:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30776-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Katharine. 1995. Phonetic and phonological contrasts in the acquisition of voicing: voice onset time production in Hindi and English. Journal of Child Language 22: 275305. DOI:10.1017/S030500090000979XGoogle Scholar
Davis, Katharine, and Beckman, Mary E.. 1983. Production and perception of the voicing contrast in Indian and American English. Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory 1: 7790. https://conf.ling.cornell.edu/plab/paper/wpcpl1-Davis.pdfGoogle Scholar
Docherty, Gerard J. 1992. The Timing of Voicing in British English Obstruents. Berlin, New York: Foris Publications.Google Scholar
Domange, Raphaël. 2011. Proficiency, language use and the debate over nativeness. Masters Degree Project, Stockholms Universitet.Google Scholar
Domange, Raphaël. 2015. A language contact perspective on Indian English phonology. World Englishes 34: 533–56. DOI:10.1111/weng.12162Google Scholar
Domange, Raphaël. 2020. Variation and change in the short vowels of Delhi English. Language Variation and Change 32: 4976. DOI: 10.1017/S0954394520000010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyrud, Lars O. 2001. Hindi-Urdu: Stress accent or non-stress accent? Unpublished MA Thesis. University of North Dakota.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2019. The limits of meaning: social indexicality, variation, and the cline of interiority. Language 95: 751–76. DOI: 10.1353/lan.2019.0072Google Scholar
Emeneau, Murray B. 1956. India as a lingustic area. Language 32: 316. DOI: 10.2307/410649Google Scholar
Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani, and Paulasto, Heli, eds. 2009. Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, James Emil. 1991. Age of learning affects the authenticity of voice‐onset time (VOT) in stop consonants produced in a second language. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 89: 395411. DOI:10.1121/1.400473Google Scholar
Flege, James Emil, Munro, Murray J., and MacKay, Ian R. A.. 1995. Factors affecting strength of perceived foreign accent in a second language. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 97: 3125–34. DOI:10.1121/1.413041CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuchs, Robert. 2013. Speech rhythm in educated Indian English and British English. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Münster.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Robert. 2015. You’re not from around here, are you? – a dialect discrimination experiment with speakers of British and Indian English. In Delais-Roussaire, Elisabeth, Avanzi, Mathieu, and Herment, Sophie, eds., Prosody and Language in Contact: L2 Acquisition, Attrition and Languages in Multilingual Situations. Berlin: Springer, 123–48.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Robert. 2018. Pitch range, dynamism and level in postcolonial varieties of English: A comparison of Educated Indian English and British English. Proceedings of the 9th Speech Prosody, 893–7. www.isca-speech.org/archive/SpeechProsody_2018/pdfs/167.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fuchs, Robert. 2019. Almost [v]anishing: the elusive /v/-/w/ contrast in educated Indian English. In Sasha Calhoun, Paola Escudero, Marija Tabain and Paul Warren, eds., Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 1382–6. https://assta.org/proceedings/ICPhS2019/papers/ICPhS_1431.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fuchs, Robert, and Maxwell, Olga. 2015. The placement and acoustic realisation of primary and secondary stress in Indian English. 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 15. http://hdl.handle.net/11343/197933Google Scholar
Gargesh, Ravinder. 2004. Indian English: Phonology. In Schneider, Edgar, Burridge, Kate, Kortmann, Bernd, Mesthrie, Rajend and Upton, Clive, eds., Varieties of English. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 9921002.Google Scholar
Gargesh, Ravinder. 2008. Indian English: Phonology. In Mesthrie, Rajend, ed., Varieties of English 4. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 231–43.Google Scholar
Ghosh, Tanmoy. 1996. Some aspects of vowel phonology in Bangla and Bangla English. Unpublished PhD dissertation, CIEFL.Google Scholar
Gour, Neelum Saran. 2010. Angrezi, Angrezier, Angreziest. In Paranjape, Makarand and Prasad, G. J. V., eds., Indian English and ‘Vernacular’ India. Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India), 115–18.Google Scholar
Government of India. 2011. Census Results. http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CensusData2011.html. Accessed 2020/11/18.Google Scholar
Grabe, Esther, and Ee Ling Low, . 2002. Durational variability in speech and the rhythm class hypothesis. In Gussenhoven, Carlos and Warner, Natasha, eds., Papers in Laboratory Phonology 7. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter, 515–46.Google Scholar
Gumperz, John J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gurubasave-Gowda, K. S. 1972. Ao-Naga Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL).Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce, and Lahiri, Aditi. 1991. Bengali intonational phonology. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 9: 4796. DOI:10.1007/BF00133326Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 1986. Possible phonological parallels between Irish and Irish English. English World-Wide 7: 121. DOI:10.1075/eww.7.1.02hicGoogle Scholar
Hohenthal, Annika. 2003. English in India: loyalty and attitudes. Language in India 3. www.languageinindia.com/may2003/annika.htmlGoogle Scholar
Hundt, Marianne, and Sharma, Devyani, eds. 2014. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Imani, Siddika, Sarma, Parismita, and Samudravijaya, K.. 2019. Automatic identification of native language from spoken English. 24th International Symposium Frontiers of Research in Speech and Music, 16. www.iitg.ac.in/samudravijaya/publ/19nativeLangId_english_FRSM_Siddika.pdfGoogle Scholar
Iverson, Gregory K., and Salmons, Joseph C.. 1995. Aspiration and laryngeal representation in Germanic. Phonology 12: 369–96. DOI:10.1017/S0952675700002566CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacewicz, Ewa, Fox, Robert Allen, and Lyle, Samantha. 2009. Variation in stop consonant voicing in two regional varieties of American English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39: 313–34. DOI:10.1017/S0025100309990156Google Scholar
Jenkins, Jennifer. 2002. A sociolinguistically based, empirically researched pronunciation syllabus for English as an International Language. Applied Linguistics 23: 83103. DOI:10.1093/applin/23.1.83Google Scholar
Jose, P. V. 1992. English spoken by Malayalam speakers: a phonological study with reference to source and target languages. Unpublished PhD dissertation, CIEFL.Google Scholar
Joshi, Shrikant, and Rao, Preeti. 2013. Acoustic models for pronunciation assessment of vowels of Indian English. In 2013 International Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2013 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE), 16. DOI:10.1109/ICSDA.2013.6709904Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1976. Models of English for the third world: white man’s linguistic burden or language pragmatics? TESOL Quarterly 10: 221–39. DOI: 10.2307/3585643Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1983. The Indianization of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Keane, Elinor. 2006. Prominence in Tamil. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36: 120. DOI:10.1017/S0025100306002337CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keane, Elinor. 2014. Tamil intonation. In Jun, Sun-Ah, ed., Prosodic Typology 2: The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 118–53.Google Scholar
Khan, Farhat. 1991. Final consonant cluster simplification in a variety of Indian English. In Cheshire, Jenny, ed., English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 288–97.Google Scholar
Khan, Sameer ud Dowla. 2014. The intonational phonology of Bangladeshi Standard Bengali. In Jun, Sun-Ah, ed., Prosodic typology 2: The phonology of intonation and phrasing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 81117.Google Scholar
Kohli, Vijaya John. 2017. Indian English? Reframing the Issue. New Dehli: Pragun Publishers.Google Scholar
Krishna, G. Radha, and Krishnan, R.. 2014. Native language identification based on English accent. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing, 6367. http://cdn.iiit.ac.in/cdn/ltrc.iiit.ac.in/icon/2014/proceedings/File22-p87.pdfGoogle Scholar
Krishna, G. Radha, and Krishnan, R.. 2017. Automatic foreign accent classification of English spoken by South Indians. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 114: 595604. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8e2f/8331f34dff203286d69e7b47266627d9f22b.pdfGoogle Scholar
Krishna, G. Radha, Krishnan, R., and Mittal, V. K.. 2018. Prosodic analysis of non-native South Indian English speech. The 6th International Workshop on Spoken Language Technologies for Under-Resourced Languages, 7175. DOI:10.21437/SLTU.2018-15Google Scholar
Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju. 2003. The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Krishnaswamy, N., and Burde, Archana S.. 1998. The Politics of Indians’ English. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter, and Bhaskararao, P.. 1983. Non-quantal aspects of consonant production: a study of retroflex consonants. Journal of Phonetics 11: 291302. DOI:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30828-9Google Scholar
Lalrindiki, T. F. 1989. Some aspects of the autosegmental phonology of English and Mizo. Unpublished MLitt thesis, CIEFL.Google Scholar
Latha, P. 1978. Intonation of Malayalam and Malayalee English: a study of comparison and contrast. Unpublished MLitt thesis, CIEFL.Google Scholar
Lisker, Leigh, and Abramson, Arthur S.. 1964. A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: acoustical measurements. Word 20: 384422. DOI:10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830Google Scholar
Lombardi, Linda. 2003. Second language data and constraints on manner: explaining substitutions for the English interdentals. Second Language Research 19: 225–50. DOI:10.1177/026765830301900304Google Scholar
Maddieson, Ian. 1984. Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mahanta, Shakuntala. 2001. Some aspects of Prominence in Assamese and Assamese English. Unpublished MPhil dissertation, CIEFL.Google Scholar
Mallikarjun, Meti. 2020. Regional languages and English: interactions and interfaces. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 49: 163–82.Google Scholar
Masica, Colin. 1976. Defining a Linguistic Area: South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Masica, Colin. 1991. The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Olga. 2014. The intonational phonology of Indian English: an autosegmental-metrical analysis based on Bengali and Kannada English. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Melbourne.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Olga, and Fletcher, Janet. 2009. Acoustic and durational properties of Indian English vowels. World Englishes 28: 5269. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.01569.xGoogle Scholar
Maxwell, Olga, and Fletcher, Janet. 2010. The acoustic characteristics of diphthongs in Indian English. World Englishes 29: 2744. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2009.01623.xGoogle Scholar
Maxwell, Olga, Payne, Elinor, and Billington, Rosey. 2018. Homogeneity vs heterogeneity in Indian English: investigating influences of L1 on f0 range. Interspeech, 21912195. www.isca-speech.org/archive/Interspeech_2018/Google Scholar
McCullough, Elizabeth A. 2013. Perceived foreign accent in three varieties of non-native English. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics 60: 5166.Google Scholar
McGilvary, George K. 2011. The Scottish connection with India 1725–1833. Études Écossaises 14: 1331. https://journals.openedition.org/etudesecossaises/239Google Scholar
Melchers, Gunnel, and Shaw, Philip. 2013. World Englishes. London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mohanan, K.P. 1992. Describing the phonology of non-native varieties of a language. World Englishes 11: 111–28. https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/52423Google Scholar
Mohanan, T., and Mohanan, K. P.. 2003. Towards a theory of constraints in OT: emergence of the not-so-unmarked in Malayalee English, Available as ROA-601 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive: http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?roa=601Google Scholar
Moon, Russell. 2002. A comparison of the acoustic correlates of focus in Indian English and American English. Unpublished MA thesis. University of Florida.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend, and Bhatt, Rakesh M.. 2008. World Englishes. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, Joybrato. 2007. Steady states in the evolution of new Englishes: present-day Indian English as an equilibrium. Journal of English Linguistics 35: 157–87. DOI:10.1177/0075424207301888Google Scholar
Mukherjee, Joybrato, and Hundt, Marianne, eds. 2011. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Nagarajan, Hemalatha. 1985. Some phonetic features of Tamilian English. Unpublished PhD. Thesis, CIEFL.Google Scholar
Nair, N. G. 1996. Indian English Phonology: A Case Study of Malayalee English. New Delhi: Prestige Books.Google Scholar
Nair, Rami. 2001. Acoustic correlates of lexical stress in Hindi. In Abbi, Anvita, Gupta, R. S., and Kidwai, Ayesha, eds., Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia: Papers from the proceedings of SALA XVIII roundtable. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 123–43.Google Scholar
Nihalani, P., Tongue, R. K., and Hosali, P.. 1979. Indian and British English. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ohala, Manjari. 1999. Hindi. In Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 100–03.Google Scholar
Padwick, Annie. 2010. Attitudes towards English and varieties of English in globalizing India. Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Groningen.Google Scholar
Pai, Sajith. 2018. India has a new caste for native speakers only. Quartz India. https://qz.com/india/1198086/india-has-a-new-caste-for-native-english-speakers-only/. Accessed 2020/1/6.Google Scholar
Pandey, P.K. 1980. Stress in Hindustani English: A generative phonological study. Unpublished MLitt thesis, CIEFL.Google Scholar
Pandey, P.K. 1981. On a description of the phonology of Indian English. CIEFL Bulletin XVII: 1119.Google Scholar
Pandey, Pramod. 2015. Indian English pronunciation. In Reed, Marnie and Levis, John M., eds., The Handbook of English Pronunciation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 301–19.Google Scholar
Patil, Umesh, Kentner, Gerrit, Gollrad, Anja, Kügler, Frank, Féry, Caroline, and Vasishth, Shravan. 2008. Focus, word order, and intonation in Hindi. Journal of South Asian Linguistics, 1: 121. https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/jsal/index.php/jsal/article/view/3Google Scholar
Payne, Elinor, and Maxwell, Olga. 2018. Durational variability as a marker of prosodic structure in Indian English(es). 9th International Conference on Speech Prosody at Poznań, Poland, 6973. www.isca-speech.org/archive/SpeechProsody_2018/pdfs/235.pdfGoogle Scholar
Peng, Long, and Ann, Jean. 2001. Stress and duration in three varieties of English. World Englishes 20: 127. DOI:10.1111/1467-971X.00193Google Scholar
Phull, Disha Kaur, and Bharadwaja Kumar, G.. 2016. Investigation of Indian English speech recognition using CMU Sphinx. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 11: 4167–74.Google Scholar
Pickering, Lucy. 1999. An analysis of prosodic systems in the classroom discourse of native speaker and nonnative speaker TAs. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Pickering, Lucy, and Wiltshire, Caroline. 2000. Pitch accent in Indian‐English teaching discourse. World Englishes 19: 173–83. DOI:10.1111/1467-971X.00167Google Scholar
Prince, Alan. 1990 Quantitative consequences of rhythmic organization. Papers from the 26th Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 355–98.Google Scholar
Puri, Vandana. 2013. Intonation in Indian English and Hindi late and simultaneous bilinguals. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana.Google Scholar
Rai, Saritha. 2012. India’s new ‘English Only’ generation. The New York Times. http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/indias-new-english-only-generation/?_r=0. Accessed 2020/3/5.Google Scholar
Rajalakshmi, V. R. 2008. Mother-tongue interference in the English vowels of Malayali speakers of English. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 37: 215–28.Google Scholar
Rajendran, S., and Yegnanarayana, B.. 1996. Word boundary hypothesization for continunous speech in Hindi based on F0 patterns. Speech Communication 18: 2146. DOI:10.1016/0167-6393(95)00022-4Google Scholar
Ramus, Franck, Nespor, Marina, and Mehler, Jacques. 1999. Correlates of linguistic rhythm in the speech signal. Cognition 73: 265–92. DOI: 10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00058-XGoogle Scholar
Ravindran, N. 1974. Angami Phonetic Reader. Mysore: CIIL.Google Scholar
Ravisankar, G. 1994. Intonation Patterns in Tamil. Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture.Google Scholar
Rendell, Ruth (writing as Barbara Vine). 1987. A Fatal Inversion. United Kingdom: Penguin.Google Scholar
Roach, Peter. 1982. On the distinction between stress-timed and syllable-timed languages. In Crystal, David, ed., Linguistic Controversies. London: Edward Arnold, 73–9.Google Scholar
Saha, Shambu Nath, and Das Mandal, Shyamal Kumar. 2017. Phonetic realization of English lexical stress by native (L1) Bengali speakers compared to native (L1) English speaker. Computer Speech and Language 47: 115. DOI:10.1016/j.csl.2017.06.006Google Scholar
Saha, Shambu Nath, and Das Mandal, Shyamal Kumar. 2016. English lexical stress produced by native (L1) Bengali speakers compared to native (L1) English speakers: an acoustic study. International Journal of Speech Technology 19: 827–40. DOI:10.1007/s10772-016-9373-1Google Scholar
Sahgal, Anju. 1991. Patterns of language use in a bilingual setting in India. In Cheshire, Jenny, ed., English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 299306.Google Scholar
Sahgal, Anju, and Agnihotri, R.K.. 1988. Indian English phonology: a sociolinguistic perspective. English World-Wide 9: 5164. DOI:10.1075/eww.9.1.04sahGoogle Scholar
Sailaja, Pingali. 2009. Indian English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: from identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79: 233–81. DOI:10.1353/lan.2003.0136Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2004. Global synopsis: phonetic and phonological variation in English world-wide. In Schneider, Edgar, Burridge, Kate, Kortmann, Bernd, Mesthrie, Rajend, and Upton, Clive, eds., Varieties of English. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 11111137.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Scobbie, James M. 2006. Flexibility in the face of incompatible English VOT systems. In Goldstein, Louis, Best, Catherine, and Whalen, Douglas, eds., Laboratory Phonology 8: Varieties of Phonological Competence. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 367–92.Google Scholar
Shahidi, A. Hamid, and Aman, Rahim. 2011. An acoustical study of English plosives in word initial position produced by Malays. The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies 17: 2333.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani. 2005. Dialect stabilization and speaker awareness in non-native varieties of English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 9: 194224. DOI:10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00290.xGoogle Scholar
Sharma, Devyani. 2017. English in India. In Bergs, Alexander and Brinton, Laurel J., eds., The History of English: Volume 5: Varieties of English. Berlin, Boston: Mouton de Gruyter, 311–29.Google Scholar
Sharma, Maansi. 2014. Phonological changes in the Hindi lexicon: a case of Meghalaya Hindi. In Hyslop, Gwendolyn, Konnerth, Linda, Morey, Stephen, and Sarmah, Priyankoo, eds., North East Indian Linguistics 6. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, 193212.Google Scholar
Shastri, S. V., 1992. Opaque and transparent features of Indian English. In Leitner, Gerhard, ed., New Directions in English Language Corpora: Methodology, Results, Software Developments. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 263–75.Google Scholar
Shuja, Asif. 1995. Urdu-English Phonetics and Phonology. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.Google Scholar
Singh, Balbir. 2004. An Introduction to English Phonetics. New Delhi: Regency Publications.Google Scholar
Sirsa, Hema, and Redford, Melissa A. 2013. The effects of native language on Indian English sounds and timing patterns. Journal of Phonetics 41: 393406. DOI:10.1016/j.wocn.2013.07.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sitaram, Sunayana, Manjunatha, Varun, Bharadwaj, Varun, Choudhury, Monojit, Bali, Kalika, and Tjalve, Michael. 2018. Discovering canonical Indian English accents: a crowdsourcing-based approach. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, 2876–81. www.aclweb.org/anthology/L18-1455.pdfGoogle Scholar
Sonderegger, Morgan, Stuart-Smith, Jane, Knowles, Thea, Macdonald, Rachel, and Rathcke, Tamara. 2020. Structured heterogeneity in Scottish stops over the twentieth century. Language 96: 94125. DOI:10.1353/lan.2020.0003Google Scholar
Steriade, Donca. 2000. Paradigm uniformity and the phonetics-phonology boundary. In Broe, Michael and Pierrehumbert, Janet, eds., Papers in Laboratory Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 313–34.Google Scholar
Sridhar, Kamal K. 1989. English in Indian Bilingualism. New Delhi: Manohar Publications.Google Scholar
Stuart-Smith, Jane, Sonderegger, Morgan, Rathcke, Tamara, and Macdonald, Rachel. 2015. The private life of stops: VOT in a real-time corpus of spontaneous Glaswegian. Laboratory Phonology 6: 505–49. DOI:10.1515/lp-2015-0015Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter, Schreier, Daniel, Long, Daniel, and Williams, Jeffrey P.. 2004. On the reversibility of mergers: /W/, /V/ and evidence from lesser-known Englishes. Folia Linguistica Historica 24: 211–33.Google Scholar
Van Els, Theo, and Kees, De Bot. 1987. The role of intonation in foreign accent. The Modern Language Journal 71: 147–55. DOI:10.2307/327199Google Scholar
Van Rooy, Bertus. 2011. A principled distinction between error and conventionalized innovation in African Englshes. In Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, Marianne, eds., Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 189207.Google Scholar
Vaux, Bert, and Samuels, Bridget. 2005. Laryngeal markedness and aspiration. Phonology 22: 395436. DOI:10.1017/S0952675705000667Google Scholar
Vijayakrishnan, K. G. 1978. Stress in Tamilian English: a study within the framework of generative phonology. Unpublished MLitt thesis, CIEFL.Google Scholar
Wells, J.C. 1982. Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wiltshire, Caroline R. 2005. The “Indian English” of Tibeto-Burman language speakers. English World-Wide 26: 275300. DOI:10.1075/eww.26.3.03wilGoogle Scholar
Wiltshire, Caroline. 2014. New Englishes and the emergence of the unmarked. In Green, Eugene and Meyer, Charles, eds., The Variability of Current World Englishes. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1340.Google Scholar
Wiltshire, Caroline. 2015. Dravidian varieties of Indian English. In Panikkar, G.K., Ramakrishna Reddy, B., Rangan, K. and Rajapurohit, B.B., eds., Studies on Indian Languages and Cultures. Thiruvananthapuram: International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 4963.Google Scholar
Wiltshire, Caroline. 2017. Emergence of the unmarked in Indian Englishes with different substrates. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Sharma, Devyani, eds., The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford Press, 599620.Google Scholar
Wiltshire, Caroline R., and Harnsberger, James D.. 2006. The influence of Gujarati and Tamil L1s on Indian English: z preliminary study. World Englishes 25.1: 91104. DOI:10.1111/j.0083-2919.2006.00448.xGoogle Scholar
Wiltshire, Caroline, and Moon, Russell. 2003. Phonetic stress in Indian English vs. American English. World Englishes 22.3: 291303. DOI:10.1111/1467-971X.00297Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Uniformity and Variability in the Indian English Accent
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Uniformity and Variability in the Indian English Accent
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Uniformity and Variability in the Indian English Accent
Available formats
×