Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-n9wrp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-18T23:00:50.895Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Full Armor of God

The Mobilization of Christian Nationalism in American Politics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2023

Paul A. Djupe
Affiliation:
Denison University, Ohio
Andrew R. Lewis
Affiliation:
University of Cincinnati
Anand E. Sokhey
Affiliation:
University of Colorado Boulder

Summary

Academic research on Christian nationalism has revealed a considerable amount about the scope of its relationships to public policy views in the US. However, work thus far has not addressed an essential question: why now? Research by the authors of this Element advances answers, showcasing how deeper engagement with 'the 3Ms' – measurement, mechanisms and mobilization – can help unpack how and why Christian nationalism has entered our politics as a partisan project. Indeed, it is difficult to understand the dynamics of Christian nationalism without reference to the parties, as it has been a worldview used to mobilize Republicans while simultaneously recruiting and demobilizing Democrats. The mechanisms of these efforts hinge on a deep desire for social dominance that is ordained by God – an order elites suggest is threatened by Democrats and 'the left.' These elite appeals can have sweeping consequences for opinion and action, including the public's support for democratic processes.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009234078
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 29 June 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achen, Christopher H. 2002. “Toward a New Political Methodology: Microfoundations and ART.Annual Review of Political Science 5: 423450.Google Scholar
Ahler, Douglas J., and Sood, Gaurav. 2018. “The Parties in Our Heads: Misperceptions about Party Composition and Their Consequences.The Journal of Politics 80(3): 964981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Kire, Rosemary L., Michael, H-. Jo-Ann Tsang, Pasek, and Rowatt, Wade C.. 2021. “Christian No More: Christian Americans are Threatened by Their Impending Minority Status.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 97, 104223.Google Scholar
Alberta, Tim. 2022. “How Politics Poisoned the Evangelical Church.” The Atlantic. May 10. www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/06/evangelical-church-pastors-political-radicalization/629631/. Accessed January 15, 2023.Google Scholar
Ammerman, Nancy T. 1990. Baptist Battles: Social Change and Religious Conflict in the Southern Baptist Convention. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.Google Scholar
Armaly, Miles T., Buckley, David T., and Enders, Adam M.. 2022a. “Christian Nationalism and Political Violence: Victimhood, Racial Identity, Conspiracy, and Support for the Capitol Attacks.Political Behavior 44: 937960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armaly, Miles T., and Enders, Adam M.. 2022b. “‘Why Me?’ The Role of Perceived Victimhood in American Politics.” Political Behavior 44, 15831609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-020-09662-x.Google Scholar
Baker, Joseph O., Perry, Samuel L., and Whitehead, Andrew L.. 2020a. “Keep America Christian (and White): Christian Nationalism, Fear of Ethnoracial Outsiders, and Intention to Vote for Donald Trump in the 2020 Presidential Election.Sociology of Religion 81(3): 272293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Joseph O., Perry, Samuel L., and Whitehead, Andrew L.. 2020b. “Crusading for Moral Authority: Christian Nationalism and Opposition to Science.Sociological Forum 35(3): 587607.Google Scholar
Bawn, Kathy, Cohen, Marty, Karol, David, Masket, Seth, Noel, Hans, and Zaller, John R.. 2012. “A Theory of Political Parties: Groups, Policy Demands and Nominations in American Politics.Perspectives on Politics 10(3): 571597.Google Scholar
Baylor, Christopher. 2018. First to the Party: The Group Origins of Party Transformation. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
BBC. 2020. “US Election 2020: Trump Says Opponent Biden Will ‘Hurt God’.” August 7. www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-53688009. Accessed September 2, 2022.Google Scholar
Bélanger, Éric, and Meguid, Bonnie M.. 2008. “Issue Salience, Issue Ownership, and Issue-Based Vote Choice.Electoral Studies 27(3): 477491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellah, Robert N. 1967. “Civil Religion in America.Daedalus 96(1): 121.Google Scholar
Bellah, Robert N., and Hammond, Phillip E.. 2013. Varieties of Civil Religion. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock.Google Scholar
Bishop, Bill. 2009. The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Block, Daniel. 2018. “Is Trump Our Cyrus? The Old Testament Case for Yes and No.” Christianity Today. October 29. www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2018/october-web-only/donald-trump-cyrus-prophecy-old-testament.html. Accessed July 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Boorstein, Michelle. 2021. “A Horn-Wearing ‘Shaman.’ A Coyboy Evangelist. For some, the Capitol Attack Was a Kind of Christian Revolt.” The Washington Post. July 6. www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2021/07/06/capitol-insurrection-trump-christian-nationalism-shaman/.Google Scholar
Braunstein, Ruth. 2022. “A Theory of Political Backlash: Assessing the Religious Right’s Effects on the Religious Field.Sociology of Religion 83(3): 293323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, Marilyn B. 1999. “The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate?Journal of Social Issues 55(3): 429444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broeren, Zachary D., and Djupe, Paul A.. No date. “The Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate of Christian Nationalism: Experimental Evidence about the Rule of Law.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Burge, Ryan P. 2021. “Why ‘Evangelical’ Is Becoming Another Word for ‘Republican’”. The New York Times. October 26. www.nytimes.com/2021/10/26/opinion/evangelical-republican.html. Accessed January 15, 2023.Google Scholar
Calhoun-Brown, Allison. 1998. “While Marching to Zion: Otherworldliness and Racial Empowerment in the Black Community.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37(3): 427439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calhoun-Brown, Allison. 2010. “This Far by Faith: Religion, Gender, and Efficacy.” In Religion and Democracy in the United States: Danger or Opportunity, Wolfe, Alan and Katznelson, Ira, eds., 279307. New York: Russell Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, David E., and Monson, J. Quin. 2008. “The Religion Card: Gay Marriage and the 2004 Presidential Election.Public Opinion Quarterly 72(3): 399419.Google Scholar
Carmines, Edward G., and Stimson, James A.. 1989. Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Claassen, Ryan L. 2015. Godless Democrats and Pious Republicans? New York: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Claassen, Ryan L., Djupe, Paul A., Lewis, Andrew R., and Neiheisel, Jacob R.. 2021. “Which Party Represents My Group? The Group Foundations of Partisan Choice and Polarization.Political Behavior 43: 615636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coe, Chelsea M., Canelo, Kayla S., Kau Vue, Matthew V. Hibbing, and Nicholson, Stephen P.. 2017. “The Physiology of Framing Effects: Threat Sensitivity and the Persuasiveness of Political Arguments.Journal of Politics 79(4): 14651468.Google Scholar
Compton, John W. 2020. The End of Empathy: Why White Protestants Stopped Loving Their Neighbors. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
C-SPAN. 2022. “User Clip: Paula White Jan 6 Prayer.” January 3. www.c-span.org/video/?c4993902/user-clip-paula-white-jan-6-prayer. Accessed January 15, 2023.Google Scholar
Cullen, Dave. 2015. “Why Does the Columbine Myth about ‘Martyr’ Cassie Bernall Persist?” https://newrepublic.com/article/122832/why-does-columbine-myth-about-martyr-cassie-bernall-persist. Accessed July 5, 2022.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Nicholas T. 2022. “The Psychometric Properties of the Christian Nationalist Scale.” Politics and Religion 16(1): 126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048322000256.Google Scholar
Davis, Susan. 2022. “Trump Speaks to Faith and Freedom Coalition as Jan. 6 Hearings Continue.” NPR. June 17. www.npr.org/2022/06/17/1105970790/trump-speaks-to-faith-and-freedom-coalition-as-jan-6-hearings-continue. Accessed January 15, 2023.Google Scholar
Delehanty, Jack, Edgell, Penny, and Stewart, Evan. 2018. “Christian America? Secularized Evangelical Discourse and the Boundaries of National Belonging.Social Forces 97(3): 12831306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
den Dulk, Kevin. 2018. “The GOP, Evangelical Elites, and the Challenge of Pluralism.” In The Evangelical Crackup? The Future of the Evangelical-Republican Coalition, Djupe, Paul A. and Claassen, Ryan L., eds. 6376. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Dias, Elizabeth. 2020. “‘Christianity Will Have Power’.” New York Times. August 9. www.nytimes.com/2020/08/09/us/evangelicals-trump-christianity.html. Accessed July 5, 2022.Google Scholar
Dias, Elizabeth. 2022. “The Far-Right Christian Quest for Power: ‘We are Seeing Them Emboldened’.” New York Times. July 13. www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/us/christian-nationalism-politicians.html. Accessed July 10, 2022.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., ed. 2015. Religion and Political Tolerance in America: Advances in the State of the Art. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A. 2019. “The Inverted Golden Rule: Are Atheists as Intolerant as Evangelicals Think They Are?” Religion in Public. December 23. https://religioninpublic.blog/2019/12/23/the-inverted-golden-rule-are-atheists-as-intolerant-as-evangelicals-think-they-are/. Accessed July 12, 2022.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A. 2022. “The Religious Politics of Threat in Religion and Politics Research.” In Handbook of Politics & Public Opinion, Rudolph, Thomas J., ed. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A. Forthcoming. “And They Shall Know Me by Your Trump Support: The Political Sociology of Politicized Religion.” In Trump and the Transformation of Religion and Politics, Anand E. Sokhey and Paul A. Djupe, eds. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Burge, Ryan P.. 2019. “Was Donald Trump Anointed by God? Are All Presidents Anointed by God?” Religion in Public. November 25. https://religioninpublic.blog/2019/11/25/was-donald-trump-anointed-by-god-are-all-presidents-anointed-by-god/. Accessed July 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Burge, Ryan P.. 2020. “Trump the Anointed.” Religion in Public. May 11. https://religioninpublic.blog/2020/05/11/trump-the-anointed/. Accessed July 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Calfano, Brian R.. 2012. “The Deliberative Pulpit: The Democratic Norms and Practices of the PCUSA.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 51(1): 90109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Calfano, Brian R.. 2013. “Religious Value Priming, Threat, and Political Tolerance.Political Research Quarterly 66(4): 767779.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Calfano, Brian R.. 2015. “The Golden Rule Theory: The Nature of Clergy Influence on Congregational Political Tolerance.” In Religion and Political Tolerance in America: Advances in the State of the Art, Djupe, Paul A., ed., 3450. Philadelphia. PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Calfano, Brian R.. 2018. “Evangelicals Were on Their Own in the 2016 Elections.” In The Evangelical Crackup? The Future of the Evangelical-Republican Coalition. Djupe, Paul A. and Claassen, Ryan L., eds., 1531. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Friesen, Amanda J., eds. 2023. An Epidemic Among My People:’ Religion, Politics, and COVID-19 in the United States. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., Friesen, Amanda, Lewis, Andrew R., Sokhey, Anand E., Burge, Ryan P., and Broeren, Zach. No date. “Attending Church Encourages Acceptance of Atheists: A Note on Suppression Effects in Religion and Politics Research.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Gilbert, Christopher P.. 2003. The Prophetic Pulpit: Clergy, Churches, and Communities in American Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Gilbert, Christopher P.. 2009. The Political Influence of Churches. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Grant, J. Tobin. 2001. “Religious Institutions and Political Participation in America.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40(2): 303314.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Neiheisel, Jacob R.. 2008a. “Christian Right Horticulture: Grassroots Support in a Republican Primary Campaign.Politics & Religion 1(1): 5584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Neiheisel, Jacob R.. 2008b. “Clergy Deliberation on Gay Rights and Homosexuality.Polity 40(4): 411435.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Neiheisel, Jacob R.. 2019. “Political Mobilization in American Congregations: A Test of the Religious Economies Perspective.Politics & Religion 12(1): 123152.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Neiheisel, Jacob R.. 2022a. “The Religious Communication Approach and Political Behavior.Advances in Political Psychology 43(S1): 165194.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Neiheisel, Jacob R.. 2022b. “The Dimensions and Effects of Reciprocity in Political Tolerance Judgments.Political Behavior 44: 895914.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Neiheisel, Jacob R.. 2023. “Are Shifts in Same-Sex Marriage Attitudes Associated With Declines in Religious Behavior and Affiliation?American Politics Research 51(1): 8190.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., Neiheisel, Jacob R., and Conger, Kimberly H.. 2018. “Are the Politics of the Christian Right Linked to State Rates of the Non-Religious? The Importance of Salient Controversy.Political Research Quarterly 71(4): 910922.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., Neiheisel, Jacob R., and Sokhey, Anand E.. 2018. “Reconsidering the Role of Politics in Leaving Religion – The Importance of Affiliation.American Journal of Political Science 62(1): 161175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., Sokhey, Anand E., and Gilbert, Christopher P.. 2007. “Present but Not Accounted for? Gender Differences in Civic Resource Acquisition.American Journal of Political Science 51(4): 906920.Google Scholar
Edgell, Penny, Gerteis, Joseph, and Hartmann, Douglas. 2006. “Atheists as ‘Other’: Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership in American Society. American Sociological Review 71(2): 211234.Google Scholar
Edsall, Thomas. 2020. “Trump Is Staking Out His Own Universe of ‘Alternative Facts’.” New York Times. May 13. www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/opinion/trump-digital-campaign.html. Accessed July 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Edsall, Thomas. 2021. “The Capitol Insurrection Was as Christian Nationalist as It Gets.” New York Times. January 28. www.nytimes.com/2021/01/28/opinion/christian-nationalists-capitol-attack.html. Accessed July 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Emerson, Michael O. 2022. “What Happens When White Identity Comes before Christian Faith?” Sojourners. July. https://sojo.net/magazine/july-2022/what-happens-when-white-identity-comes-christian-faith. Accessed July 18, 2022.Google Scholar
Evans, Geoffrey, and Whitefield, Stephen. 1995. “The Politics and Economics of Democratic Commitment: Support for Democracy in Transition Societies.British Journal of Political Science 25(4): 485514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fea, John. 2018. Believe Me. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Feldman, Max. 2020. “Dirty Tricks: 9 Falsehoods That Could Undermine the 2020 Election.” Brennan Center for Justice. May 14. www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/dirty-tricks-9-falsehoods-could-undermine-2020-election. Accessed September 2, 2022.Google Scholar
Feuer, Alan. 2022. “Group Chat Linked to Roger Stone Shows Ties Among Jan. 6 Figures.” New York Times. May 20. www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/us/politics/roger-stone-jan-6.html. Accessed August 8, 2022.Google Scholar
Frederiksen, Kristian V. S. 2022. “When Democratic Experience Distorts Democracy: Citizen Reactions to Undemocratic Incumbent Behaviour.European Journal of Political Research 61(1): 281292.Google Scholar
House, Freedom. 2021. “NEW REPORT: US Democracy Has Declined Significantly in the Past Decade, Reforms Urgently Needed.” March 22. https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly-past-decade-reforms-urgently-needed. Accessed July 17, 2022.Google Scholar
Frymer, Paul. 1999. Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Friesen, Amanda J., and Djupe, Paul A.. 2017. “Conscientious Women under the Stained Glass Ceiling: The Dispositional Conditions of Institutional Treatment on Civic Engagement.Politics & Gender 13(1): 5780.Google Scholar
Gidengill, Elisabeth, Stolle, Dietlind, and Bergeron-Boutin., Olivier 2021. “The Partisan Nature of Support for Democratic Backsliding: A comparative Perspective.” European Journal of Political Research 61(4): 901929. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12502.Google Scholar
Gjelten, Tom. 2021. “A ‘Scary’ Survey Finding: 4 in 10 Republicans Say Political Violence May Be Necessary.” NPR. February 11. www.wbur.org/npr/966498544/a-scary-survey-finding-4-in-10-republicans-say-political-violence-may-be-necessa. Accessed July 17, 2022.Google Scholar
Goldiner, Dave. 2020. “Devilish Comments as Donald Trump Jr. Compares Speaker Pelosi to Satan.” NY Daily News. February 6. www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-donald-trump-jr-nancy-pelosi-satan-devil-impeachment-20200206-lxcwbzkxjrdf7ncwl4ulwiuruu-story.html. Accessed July 5, 2022.Google Scholar
Goodman, Sara Wallace. 2022. Citizenship in Hard Times: How Ordinary People Respond to Democratic Threat. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goren, Paul, Schoen, Harald, Reifler, Jason, Scotto, Thomas, and Chittick, William. 2016. “A Unified Theory of Value-Based Reasoning and US Public Opinion.Political Behavior 38(4): 977997.Google Scholar
Goren, Paul, and Chapp, Christopher. 2017. “Moral Power: How Public Opinion on Culture War Issues Shapes Partisan Predispositions and Religious Orientations.American Political Science Review 111(1): 110128.Google Scholar
Gorski, Philip. 2017. American Covenant: A History of Civil Religion from the Puritans to the Present. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gorski, Philip S., and Perry, Samuel L.. 2022. The Flag and the Cross: White Christian Nationalism and the Threat to American Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Graham, Jesse, Haidt, Jonathan, and Nosek, Brian A.. 2009. “Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96(5): 10291046.Google Scholar
Emma, Green. 2015. “How Will the U.S. Supreme Court’s Same-Sex Marriage Decision Affect Religious Liberty?” The Atlantic. June 26. www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/how-will-the-us-supreme-courts-same-sex-marriage-decision-affect-religious-liberty/396986/. Accessed January 15, 2023Google Scholar
Green, Emma. 2017. “White Evangelicals Believe They Face More Discrimination Than Muslims.” The Atlantic. March 10. www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/perceptions-discrimination-muslims-christians/519135/. Accessed July 7, 2022.Google Scholar
Green, Emma. 2021. “A Christian Insurrection.” The Atlantic. January 8. www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/01/evangelicals-catholics-jericho-march-capitol/617591/.Google Scholar
Green, John C., Guth, James L., Kellstedt, Lyman A., and Smidt, Corwin E.. 1994. “Uncivil Challenges: Support for Civil Liberties among Religious Activists.Journal of Political Science 22: 2549.Google Scholar
Griswold, Eliza. 2021. “A Pennsylvania Lawmaker and the Resurgence of Christian Nationalism.” www.newyorker.com/news/on-religion/a-pennsylvania-lawmaker-and-the-resurgence-of-christian-nationalism. Accessed January 15, 2023.Google Scholar
Grossmann, Matt, and Hopkins, David A.. 2016. Asymmetric Politics: Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Guth, James L., Green, John C., Smidt, Corwin E., Kellstedt, Lyman A., and Poloma, Margaret. 1997. The Bully Pulpit: The Politics of Protestant Clergy. Lawrence, MA: University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar
Hankins, Barry. 2002. Uneasy in Babylon: Southern Baptist Conservatives and American Culture. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Hayes, Danny. 2008. “Does the Messenger Matter? Candidate-Media Agenda Convergence and Its Effects on Voter Issue Salience.Political Research Quarterly 61(1): 134146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hibbing, John R., and Theiss-Morse, Elizabeth. 2002. Stealth Democracy. New York: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hout, Michael, and Fischer, Claude S.. 2002. “Why More Americans Have No Religious Preference: Politics and Generations.American Sociological Review 67(2): 165190.Google Scholar
Hunter, James Davison. 1991. Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Jelen, Ted G., and Wilcox, Clyde. 1991. “Religious Dogmatism among White Christians: Causes and Effects.Review of Religious Research 33: 3246.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Jack. 2017. “How Trump’s Presidency Reveals the True Nature of Christian Nationalism.” Think Progress, September 13. https://archive.thinkprogress.org/christian-nationalism-religion-research-b8f9cdc16239/ Accessed April 19, 2023Google Scholar
Jenkins, Jack. 2021. “The Insurrectionists’ Senate Floor Prayer Highlights a Curious Trumpian Ecumenism.” Religion News Service. February 25. https://religionnews.com/2021/02/25/the-insurrectionists-senate-floor-prayer-highlights-a-curious-trumpian-ecumenism/. Accessed July 17, 2022.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Jack. 2022. “How Christian Nationalism Paved the Way for Jan. 6.” Religion News Service. June 9, 2022: https://religionnews.com/2022/06/09/how-christian-nationalism-paved-the-way-for-january–6/. Accessed January 15, 2023.Google Scholar
Jones, Robert P. 2016. The End of White Christian America. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Jones, Robert P. 2019. “The Electoral Time Machine That Could Reelect Trump.” The Atlantic. June 25. www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/06/how-trump-could-win-2020/592354/. Accessed July 5, 2022.Google Scholar
Jones, Robert P. 2021. White Too Long: The Legacy of White Supremacy in American Christianity. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Kalmoe, Nathan P., and Mason, Lilliana. 2022. Radical American Partisanship: Mapping Violent Hostility, Its Causes, & What It Means for Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Chaim. 2004. “Threat Inflation and the Failure of the Marketplace of Ideas: The Selling of the Iraq War.International Security 29(1): 548.Google Scholar
Kessler, Glenn. 2020. “The ‘Very Fine People’ at Charlottesville: Who Were They?” Washington Post. May 8. www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/05/08/very-fine-people-charlottesville-who-were-they-2/. Accessed July 6, 2022.Google Scholar
Kilgore, ed. 2019. “Christian Right Leaders Suggest Trump Critics are Possessed by Demons.” New York Magazine. November 26. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/11/christian-right-leaders-trump-critics-possessed-by-demons.html. Accessed Septemeber 2, 2022.Google Scholar
Klar, Samara, and Krupnikov, Yanna. 2016. Independent Politics: How American Disdain for Parties Leads to Political Inaction. New York: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Kobes du Mez, Kristin. 2020. Jesus and John Wayne: How White Evangelicals Corrupted a Faith and Fractured a Nation. New York: Liveright.Google Scholar
Koger, Gregory, Masket, Seth, and Noel, Hans. 2009. “Partisan Webs: Information Exchange and Party Networks.British Journal of Political Science 39(3): 633653.Google Scholar
Krosnick, Jon A. 1990. “Government Policy and Citizen Passion: A Study of Issue Publics in Contemporary America.Political Behavior 12(1): 5992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruse, Kevin M. 2016. One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Lecaque, Thomas. 2022. “The Twisted, Trumpist Religion of Jan. 6th. The Bulwark. January 6. www.thebulwark.com/the-twisted-trumpist-religion-of-jan-6th/. Accessed January 15, 2023.Google Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey. 2001. The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey, and Brockway, Mark. 2018. “Evangelical Activists in the GOP: Still the Life of the Party? In The Evangelical Crackup? The Future of the Evangelical-Republican Coalition. Djupe, Paul A. and Claassen, Ryan L., eds., 3248. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey, and Carsey, Thomas M.. 2002. “Party Polarization and ‘Conflict Extension’ in the American Electorate.” American Journal of Political Science 46(4): 786802.Google Scholar
Leege, David C., Wald, Kenneth D., and Krueger, Brian S.. 2002. The Politics of Cultural Differences: Social Change and Voter Mobilization Strategies in the Post-New Deal Period. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Ziblatt, Daniel. 2018. How Democracies Die. New York: Crown.Google Scholar
Lewis, Andrew R. 2014. “Abortion Politics and the Decline of the Separation of Church and State: The Southern Baptist Case.Politics and Religion 7(3): 521549.Google Scholar
Lewis, Andrew R. 2017. The Rights Turn in Conservative Christian Politics: How Abortion Transformed the Culture Wars. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, Andrew R. 2019. “The Inclusion-Moderation Thesis: The US Republican Party and the Christian Right,” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Djupe, Paul A., Rozell, Mark J., and Jelen, Ted G., eds., 635650. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, Andrew R. 2021. “Christian Nationalism and the Remaking of Religion and Politics.Sociology of Religion 82(1): 111115.Google Scholar
Lewis, Andrew R. 2022. “The New Supreme Court Doctrine against Religious Discrimination.” The Washington Post. July 7. www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/07/07/scotus-carson-makin-maine-schools-bremerton-football-coach/. Accessed January 15, 2023.Google Scholar
Lewis, Andrew R., and Bennett, Daniel. 2023. “Precedent, Performance, and Polarization: The Christian Legal Movement and Religious Freedom Politics during the Coronavirus Pandemic.” In ‘An Epidemic among My People’: Religion in the Age of COVID-19. Djupe, Paul A. and Friesen, Amanda J., eds., 99110. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, Andrew R., and McDaniel, Eric L.. Forthcoming. “Religious Freedom Backlash: Evidence from Public Opinion Experiments about Free Expression.” PS: Political Science & Politics 56(2): 227233. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096522001251.Google Scholar
Lundberg, Matthew D. 2021. Christian Martyrdom and Christian Violence: On Suffering and Wielding the Sword. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lupia, Arthur, and McCubbins, Matthew D.. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mantyla, Kyle. 2019a. “‘Satan Hates This Man’: Perry Stone Says Trump’s Critics ‘Have Demons in Them’.” Right Wing Watch. October 28. www.rightwingwatch.org/post/satan-hates-this-man-perry-stone-says-trumps-critics-have-demons-in-them/. Accessed July 5, 2022.Google Scholar
Mantyla, Kyle. 2019b. “Ralph Reed: Christians Deserve Persecution if They Fail to Reelect Trump in 2020.” Right Wing Watch. November 5. https://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/ralph-reed-christians-deserve-persecution-if-they-fail-to-reelect-trump-in-2020/ Accessed May 28, 2021.Google Scholar
Margolis, Michele F. 2018. From Politics to the Pews: How Partisanship and the Political Environment Shape Religious Identity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Martínez, Jessica, and Smith, Gregory A.. 2016. “How the Faithful Voted: A Preliminary 2016 Analysis.” Pew Research Center. November 9. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/09/how-the-faithful-voted-a-preliminary-2016-analysis/. Accessed January 15, 2023.Google Scholar
Mason, Lilliana H. 2018. Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mason, Lilliana H., and Wronski, Julie. 2018. “One Tribe to Bind Them All: How Our Social Group Attachments Strengthen Partisanship.Political Psychology 39(S1): 257277.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Angie, and Shields, Todd. 2019. The Long Southern Strategy: How Chasing White Voters in the South Changed American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McAfee, Tierney. 2018. “Evangelical Leader Says Trump Gets ‘a Mulligan’ on Alleged Affair with Porn Star.” Yahoo. January 24. www.yahoo.com/entertainment/evangelical-leader-says-trump-gets-172953748.html. Accessed July 16, 2022.Google Scholar
McCarty, Nolan. 2019. Polarization: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McDaniel, Eric L., Nooruddin, Irfan, and Shortle, Allyson Faith. 2011. “Divine Boundaries: How Religion Shapes Citizens’ Attitudes Toward Immigrants.American Politics Research 39(1): 205233.Google Scholar
McDaniel, Eric L., Nooruddin, Irfan, and Shortle, Allyson Faith. 2022: The Everyday Crusade: Christian Nationalism in American Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Joanne M., and Krosnick, Jon A.. 2004. “Threat as a Motivator of Political Activism: A Field Experiment.Political Psychology 25(4): 507523.Google Scholar
Moskalenko, Sophia, and Clark, McCauley. 2009. “Measuring Political Mobilization: The Distinction between Activism and Radicalism.Terrorism and Political Violence 21: 239260.Google Scholar
Moss, Candida. 2013. The Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Navarre, Brianna. 2021. “U.S. Democracy Is ‘Backsliding,’ For First Time, Study Says.” US New and World Report. November 24. www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2021-11-24/study-classifies-u-s-democracy-as-backsliding-for-the-first-time. Accessed July 17, 2022.Google Scholar
Noble, Alan. 2014. “The Evangelical Persecution Complex.” The Atlantic. August 4. www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/08/the-evangelical-persecution-complex/375506/. Accessed July 5, 2022.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 2011. “Does Democratic Satisfaction Reflect Regime Performance?How Democracy Works: Political Representation and Policy Congruence in Modern Societies. Rosema, Martin, Denters, Bas, and Arts, Kees. ed., 115136. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press,.Google Scholar
Nunn, Clyde Z., Crocket, Harry J. Jr., and Allen Williams, J. Jr. 1978. Tolerance for Non-Conformists. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
O’Harrow, Robert, Tran, Andrew Ba, and Hawkins, Derek 2021. “The Rise of Domestic Extremism in America.” Washington Post. April 12. www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/interactive/2021/domestic-terrorism-data/. Accessed July 27, 2022.Google Scholar
Onishi, Bradley. 2023. Preparing for War: The Extremist History of White Christian Nationalism –and What Comes Next. Minneapolis, MN: Broadleaf Books.Google Scholar
Owen, Dennis E., Wald, Kenneth D., and Hill, Samuel S.. 1991. “Authoritarian or Authority-Minded? The Cognitive Commitments of Fundamentalists and the Christian Right.Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 1(1): 73100.Google Scholar
Pape, Robert A. 2021. “Understanding the American Insurrectionist Movement: A Nationally Representative Survey.” Chicago Project on Security and Threats.https://d3qi0qp55mx5f5.cloudfront.net/cpost/i/docs/CPOST-NORC_UnderstandingInsurrectionSurvey_JUN2021_Topline.pdf.Google Scholar
Patrikios, Stratos. 2013. “Self-Stereotyping as ‘Evangelical Republican’: An Empirical Test.Politics & Religion 6(4): 800822.Google Scholar
Perry, Samuel L., and Whitehead, Andrew L.. 2022. “January 6th May Have Been Only the First Wave of Christian Nationalist Violence.” Time Magazine. January 4. https://time.com/6132591/january-6th-christian-nationalism/. Accessed July 17, 2022.Google Scholar
Perry, Samuel L., and Whitehead, Andrew L.. 2021. “Racialized Religion and Judicial Injustice: How Whiteness and Biblicist Christianity Intersect to Promote a Preference for (Unjust) Punishment.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 60(1): 4663.Google Scholar
Perry, Samuel L., Whitehead, Andrew L., and Davis, Joshua T.. 2019. “God’s Country in Black and Blue: How Christian Nationalism Shapes Americans’ Views about Police (Mis)treatment of Blacks.Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 5(1):130146.Google Scholar
Perry, Samuel L., and Whitehead, Andrew L.. 2015. “Christian Nationalism, Racial Separatism, and Family Formation: Attitudes toward Transracial Adoption as a Test Case. ” Race and Social Problems 7(2):123134.Google Scholar
Perry, Samuel L., Baker, Joseph, and Grubbs, Joshua. 2021. “Ignorance or Culture War? Christian Nationalism and Scientific Illiteracy.” Public Understanding of Science 30(8): 930–946. https://doi.org/10.1177/09636625211006271.Google Scholar
Petersen, Michael B., Slothuus, Rune, Stubager, Rune, and Togeby, Lise. 2011. “Freedom for All? The Strength and Limits of Political Tolerance.British Journal of Political Science 41(3): 581597.Google Scholar
Petrocik, John R., Benoit, William L., and Hansen, Glenn J.. 2003. “Issue Ownership and Presidential Campaigning, 1952–2000.Political Science Quarterly 118(4): 599626.Google Scholar
Pietryka, Matthew T., and MacIntosh, Randall C.. 2022. “ANES Scales Often Do Not Measure What You Think They Measure.Journal of Politics 84(2): 10741090.Google Scholar
Pratto, Felicia, James Sidanius, Lisa M. Stallworth, and Malle, Bertram F.. 1994. “Social Dominance Orientation: A Personality Variable Predicting Social and Political Attitudes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67(4): 741763.Google Scholar
Primoratz, Igor. 2020. “Patriotism.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 Edition). Zalta, Edward N., ed. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/patriotism/.Google Scholar
Reimer, Sam, and Park, Jerry Z.. 2001. “Tolerant Incivility: A Longitudinal Analysis of White Conservative Protestants’ Willingness to Grant Civil Liberties.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40(4): 735745.Google Scholar
Reny, Tyler, Wilcox-Alchuleta, Bryan, and Nichols, Vanessa Cruz. 2019. “Threat, Mobilization, and Latino Voting in the 2018 Election.The Forum 16(4): 631657.Google Scholar
Rizzo, Salvador. 2019. “President Trump’s Shifting Claim That ‘We Got Rid’ of the Johnson Amendment.” Washington Post. May 9. www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/09/president-trumps-shifting-claim-that-we-got-rid-johnson-amendment/. Accessed July 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Rorty, Richard. 1994. “Religion as Conversation-stopper.” Common Knowledge 3 (1): 16.Google Scholar
Rose, Richard, and Mishler, William. 1996. “Testing the Churchill Hypothesis: Popular Support for Democracy and Its Alternatives.Journal of Public Policy 16(1): 2958.Google Scholar
Rosenstone, Steven J., and Hansen, John Mark. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rosin, Hanna. 1999. “Columbine Miracle: A Matter of Belief.” Washington Post. October 14. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-10/14/026r-101499-idx.html. Accessed July 5, 2022.Google Scholar
Rozell, Mark J., and Wilcox, Clyde, eds. 1995. God at the Grassroots: The Christian Right in the 1994 Elections. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Schwadel, Philip, and Christopher, R. H. Garneau. 2019. “Sectarian Religion and Political Tolerance in the United States.Sociology of Religion 80(2): 168193.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Shalom H. 2007. “Cultural and Individual Value Correlates of Capitalism: A Comparative Analysis.Psychological Inquiry 18(1): 5257.Google Scholar
Scott, Eugene. 2017. “Trump Says He’s Fulfilled His Promises to Christians, but He Really Means White Evangelicals.” Washington Post. October 14. www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/10/15/trump-says-hes-fulfilled-his-promises-to-christians-but-he-really-means-white-evangelicals/. Accessed July 5, 2022.Google Scholar
Shaffner, Brian F. 2022. “The Heightened Importance of Racism and Sexism in the 2018 US Midterm Elections.” British Journal of Political Science 52: 492500.Google Scholar
Sherkat, Darren E., and Lehman, Derek. 2018. “Bad Samaritans: Religion and Anti-Immigrant and Anti-Muslim Sentiment in the United StatesSocial Science Quarterly 99: 17911804.Google Scholar
Shortle, Allyson F., and Gaddie, Ronald Keith. 2015. “Religious Nationalism and Perceptions of Muslims and Islam.Politics and Religion 8(3): 435457.Google Scholar
Sides, John, Tesler, Michael, and Vavreck, Lynn. 2019. Identity Crisis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Smietana, Bob. 2021. “Jericho March Returns to DC to Pray for a Trump Miracle.” Christianity Today. January 5. www.christianitytoday.com/news/2021/january/jericho-march-dc-election-overturn-trump-biden-congress.html. Accessed January 15, 2023.Google Scholar
Smidt, Corwin, and Penning, James M.. 1982. “Religious Commitment, Political Conservatism, and Political and Social Tolerance in the United States: A Longitudinal Analysis.Sociological Analysis 43: 231246.Google Scholar
Smidt, Corwin E. 2016. Pastors and Public Life: The Changing Face of American Protestant Clergy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Christian. 1998. American Evangelicalism: Embattled and Thriving. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Steven B. 2021. Reclaiming Patriotism in an Age of Extremes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Soper, J. Christopher, and Fetzer, Joel S.. 2018. Religion and Nationalism in Global Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
SPLC. 2019. “Hate Groups Reach Record High.” Southern Poverty Law Center. February 19. www.splcenter.org/news/2019/02/19/hate-groups-reach-record-high. Accessed July 27, 2022.Google Scholar
Sprunt, Barbara. 2022. “Jan. 6 Panel Show Evidence of Coordination between Far-Right Groups and Trump Allies.” NPR. July 12. www.npr.org/2022/07/12/1111132464/jan-6-hearing-recap-oath-keepers-proud-boys. Accessed January 15, 2023.Google Scholar
Stewart, Katherine. 2020. The Power Worshippers: Inside the Dangerous Rise of Religious Nationalism. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Stewart, Katherine. 2022. “Christian Nationalists are Excited about What Comes Next.” New York Times. July 5. www.nytimes.com/2022/07/05/opinion/dobbs-christian-nationalism.html. Accessed July 5, 2022.Google Scholar
Sullivan, John L., Piereson, James, and Marcus, George E.. 1982. Political Tolerance and American Democracy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles. 2002. “Democracy, Inclusive and Exclusive.” In Meaning and Modernity: Religion, Polity and the Self, Madsen, R., Sullivan, W., Swidler, A., and Tipton, S., eds. 181194. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Thrall, A. Trevor. 2007. “A Bear in the Woods? Threat Framing and the Marketplace of Values.Security Studies 16(3): 452488.Google Scholar
Vegter, Abigail, Lewis, Andrew R., and Bolin, Cammie Jo. 2023. “Which Civil Religion? Partisanship, Christian Nationalism, and the Dimensions of Civil Religion in the United States.” Politics and Religion 16(2).Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney, Schlozman, Kay Lehman, and Brady, Henry E.. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Channel, Victory. No date. “Atlanta Declaration.” https://flashpoint.govictory.com/atlanta-declaration/. Accessed July 5, 2022.Google Scholar
Washington Post. 2020. “Exit Poll Results and Analysis for the 2020 Presidential Election.” December 14, 2020: www.washingtonpost.com/elections/interactive/2020/exit-polls/presidential-election-exit-polls/. January 15, 2023.Google Scholar
Wehner, Peter. 2019. “Are Trump’s Critics Demonically Possessed?” The Atlantic. November 5. www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/11/to-trumps-evangelicals-everyone-else-is-a-sinner/602569/. Accessed July 5, 2022.Google Scholar
Weisman, Jonathan, and Epstein, Reid J.. 2022. “G.O.P. Declares Jan. 6 Attack ‘Legitimate Political Discourse’.” The New York Times. February 4, 2022. www.nytimes.com/2022/02/04/us/politics/republicans-jan-6-cheney-censure.html. Accessed July 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Sean .J., Westwood, Grimmer, Justin, Tyler, Matthew, and Nall, Clayton. 2022. “Current Research Overstates American Support for Political Violence.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(12), e2116870119.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Andrew L., and Perry, Samuel L.. 2015. “A More Perfect Union? Christian Nationalism and Support for Same-sex Unions.Sociological Perspectives 58(3): 422440.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Andrew L., and Perry, Samuel L.. 2020a. Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Andrew L., and Perry, Samuel L.. 2020b. “How Culture Wars Delay Herd Immunity: Christian Nationalism and Anti-vaccine Attitudes.Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 6: 112.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Andrew L., Perry, Samuel L., and Grubbs, Joshua B.. 2023. “Christian Nationalism and the COVID-19 Pandemic.” In “An Epidemic Among My People”: Religion in the Age of COVID-19. Djupe, Paul A. and Friesen, Amanda J., eds. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Andrew L., Schnabel, Landon, and Perry, Samuel L.. 2018. “Gun Control in the Crosshairs: Christian Nationalism and Opposition to Stricter Gun Laws.Socius 4: 113.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Alissa. 2019. “After Columbine, Martyrdom became a Powerful Fantasy for ChristiantTeenagers.” Vox. April 20. www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/20/15369442/columbine-anniversary-cassie-bernall-rachel-scott-martyrdom. Accessed July 5, 2022.Google Scholar
Wilson, Angelia R., and Djupe, Paul A.. 2020. “Communicating in Good Faith? Dynamics of the Christian Right Agenda.Politics & Religion 13(2): 385414.Google Scholar
Wingfield, Mark. 2021. “Pastors Respond to Unbelievable Events at Capitol on Epiphany 2021.” Baptist News. January 7. https://baptistnews.com/article/pastors-respond-to-unbelievable-events-at-capitol-on-epiphany-2021/. Accessed July 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Winston, Kimberly. 2021. “The History behind the Christian Flags Spotted at the Pro-Trump U.S. Capitol ‘Coup.’” Religion Unplugged. January 6. https://religionunplugged.com/news/2021/1/6/some-history-behind-the-christian-flags-at-the-pro-trump-capitol-coup.Google Scholar
Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

The Full Armor of God
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

The Full Armor of God
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

The Full Armor of God
Available formats
×