Element contents
The Normative Foundations of International Climate Adaptation Finance
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 February 2023
Summary
Billions of dollars are annually transferred to poor nations to help them adapt to the effects of climate change. This Element examines how the discourses on adaptation finance of many developing country negotiators, environmental groups, development charities, academics and international bureaucrats have renewed a specific vision of aid, that of an aid intended to respond to international injustices and to fuel a regular transfer of resources between rich and poor countries. By reviewing manifestations of this normative vision of aid in key contemporary debates on adaptation finance, the author shows how these discourses have contributed to the significant financial mobilisation of developed countries towards adaptation in the Global South. But there remains a stark contrast between the many expectations associated with these discourses and today's adaptation finance landscape.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108943208Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 23 February 2023
References
ActionAid (2009). Equitable adaptation finance. www.actionaidusa.org/assets/pdfs/climate_change/equitable_adaptation_finance.pdf.Google Scholar
Adaptation Fund (2011). The Adaptation Fund project review process: Lessons learned. www.adaptation-fund.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/AFB.PPRC_.7.3%20Lessons%20learned%20on%20the%20AF%20Project%20Review%20Process.pdf.Google Scholar
Adaptation Fund (2013). Instructions for preparing a request for project or programme funding from the Adaptation Fund. www.adaptation-fund.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/OPG-ANNEX-4-2-Instructions-Nov2013.pdf.Google Scholar
Adaptation Fund (2017). Instructions for preparing a request for project or programme funding from the Adaptation Fund. www.adaptation-fund.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Instructions-for-Preparing-a-Request-for-ProjectProgramme-Funding_Oct-2017.pdf.Google Scholar
Adaptation Fund (2021a). Adaptation Fund doubles the amount of funding countries can access. www.adaptation-fund.org/adaptation-fund-doubles-the-amount-of-funding-countries-can-access-enhancing-access-to-climate-finance-among-most-vulnerable/.Google Scholar
Adaptation Fund (2021b). Operational policies and guidelines for parties to access resources from the Adaptation Fund. www.adaptation-fund.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/OPG-amended-in-October-2021_adopted-clean.pdf.Google Scholar
Adaptation Fund (2021c). Press release: Adaptation Fund raises record US$ 356 million in new pledges at COP26 for its concrete actions to most vulnerable. www.adaptation-fund.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Press-Release_111121_Adaptation-Fund-Raises-Record-US-356-Million-in-New-Pledges-at-COP26-for-its-Concrete-Actions-to-Most-Vulnerable-3.pdf.Google Scholar
Adger, W. N., & Barnett, J. (2009). Four reasons for concern about adaptation to climate change. Environment and Planning A, 41(12), 2800–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Affana, J. P. B., Bartosch, S., Ryfisch, D., Sidner, L., & Fekete, H. (2020). Climate finance: Accelerating the transition to carbon neutrality and climate resilience. Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute, and World Resources Institute. https://germanwatch.org/sites/default/files/Memo3%20-%20Climate%20Finance.%20MDB%20Paris%20alignment.pdf.Google Scholar
Ayers, J. (2011). Resolving the adaptation paradox: Exploring the potential for deliberative adaptation policy-making in Bangladesh. Global Environmental Politics, 11(1), 62–88.Google Scholar
Ayers, J., & Abeysinghe, A. (2013). International aid and adaptation to climate change. In Falkner, R. (Ed.). The handbook of global climate and environment policy. John Wiley, pp. 486–507.Google Scholar
Ayers, J., & Dodman, D. (2010). Climate change adaptation and development I: The state of the debate. Progress in Development Studies, 10(2), 161–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayers, J., & Huq, S. (2009). Supporting adaptation to climate change: What role for official development assistance? Development Policy Review, 27, 675–92.Google Scholar
Baer, P. (2006). Adaptation: Who pays whom? In Adger, W. N., Paavola, J., Huq, S., & Mace, M. J. (Eds.). Fairness in adaptation to climate change. MIT Press, pp. 131–53.Google Scholar
Barr, R., Fankhauser, S., & Hamilton, K. (2010). Adaptation investments: A resource allocation framework. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 15, 843–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, S. (2013). Local level climate justice? Adaptation finance and vulnerability reduction. Global Environmental Change, 23(6), 1819–29.Google Scholar
Betzold, C., & Weiler, F. (2017). Allocation of aid for adaptation to climate change: Do vulnerable countries receive more support? International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 17(1), 17–36.Google Scholar
Betzold, C., & Weiler, F. (2018). Development aid and adaptation to climate change in developing countries. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betzold, C., Castro, P., & Weiler, F. (2012). AOSIS in the UNFCCC negotiations: From unity to fragmentation? Climate Policy, 12(5), 591–613.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, A., Calland, R., Averchenkova, A. et al. (2020). Delivering on the $100 billion climate finance commitment and transforming climate finance. Independent Expert Group on Climate Finance. www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/100_billion_climate_finance_report.pdf.Google Scholar
Bodle, R., & Noens, V. (2018). Climate finance: Too much on detail, too little on the big picture? Carbon & Climate Law Review, 12(3), 248–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourguignon, F., & Sundberg, M. (2007). Absorptive capacity and achieving the MDGs. In Mavrotas, G., & Shorrocks, A. (Eds.). Advancing development. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 640–63.Google Scholar
Broberg, M., & Romera, B. M. (Eds.). (2021). The third pillar of international climate change policy: On ‘loss and damage’after the Paris Agreement. Routledge.Google Scholar
Brooks, N., Fisher, S., Rai, N. et al. (2011). Tracking adaptation and measuring development: A step-by-step guide. International Institute for Environment and Development. https://pubs.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/10100IIED.pdf.Google Scholar
Brown, S. (2020). The rise and fall of the aid effectiveness norm. The European Journal of Development Research, 32(4), 1230–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CARE (2021a). Climate adaptation finance: Fact or fiction? CARE Denmark and CARE Netherlands. https://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/CARE_Synthesis-report_Final_April-2021.pdf.Google Scholar
CARE (2021b). New and additional climate finance contributed in 2018. CARE International UK. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/CIUK_New_and_additional_climate_finance_contributed_in_2018.pdf.Google Scholar
Carmin, J., Tierney, K., Chu, E. et al. (2015). Adaptation to climate change. In Dunlap, R. E., & Brule, R. J. (Eds.). Climate change and society: Sociological perspectives. Oxford University Press, pp. 164–98.Google Scholar
Chapagain, D., Baarsch, F., Schaeffer, M., & D’haen, S. (2020). Climate change adaptation costs in developing countries: Insights from existing estimates. Climate and Development, 12(10), 934–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charnoz, O., & Severino, J.-M. (2015). L’aide publique au développement. Éditions La Découverte.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterjee, D. K. (2004). The ethics of assistance: Morality and the distant needy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Christiansen, L., Martinez, G., & Naswa, P. (Eds.). (2018). Adaptation metrics: Perspectives on measuring, aggregating and comparing adaptation results. UNEP DTU Partnership. https://resilientcities2018.iclei.org/wp-content/uploads/UDP_Perspectives-Adaptation-Metrics-WEB.pdf.Google Scholar
Ciplet, D., & Roberts, J. T. (2017). Climate change and the transition to neoliberal environmental governance. Global Environmental Change, 46, 148–56.Google Scholar
Ciplet, D., Roberts, J. T., & Khan, M. (2013). The politics of international climate adaptation funding: Justice and divisions in the greenhouse. Global Environmental Politics, 13, 49–68.Google Scholar
Ciplet, D., Roberts, J. T., & Khan, M. R. (2015). Power in a warming world. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Ciplet, D., Adams, K. M., Weikmans, R., & Roberts, J. T. (2018). The transformative capability of transparency in global environmental governance. Global Environmental Politics, 18(3), 130–50.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. N. (1999). Ethics and humanitarian intervention. Global Society, 13(4), 489–510.Google Scholar
Cohen, D., Jacquet, P., & Reisen, H. (2006). Beyond ‘grants versus loans’: How to use debt for development. Proceedings of the 3rd AFD-EUDN Conference, pp. 163–90.Google Scholar
Colenbrander, S., Pettinotti, L., & Cao, Y. (2022). A fair share of climate finance? An appraisal of past performance, future pledges and prospective contributors. Overseas Development Institute. https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/A_fair_share_of_climate_finance.pdf.Google Scholar
Council of the European Union (2020). Council conclusions on climate diplomacy. https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-5033-2020-INIT/en/pdf.Google Scholar
de Guio, S., & Rencki, J. (2011). Le Fonds d’adaptation, laboratoire du financement du changement climatique. Working Paper 10/11. IDDRI/Sciences Po.Google Scholar
Dellink, R., Den Elzen, M., Aiking, H. et al. (2009). Sharing the burden of financing adaptation to climate change. Global Environmental Change, 19(4), 411–21.Google Scholar
Dessai, S., Hulme, M., Lempert, R., & PielkeJr, R. (2009). Do we need better predictions to adapt to a changing climate? Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 90(13), 111–12.Google Scholar
Doshi, D., & Garschagen, M. (2020). Understanding adaptation finance allocation: Which factors enable or constrain vulnerable countries to access funding? Sustainability, 12(4308), 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duus-Otterström, G. (2016). Allocating climate adaptation finance: Examining three ethical arguments for recipient control. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 16(5), 655–70.Google Scholar
Elbehri, A., Genest, A., & Burfisher, M. (2011). Global action on climate change in agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
Eriksen, S., Schipper, E. L. F., Scoville-Simonds, M. et al. (2021). Adaptation interventions and their effect on vulnerability in developing countries: Help, hindrance or irrelevance? World Development, 141, 105383.Google Scholar
Essers, D., Cassimon, D., & Prowse, M. (2021). Debt-for-climate swaps: Killing two birds with one stone? Global Environmental Change, 71, 102407.Google Scholar
Fair and Effective Climate Finance (2010). An assessment of finance in global climate negotiations. Third World Network. www.twn.my/title2/climate/pdf/fair_and_effective_climate_finance/Finance%20Assessment_En_Final.pdf.Google Scholar
Falzon, D. (2021). Expertise and exclusivity in adaptation decision-making. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 51, 95–100.Google Scholar
Fankhauser, S. (2010). The costs of adaptation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1, 23–30.Google Scholar
FAO (2003). Biofuels and food security. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/54b0ec34-18ea-500d-8172-428a3b3cf565.Google Scholar
Farand, C. (2021). Row erupts at Green Climate Fund over who defines climate adaptation. Climate Home News, 2 July. www.climatechangenews.com/2021/07/02/row-erupts-green-climate-fund-defines-climate-adaptation/.Google Scholar
Feindouno, S., Guillaumont, P., & Simonet, C. (2020). The physical vulnerability to climate change index: An index to be used for international policy. Ecological Economics, 176, 106752.Google Scholar
Fenton, A., Wright, H., Afionis, S., Paavola, J., & Huq, S. (2014). Debt relief and financing climate change action. Nature Climate Change, 4(8), 650–3.Google Scholar
Ford, J. D., Pearce, T., McDowell, G. et al. (2018). Vulnerability and its discontents: The past, present, and future of climate change vulnerability research. Climatic Change, 151(2), 189–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsyth, T. (2013). Community‐based adaptation: a review of past and future challenges. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 4(5), 439–446.Google Scholar
Friedman, L., & Samuelsohn, D. (2009). Hillary Clinton pledges $100B for developing countries. The New York Times, 17 December. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/cwire/2009/12/17/17climatewire-hillary-clinton-pledges-100b-for-developing-96794.html.Google Scholar
Füssel, H. M. (2007). Vulnerability: A generally applicable conceptual framework for climate change research. Global Environmental Change, 17(2), 155–67.Google Scholar
Füssel, H. M., Hallegatte, S., & Reder, M. (2012). International adaptation funding. In Eden-Hofer, O., Wallacher, J., Lotze-Campen, H. et al. (Eds.). Climate change, justice and sustainability: Linking climate and development policy. Springer Netherlands, pp. 311–30.Google Scholar
G7 (2021). Carbis Bay G7 summit Communiqué. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1001128/Carbis_Bay_G7_Summit_Communique__PDF__430KB__25_pages_.pdf.Google Scholar
G77, & China (2015). G77 and China proposed texts to the note by the co‐chairs (non‐paper), dated 5 October 2015 article 6 (finance). https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/g77_and_china_proposed_texts_to_the_note_by_the_co.pdf.Google Scholar
Garschagen, M., & Doshi, D. (2022). Does funds-based adaptation finance reach the most vulnerable countries? Global Environmental Change, 73, 102450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GCF (2011). Governing instrument for the Green Climate Fund. Green Climate Fund. www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/governing-instrument.pdf.Google Scholar
GCF (2021). Policy on incremental cost and full cost methodologies. Green Climate Fund. www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/gcf-b29-inf10.pdf.Google Scholar
GCF (2022). Status of pledges and contributions (status date: 31 July 2022). Green Climate Fund. www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/status-pledges-july-31-2022.pdf.Google Scholar
GCF Independent Evaluation Unit (2021). Final report on the independent evaluation of the adaptation portfolio and approach of the Green Climate Fund. Green Climate Fund’s Independent Evaluation Unit. https://ieu.greenclimate.fund/document/independent-evaluation-adaptation-portfolio-and-approach-green-climate-fund.Google Scholar
GEF (2012). Clarification on the concept of additional costs of adaptation to climate change. Global Environment Facility. www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/council-meeting-documents/Clarification_on_Additional_Cost_8_May.pdf.Google Scholar
GEF (2018). Policy & guidelines on system for transparent allocation of resources (STAR). Global Environment Facility. www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/documents/STAR_Policy_Guidelines.pdf.Google Scholar
Georgieva, K., & Pazarbasioglu, C. (2021). The G20 common framework for debt treatments must be stepped up. IMF Blog, 2 December. https://blogs.imf.org/2021/12/02/the-g20-common-framework-for-debt-treatments-must-be-stepped-up/.Google Scholar
Gewirtzman, J., Natson, S., Richards, J. A. et al. (2018). Financing loss and damage: Reviewing options under the Warsaw International Mechanism. Climate Policy, 18(8), 1076–86.Google Scholar
Grasso, M. (2010). An ethical approach to climate adaptation finance. Global Environmental Change, 20(1), 74–81.Google Scholar
Gupta, J. (2009). Climate change and development cooperation: Trends and questions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1(2), 207–13.Google Scholar
Hallegatte, S. (2008). A note on including climate change adaptation in an international scheme. Working Paper 18/08. IDDRI/Sciences Po. www.iddri.org/en/node/21303.Google Scholar
Hallegatte, S., Brandon, C., Damania, R. et al. (2018). The economics of (and obstacles to) aligning development and climate change adaptation. World Bank. https://gca.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/18_WP_GCA_Economics_1001_final.pdf.Google Scholar
Harmeling, S., & Kaloga, A. O. (2011). Understanding the political economy of the Adaptation Fund. IDS Bulletin, 42(3), 23–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hårsmar, M., & Hjelm, L. (2020). Alignment of Sweden’s multilateral aid with the Paris Agreement on climate change. EBA Working Paper Series. Working Paper November 2020 https://eba.se/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/WP-2020_11_H%C3%A5rsmar-4.pdf.Google Scholar
Holler, J., Bernier, Q., Roberts, J. T., & Robinson, S. A. (2020). Transformational adaptation in least developed countries: Does expanded stakeholder participation make a difference? Sustainability, 12(4), 1657.Google Scholar
Horstmann, B. (2011). Operationalizing the Adaptation Fund: Challenges in allocating funds to the vulnerable. Climate Policy, 11(4), 1086–96.Google Scholar
Huq, S. (2015). Loans or grants for climate finance? Climate Home News, 19 October. www.climatechangenews.com/2015/10/19/loans-or-grants-for-climate-finance/.Google Scholar
Huq, S., & Reid, H. (2009). Mainstreaming adaptation in development. IDS Bulletin, 35, 15–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IDA (2022). How are IDA resources allocated? International Development Association. https://ida.worldbank.org/en/financing/resource-management.Google Scholar
Indian Ministry of Finance (2015). Climate finance, analysis of a recent OECD report: Some credible facts needed. Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2015/nov/p2015112901.pdf.Google Scholar
IPCC (1990). First assessment report climate change: Synthesis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar1/syr/.Google Scholar
IPCC (1995). Second assessment report climate change 1995: Synthesis report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar2/syr/.Google Scholar
IPCC (2001). Third assessment report climate change 2001: Synthesis report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar3/syr/.Google Scholar
IPCC (2007). Fourth assessment report climate change 2007: Synthesis report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/syr/.Google Scholar
IPCC (2012). Special report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/SREX_Full_Report-1.pdf.Google Scholar
IPCC (2014). Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/.Google Scholar
IPCC (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-ii/.Google Scholar
Ishtiaque, A., Estoque, R. C., Eakin, H., Parajuli, J., & Rabby, Y. W. (2022). IPCC’s current conceptualization of ‘vulnerability’ needs more clarification for climate change vulnerability assessments. Journal of Environmental Management, 303, 114246.Google Scholar
Islam, M. M. (2022). Distributive justice in global climate finance: Recipients’ climate vulnerability and the allocation of climate funds. Global Environmental Change, 73, 102475.Google Scholar
Jacquet, P., & Naudet, J.-D. (2006). Les fondements de l’aide. In Cohen, D., Guillaumont Jeanneney, S., & Jacquet, P. (Eds.). La France et l’aide publique au développement. La Documentation française, pp. 47–96.Google Scholar
Campaign, Jubilee Debt (2021). Lower income countries spend five times more on debt payments than dealing with climate change. https://jubileedebt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Lower-income-countries-spending-on-adaptation_10.21.pdf.Google Scholar
Junghans, L., & Harmeling, S. (2012). Different tales from different countries: A first assessment of the OECD ‘Adaptation Marker’. Germanwatch. https://germanwatch.org/en/5375.Google Scholar
Kanbur, R. (2005). Reforming the formula: A modest proposal for introducing development outcomes in IDA allocation procedures. Revue d’économie du développement, 13(2–3), 79–108.Google Scholar
Kates, R. W. (2000). Cautionary tales: Adaptation and the global poor. Climatic Change, 45, 5–17.Google Scholar
Kelly, P. M., & Adger, W. N. (2000). Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating adaptation. Climatic Change, 47(4), 325–52.Google Scholar
Keohane, R. O., & Victor, D. G. (2011). The regime complex for climate change. Perspectives on Politics, 9(1), 7–23.Google Scholar
Khan, M. (2014). Toward a binding climate change adaptation regime: A proposed framework. Routledge.Google Scholar
Khan, M. (2015). Polluter-pays-principle: The cardinal instrument for addressing climate change. Laws, 4(3), 638–53.Google Scholar
Khan, M., & Roberts, J. T. (2013). Adaptation and international climate policy. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 4(3), 171–89.Google Scholar
Khan, M., Robinson, S. A., Weikmans, R., Ciplet, D., & Roberts, J. T. (2020). Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens. Climatic Change, 161(2), 251–69.Google Scholar
Khor, M. (2008). Developing countries ask for new UNFCCC financial architecture. Third World Network. www.twn.my/title2/finance/twninfofinance20080601.htm.Google Scholar
Klein, R. J. T. (2009). Identifying countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change: An academic or political challenge. Carbon & Climate Law Review, 3(3), 284–91.Google Scholar
Klein, R. J. T. (2010). Mainstreaming climate adaptation into development: A policy dilemma. In Ansohn, A., & Pleskovic, B. (Eds.). Climate governance and development. World Bank, pp.35–52.Google Scholar
Klein, R. J. T., & Möhner, A. (2011). The political dimension of vulnerability: Implications for the Green Climate Fund. IDS Bulletin, 42(3), 15–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klöck, C., Castro, P., Weiler, F., & Blaxekjær, L. Ø. (Eds.). (2021). Coalitions in the climate change negotiations. Routledge.Google Scholar
Lahsen, M., & Ribot, J. (2021). Politics of attributing extreme events and disasters to climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 13(1), e750.Google Scholar
Larsen, G., Smith, C., Krishnan, N., Weischer, L., Bartosch, S., & Fekete, H. (2018). Toward Paris alignment: How the multilateral development banks can better support the Paris Agreement. World Resources Institute. https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/toward-paris-alignment_1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ledant, J.-P. (2016). Faut-il ajouter une aide climatique ou mieux intégrer les préoccupations climatiques dans l’aide au développement? Vertigo. https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.17823.Google Scholar
Leiter, T., Olhoff, A., Al Azar, R. et al. (2019). Adaptation metrics: Current landscape and evolving practices. Global Center on Adaptation. https://gca.org/reports/adaptation-metrics-current-landscape-and-evolving-practices/.Google Scholar
Lesnikowski, A., Ford, J., Biesbroek, R. et al. (2017). What does the Paris Agreement mean for adaptation? Climate Policy, 17(7), 825–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liao, C., Jeffs, N., & Wallace, J. (2022). What is loss and damage? Chatham House. www.chathamhouse.org/2022/08/what-loss-and-damage.Google Scholar
LMDCs, & African Group (2021). Conference room paper: Group of like minded developing countries and the African group of negotiators. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/3_11_21_%20Joint_CPR_New%20Goal.pdf.Google Scholar
Lundsgaarde, E., Adams, K., Dupuy, K. et al. (2021). The politics of climate finance coordination. Stockholm Environment Institute. https://cdn.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/211015a-burton-shawoo-climate-finance-pb-2109f-final.pdf.Google Scholar
Luxemburg (2020). Fourth Biennial Report of Luxembourg. www4.unfccc.int/sites/SubmissionsStaging/NationalReports/Documents/845269310_Luxembourg-BR4-2-BR4_LUX_Final_201123.pdf.Google Scholar
Lynas, M. (2015). The Maldives cannot represent climate leadership with an autocrat at the helm. The Guardian, 3 June. www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jun/03/the-maldives-cannot-represent-climate-leadership-with-an-autocrat-at-the-helm.Google Scholar
Magnan, A. K., & Chalastani, V. I. (2019). Towards a global adaptation progress tracker: First thoughts. IDDRI Sustainable Development & International Relations. https://bit.ly/2lMCdrU.Google Scholar
Magnan, A. K., & Ribera, T. (2016). Global adaptation after Paris. Science, 352(6291), 1280–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magnan, A. K., Schipper, E. L. F., Burkett, M. et al. (2016). Addressing the risk of maladaptation to climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 7(5), 646–65.Google Scholar
Martinez-Alier, J. (2003). The environmentalism of the poor: A study of ecological conflicts and valuation. Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
McGinn, A., & Isenhour, C. (2021). Negotiating the future of the Adaptation Fund: On the politics of defining and defending justice in the post-Paris Agreement period. Climate Policy, 21(3), 383–95.Google Scholar
McGray, H., Hammill, A., Bradley, R., Schipper, L., & Parry, J. E. (2007). Weathering the storm: Options for framing adaptation and development. World Resources Institute.Google Scholar
MDB Joint Report (2021). 2020 joint report on multilateral development banks’ climate finance. www.ebrd.com/cs/Satellite?c=Content&cid=1395299366792&d=&pagename=EBRD%2FContent%2FDownloadDocument.Google Scholar
Michaelowa, K., Michaelowa, A., Reinsberg, B., & Shishlov, I. (2020). Do multilateral development bank trust funds allocate climate finance efficiently? Sustainability, 12(14), 5529.Google Scholar
Monheim, K. (2014). How effective negotiation management promotes multilateral cooperation: The power of process in climate, trade, and biosafety negotiations. Routledge.Google Scholar
Muccione, V., Allen, S. K., Huggel, C., & Birkmann, J. (2017). Differentiating regions for adaptation financing: The role of global vulnerability and risk distributions. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 8(2), e447.Google Scholar
Müller, B. (2011). Time to roll up the sleeves: Even higher! Longer-term climate finance after Cancun. Environmental Liability, 1, 3–7.Google Scholar
Müller, B. (2015). The Paris predictability problem: What to do about climate finance for the 2020 climate agreement? Oxford Climate Policy. https://oxfordclimatepolicy.org/sites/default/files/The_Paris_Predictability_Problem_published.pdf.Google Scholar
Müller, B., Sharma, A., Gomez-Echeverri, L., Rook, D. P., & Chandani, A. (2010). The reformed financial mechanism of the UNFCCC, Part II: The question of oversight. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. https://oxfordclimatepolicy.org/sites/default/files/EV52_0_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Müller, B., & Winkler, H. (2008). One step forward, two steps back? The governance of the World Bank Climate Investment Funds. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. https://a9w7k6q9.stackpathcdn.com/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Feb-2008-GovernanceoftheWorldBankClimateInvestmentFunds-BenitoMüllerandHaraldWinkler.pdfGoogle Scholar
Naudet, J.-D. (2000). L’aide extérieure est-elle un instrument de justice? Une analyse des évolutions des fondements éthiques de l’aide au développement. L’Économie Politique, (7), 71–85.Google Scholar
Naudet, J.-D. (2006). Les OMD et l’aide de cinquième génération: analyse de l’évolution des fondements éthiques de l’aide au développement. Afrique contemporaine, 2, 141–74.Google Scholar
Naudet, J.-D., Severino, J.-M., & Charnoz, O. (2007). Aide internationale: vers une justice sociale globale? Esprit, 5, 101–11.Google Scholar
Partnership, NDC (2022). Climate finance explorer. https://ndcpartnership.org/climate-finance-explorer.Google Scholar
O’Brien, K., Eriksen, S., Nygaard, L. P., & Schjolden, A. N. E. (2007). Why different interpretations of vulnerability matter in climate change discourses. Climate Policy, 7(1), 73–88.Google Scholar
OECD (2019). Aligning development co-operation and climate action: The only way forward. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/5099ad91-en.Google Scholar
OECD (2021a). Climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries: Aggregate trends updated with 2019 data. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/03590fb7-en.Google Scholar
OECD (2021b). Integrating environmental and climate action into development co-operation. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/285905b2-en.Google Scholar
OECD (2022). Climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries in 2016–2020: Insights from disaggregated analysis. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/286dae5d-en.Google Scholar
OECD & UNDP (2019). Making development co-operation more effective: 2019 progress report. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and United Nations Development Programme. https://doi.org/10.1787/26f2638f-en.Google Scholar
OECD DAC (2006). Declaration on integrating climate change adaptation into development co-operation. Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. www.oecd.org/dac/environment-development/44229637.pdf.Google Scholar
OECD DAC (2021a). OECD DAC declaration on a new approach to align development co-operation with the goals of the Paris Agreement on climate change. Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. www.oecd.org/dac/development-assistance-committee/dac-declaration-climate-change-cop26.pdf.Google Scholar
OECD DAC (2021b). What is ODA? Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/What-is-ODA.pdf.Google Scholar
Opeskin, B. (1996). The moral foundations of foreign aid. World Development, 24, 21–44.Google Scholar
Orlove, B. (2022). The concept of adaptation. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 47(1), 535–581.Google Scholar
Oxfam (2007). Adapting to climate change: What is needed in poor countries and who should pay? https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/114075/bp104-adapting-to-climate-change-290507-en.pdf?sequence=1.Google Scholar
Oxfam (2012). The climate ‘fiscal cliff’: An evaluation of fast start finance and lessons for the future. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/253332/ib-climate-fiscal-cliff-media-briefing-251112-en.pdf?sequence=1.Google Scholar
Oxfam (2020). Climate finance shadow report 2020. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621066/bp-climate-finance-shadow-report-2020-201020-en.pdf.Google Scholar
Palutikof, J., Parry, M., Smith, M. S. et al. (2013). The past, present and future of adaptation: Setting the context and naming the challenges. In Palutikof, J., Boulter, S. L., Ash, A. J. et al. (Eds.). Climate adaptation futures. John Wiley, pp. 3–29.Google Scholar
Parry, M., Arnell, N., Berry, P. et al. (2009). A review of the UNFCCC and other recent estimates. Grantham Institute for Climate Change and International Institute for Environment and Development. https://pubs.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/11501IIED.pdf.Google Scholar
Pauw, W. P. (2017). Mobilising private adaptation finance: Developed country perspectives. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 17(1), 55–71.Google Scholar
Pauw, P., Grünng, C., & Menzel, C. (2020). Number of beneficiaries as an indicator for adaptation: Do the numbers add up? 2nd ed. GCF Monitor, FS-UNEP Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance. www.fs-unep-centre.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/GCFMonitor-edition2-final.pdf.Google Scholar
Pauw, P., Mbeva, K., & Van Asselt, H. (2019). Subtle differentiation of countries’ responsibilities under the Paris Agreement. Palgrave Communications, 5(1), 1–7.Google Scholar
Pauw, P., Moslener, U., Zamarioli, L. et al. (2022). Post-2025 climate finance target: How much more and how much better? Climate Policy, 22(9–10), 1241–1251. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2022.2114985.Google Scholar
Persson, A., & Remling, E. (2014). Equity and efficiency in adaptation finance: Initial experiences of the Adaptation Fund. Climate Policy, 14, 488–506.Google Scholar
Pickering, J., & Barry, C. (2012). On the concept of climate debt: Its moral and political value. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 15(5), 667–85.Google Scholar
Pickering, J., Betzold, C., & Skovgaard, J. (2017). Managing fragmentation and complexity in the emerging system of international climate finance. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 17(1), 1–16.Google Scholar
Pickering, J., Skovgaard, J., Kim, S. et al. (2015). Acting on climate finance pledges: Inter-agency dynamics and relationships with aid in contributor states. World Development, 68, 149–62.Google Scholar
Project Catalyst (2009). Adaptation to climate change: Potential costs and choices for a global agreement. Findings of the Adaptation Working Group of Project Catalyst. Climate Works Foundation.Google Scholar
Raman, M. (2021). COP 25 ends amidst major north-south differences. Briefing Paper. Third World Network. www.twn.my/title2/climate/doc/Briefing%20paper%20COP25.pdf.Google Scholar
Remling, E., & Persson, Å. (2015). Who is adaptation for? Vulnerability and adaptation benefits in proposals approved by the UNFCCC Adaptation Fund. Climate and Development, 7(1), 16–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ribot, J. (2010). Vulnerability does not fall from the sky: Toward multiscale, pro-poor climate policy. In Mearns, R., & Norton, A. (Eds.). Social dimensions of climate change: Equity and vulnerability in a warming world. World Bank, 47–74.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. T., & Parks, B. (2006). A climate of injustice: Global inequality, north-south politics, and climate policy. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. T., & Parks, B. (2016). A climate of injustice: Global inequality, north-south politics, and climate policy. MIT PressGoogle Scholar
Roberts, T., & Weikmans, R. (2015). The unfinished agenda of the Paris climate talks: Finance to the global south. Brookings Planet Policy. www.brookings.edu/blog/planetpolicy/2015/12/22/the-unfinished-agenda-of-the-paris-climate-talks-finance-to-the-global-south/.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. T., & Weikmans, R. (2017). Postface: Fragmentation, failing trust and enduring tensions over what counts as climate finance. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 17(1), 129–37.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. T., Hite, A. B., & Chorev, N. (Eds.). (2014). The globalization and development reader: Perspectives on development and global change. John Wiley.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. T., Weikmans, R., & Jones, C. (2017). Allocating climate adaptation finance: Shifting positions in the scholarly and policy realms. Conference: The emerging complexity of climate adaptation governance in a globalising. Stockholm Environment Institute and Stockholm University, 23–24 May. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/262635/3/RobertsWeikmansandJones2017.pdf.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. T., Weikmans, R., Robinson, S. A. et al. (2021). Rebooting a failed promise of climate finance. Nature Climate Change, 11(3), 180–2.Google Scholar
Robertsen, J., Francken, N., & Molenaers, N. (2015). Determinants of the flow of bilateral adaptation-related climate change financing to Sub-Saharan African countries. LICOS Discussion Paper 373. Catholic University Leuven.Google Scholar
Robinson, S. A., & Dornan, M. (2017). International financing for climate change adaptation in small island developing states. Regional Environmental Change, 17(4), 1103–15.Google Scholar
Rothstein, R. L. (2015). Global bargaining: UNCTAD and the quest for a new international economic order. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Saunders, N. (2019). Climate change adaptation finance: Are the most vulnerable nations prioritised? Stockholm Environment Institute. www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/climate-change-adaptation-finance-are-the-most-vulnerable-nations-prioritised.pdf.Google Scholar
Schalatek, L., Nakhooda, S., & Barnard, S. (2012). Climate finance thematic briefing: Adaptation finance. Overseas Development Institute and Heinrich Böll Stiftung North America.Google Scholar
Schipper, E. L. F. (2006). Conceptual history of adaptation in the UNFCCC process. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 15, 82–92.Google Scholar
Schipper, L., & Pelling, M. (2006). Disaster risk, climate change and international development: Scope for, and challenges to, integration. Disasters, 30(1), 19–38.Google Scholar
Schipper, L., Tanner, T., Dube, O. P., Adams, K. M., & Huq, S. (2020). The debate: Is global development adapting to climate change? World Development Perspectives, 18, 100205.Google Scholar
Seballos, F., & Kreft, S. (2011). Towards an understanding of the political economy of the PPCR. IDS Bulletin, 42(3), 33–41.Google Scholar
Shalal, A. (2021). IMF eyes new trust to provide aid to broader group of countries-Georgieva. Reuters, 13 June. www.reuters.com/business/exclusive-imf-exploring-creation-new-trust-provide-sdrs-broader-group-countries-2021-06-13/.Google Scholar
Shankland, A., & Chambote, R. (2011). Prioritising PPCR investments in Mozambique: The politics of ‘country ownership’ and ‘stakeholder participation’. IDS Bulletin, 42(3), 62–9.Google Scholar
Sharma, J., & Ravindranath, N. H. (2019). Applying IPCC 2014 framework for hazard-specific vulnerability assessment under climate change. Environmental Research Communications, 1(5), 051004.Google Scholar
Sharma-Khushal, S., Schalatek, L., Singh, H., & White, H. (2022). The loss and damage finance facility: Why and how. Christian Aid. www.christianaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/2022-05/The-Loss-and-Damage-Finance-Facility.pdf.Google Scholar
Singh, H., & Bose, I. (2021). Artificial distinction between climate change adaptation and development restricts access to climate finance for developing countries. Henrich Böll Stiftung. https://us.boell.org/en/2021/06/30/artificial-distinction-between-climate-change-adaptation-and-development-restricts.Google Scholar
Sperling, F. (2003). Poverty and climate change: Reducing the vulnerability of the poor through adaptation. AfDB, ADB, DFID, BMZ, DGIS, OECD, UNDP, UNEP, and World Bank. www.oecd.org/env/cc/2502872.pdf.Google Scholar
Stadelmann, M., Roberts, J. T., & Michaelowa, A. (2011). New and additional to what? Assessing options for baselines to assess climate finance pledges. Climate and Development, 3, 175–92.Google Scholar
Stadelmann, M., Persson, Å., Ratajczak-Juszko, I., & Michaelowa, A. (2014). Equity and cost-effectiveness of multilateral adaptation finance: Are they friends or foes? International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 14(2), 101–20.Google Scholar
Stern, N. (2007). The economics of climate change: The Stern review. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Swaziland (2013). Submission by Swaziland on behalf of the African Group on adaptation in the 2015 Agreement. https://unfccc.int/files/documentation/submissions_from_parties/adp/application/pdf/adp_african_group_workstream_1_adaptation_20131008.pdf.Google Scholar
Sweden (2019). Sweden’s fourth Biennial Report. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Fourth%20Biennial%20report_%20Sweden.pdf.Google Scholar
Tandon, A. (2021). Climate change not the main driver of Madagascar food crisis, scientists find. Carbon Brief, 1 December. www.carbonbrief.org/climate-change-not-the-main-driver-of-madagascar-food-crisis-scientists-find.Google Scholar
Tanner, T., & Allouche, J. (2011). Towards a new political economy of climate change and development. IDS Bulletin, 42(3), 1–14.Google Scholar
Task Force on Climate, Development and the IMF (2021). Re-channeling special drawing rights for a climate resilient and just transition. www.bu.edu/gdp/files/2021/10/TF_Policy-Brief_FIN.pdf.Google Scholar
Tellam, I., Ali, S., Ahmed, A. et al. (2018). Climate adaptation finance governance standards. Transparency International. https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2018_Report_AdaptionGovernanceStandards_English.pdf.Google Scholar
Thomas, A., & Theokritoff, E. (2021). Debt-for-climate swaps for small islands. Nature Climate Change, 11(11), 889–91.Google Scholar
Tubiana, L., Magnan, A., & Gemenne, F. (2010). Anticiper pour s’adapter: le nouvel enjeu du changement climatique. Pearson Education France.Google Scholar
UK Independent Commission for Aid Impact (2021). UK aid’s alignment with the Paris Agreement: A rapid review. https://icai.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/UK-aids-alignment-with-the-Paris-agreement_ICAI-review.pdf.Google Scholar
UNDP (2007). Human development report 2007/2008. United Nations Development Programme.http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/268/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf.Google Scholar
UNEP (2014). The adaptation gap report 2014. United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/9331/-Adaptation_gap_report_a_prel.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=yGoogle Scholar
UNEP (2016). The adaptation finance gap report. United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/32865/agr2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yGoogle Scholar
UNEP (2017). The adaptation gap report 2017. United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/22172/adaptation_gap_2017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar
UNEP (2021). Adaptation gap report 2021. United Nations Environment Programme. www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2021.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2001a). Decision 10/CP.7: Funding under the Kyoto Protocol. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/cop7/13a01.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2001b). Decision 28/CP.7: Guidelines for the preparation of national adaptation programmes of action. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/resource/ldc/documents/13a04p7.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2007). Decision 1/CMP.3: Adaptation Fund. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/2007/cmp3/eng/09a01.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2008). Decision 1/CMP.4: Adaptation Fund. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2008/cmp4/eng/11a02.pdf#page=1.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2009). Decision 2/CP.15: Copenhagen Accord. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/11a01.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2010). Decision 1/CP.16: The Cancun Agreements. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2011). Decision 5/CP.17: National adaptation plans. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/cancun_adaptation_framework/national_adaptation_plans/application/pdf/decision_5_cp_17.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2015). Decision 1/CP.21: Adoption of the Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2018a). Decision 4/CP.24: Report of the Standing Committee on Finance. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/10a1.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2018b). Decision 13/CMA.1: Matters relating to the Adaptation Fund. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2018_3_add2_new_advance.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2018c). Decision 18/CMA.1: Modalities, procedures and guidelines for the transparency framework for action and support referred to in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/CMA2018_03a02E.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2021). Decision -/CP.26: Glasgow Climate Pact. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cop26_auv_2f_cover_decision.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC SCF (2018). 2018 biennial assessment and overview of climate finance flows. UNFCCC Standing Committee on Finance. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20BA%20Technical%20Report%20Final%20Feb%202019.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC SCF (2021a). 2020 biennial assessment and overview of climate finance flows. UNFCCC Standing Committee on Finance. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/54307_1%20-%20UNFCCC%20BA%202020%20-%20Report%20-%20V4.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC SCF (2021b). First report on the determination of the needs of developing country parties related to implementing the Convention and the Paris Agreement. UNFCCC Standing Committee on Finance. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/54307_2%20-%20UNFCCC%20First%20NDR%20technical%20report%20-%20web%20%28004%29.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC Secretariat (2007). Investment and financial flows to address climate change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/financial_flows.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC Secretariat (2020). Compilation and synthesis of fourth biennial reports of parties included in Annex I to the Convention. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/sbi2020_inf10_rev01.pdf.Google Scholar
van Gameren, V., Weikmans, R., & Zaccai, E. (2014). L’adaptation au changement climatique. Éditions La Découverte.Google Scholar
Vanhala, L., & Hestbaek, C. (2016). Framing climate change loss and damage in UNFCCC negotiations. Global Environmental Politics, 16(4), 111–29.Google Scholar
Vidal, J. (2009). Copenhagen: Head of African bloc calls on poorer nations to compromise over climate funding. The Guardian, 16 December. www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/dec/16/meles-zenawi-copenhagen-climate-funding.Google Scholar
Vihma, A., Mulugetta, Y., & Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, S. (2011). Negotiating solidarity? The G77 through the prism of climate change negotiations. Global Change, Peace & Security, 23(3), 315–34.Google Scholar
Weikmans, R. (2012). Le coût de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les pays en développement. Vertigo, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.11931.Google Scholar
Weikmans, R. (2013). Du changement incrémental au changement transformationnel: actions de l’aide internationale à l’adaptation. Actes du 1er Congrès interdisciplinaire du Développement Durable: quelle transition pour nos sociétés? thème 5, pp. 105–24.Google Scholar
Weikmans, R. (2015). Le financement international de l’adaptation au changement climatique: quelle vision de l’aide au développement? Thèse de doctorat. Université Libre de Bruxelles.Google Scholar
Weikmans, R. (2016a). Dimensions éthiques de l’allocation du financement international de l’adaptation au changement climatique. Vertigo, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.17677Google Scholar
Weikmans, R. (2016b). Le rôle de la coopération au développement dans le financement international de l’adaptation. In Zacharie, A. (Ed.). La nouvelle géographie du développement, Coopérer dans un monde en mutation. La Muette, pp. 175–85.Google Scholar
Weikmans, R. (2017). Comprendre la mobilisation financière autour de l’aide à l’adaptation au changement climatique. Critique internationale, 4(77), 121–39.Google Scholar
Weikmans, R. (2018). Évaluation de l’aide et mobilisation financière internationale autour de l’adaptation au changement climatique. Revue internationale des études du développement, 2(234), 151–75.Google Scholar
Weikmans, R., & Gupta, A. (2021). Assessing state compliance with multilateral climate transparency requirements. Climate Policy, 21(5), 635–51.Google Scholar
Weikmans, R., & Roberts, J. T. (2016). Fit for purpose: Negotiating the new climate finance accounting systems. Policy Brief 3. Climate Strategies. https://climatestrategies.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/CS-Fit-for-Purpose-Climate-Finance-Accounting-formatted-09.05.2016.pdf.Google Scholar
Weikmans, R., & Roberts, J. T. (2018). It’s déjà vu all over again: Climate finance at COP24. Brookings Planet Policy. www.brookings.edu/blog/planetpolicy/2018/12/06/its-deja-vu-all-over-again-climate-finance-at-cop24/.Google Scholar
Weikmans, R., & Roberts, J. T. (2019). The international climate finance accounting muddle: Is there hope on the horizon? Climate and Development, 11(2), 97–111.Google Scholar
Weikmans, R., & Zaccai, E. (2017). Pourquoi aider les pays en développement? Conceptions de la justice dans l’aide à l’adaptation au changement climatique. Développement durable et territoires, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.4000/developpementdurable.11668Google Scholar
Weikmans, R., Asselt, H. V., & Roberts, J. T. (2020a). Transparency requirements under the Paris Agreement and their (un) likely impact on strengthening the ambition of nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Climate Policy, 20(4), 511–26.Google Scholar
Weikmans, R., Roberts, J. T., & Robinson, S. A. (2020b). What counts as climate finance? Define urgently. Nature, 588(7837), 220.Google Scholar
Weikmans, R., Roberts, J. T., Baum, J., Bustos, M. C., & Durand, A. (2017). Assessing the credibility of how climate adaptation aid projects are categorised. Development in Practice, 27(4), 458–71.Google Scholar
Weiler, F., Klöck, C., & Dornan, M. (2018). Vulnerability, good governance, or donor interests? The allocation of aid for climate change adaptation. World Development, 104, 65–77.Google Scholar
World Bank (2006). Investment framework for clean energy and development. http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01021/WEB/IMAGES/DC2006-2.PDF.Google Scholar
World Bank (2009). The costs to developing countries of adapting to climate change. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/14D99A1A03815EC4492576470019CCED-WB_sep2009.pdf.Google Scholar
World Bank (2022). Adaptation Fund Trust Fund: Financial report prepared by the trustee. https://fiftrustee.worldbank.org/content/dam/fif/funds/adapt/TrusteeReports/AF%20Trustee%20Report%20at%20June%2030%202022.pdf.Google Scholar
World Bank Open Data (2022). GDP per capita. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD.Google Scholar
Zacharie, A. (2013). Mondialisation: qui gagne et qui perd – Essai sur l’économie politique du développement. Éditions Le Bord de l’Eau.Google Scholar
Zamarioli, L. H., Pauw, P., König, M., & Chenet, H. (2021). The climate consistency goal and the transformation of global finance. Nature Climate Change, 11(7), 578–83.Google Scholar
- 11
- Cited by