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Secondary data play an increasingly important role in epidemiology and public health research and practice; examples of secondary data sources include national surveys such as the BRFSS and NHIS, claims data for the Medicare and Medicaid systems, and public vital statistics records. Although a wealth of secondary data is available, it is not always easy to locate and access appropriate data to address a research or policy question. This practical guide circumvents these difficulties by providing an introduction to secondary data and issues specific to its management and analysis, followed by an enumeration of major sources of secondary data in the United States. Entries for each data source include the principal focus of the data, years for which it is available, history and methodology of the data collection process, and information about how to access the data and supporting materials, including relevant details about file structure and format.

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Contents

Bibliography
Chapter 1. An Introduction to Secondary Data Analysis
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Bulmer, M I A, Sturgis, P J, Allum, N. 2006. The secondary analysis of survey data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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Chapter 2. Health Services Utilization Data
Bartlett, D L, Ezzati-Rice, T M, Stokley, S, Zhao, Z. 2001. Comparison of NIS and NHIS/NIPRCS vaccination coverage estimates. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 20(4 Suppl):25–27.
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Gilchrist, V J, Stange, K C, Flocke, S A, McCord, G, Bourguet, C C. 2004. A comparison of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) measurement approach with direct observation of outpatient visits. Medical Care 42(3):276–280.
Hing, E, Gousen, S, Shimizu, I, Burt, C. 2003. Guide to using masked design variables to estimate standard errors in public use files of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Inquiry 40(4):401–415.
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Zell, E R, Ezzati-Rice, T M, Battaglia, M P, Wright, R A. 2000. National Immunization Survey: The methodology of a vaccination surveillance system. Public Health Reports 115(1):65–77.
Chapter 3. Health Behaviors and Risk Factors Data
Andresen, E M, Catlin, T K, Wyrwich, K W, Jackson-Thompson, J. 2003. Retest reliability of surveillance questions on health related quality of life. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 57(5):339–343.
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Johnston, L D, O'Malley, P M. 1997. The recanting of earlier reported drug use by young adults. NIDA Research Monograph 167:59–80.
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Nelson, D E, Holtzman, D, Bolen, J, Stanwyck, C A, Mack, K A. 2001. Reliability and validity of measures from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Social and Preventive Medicine 46(Suppl 1):S3–S42.
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Chapter 4. Data on Multiple Health Topics
Fronstin, P. 2000. Counting the uninsured: A comparison of national surveys. Employee Benefit Research Institute Issue Brief 225:1–19.
Himes, J H, Faricy, A. 2001. Validity and reliability of self-reported stature and weight of US adolescents. American Journal of Human Biology 13(2):255–260.
James, M K, Miller, M E, Anderson, R T, Worley, A S, Longino, C F Jr. 1997. Benefits of linkage to the National Death Index in the Longitudinal Study of Aging. Journal of Aging and Health 9(3):298–315.
Korenman, S, Goldman, N, Fu, H. 1997. Misclassification bias in estimates of bereavement effects. American Journal of Epidemiology 145(11):995–1002.
Kuczmarski, M F, Kuczmarski, R J, Najjar, M. 2001. Effects of age on validity of self-reported height, weight, and body mass index: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 101(1):28–34.
Vargas, C M, Burt, V L, Gillum, R F, Pamuk, E R. 1997. Validity of self-reported hypertension in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988–1991. Preventive Medicine 26(5 Pt 1):678–685.
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Chapter 5. Fertility and Mortality Data
Adams, M. 2001. Validity of birth certificate data for the outcome of the previous pregnancy, Georgia, 1980–1995. American Journal of Epidemiology 154(10):883–888.
Baumeister, L, Marchi, K, Pearl, M, Williams, R, Braveman, P. 2000. The validity of information on “race” and “Hispanic ethnicity” in California birth certificate data. Health Services Research 35(4):869–883.
Campbell, A A, Mosher, W D. 2000. A history of the measurement of unintended pregnancies and births. Maternal and Child Health Journal 4(3):163–169.
Cowper, D C, Kubal, J D, Maynard, C, Hynes, D M. 2002. A primer and comparative review of major US mortality databases. Annals of Epidemiology 12(7):462–468.
DiGiuseppe, D L, Aron, D C, Ranbom, L, Harper, D L, Rosenthal, G E. 2002. Reliability of birth certificate data: A multi-hospital comparison to medical records information. Maternal and Child Health Journal 6(3):169–179.
Johansson, L A, Westerling, R, Rosenberg, H M. 2006. Methodology of studies evaluating death certificate accuracy were flawed. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 59(2):125–131.
Kaufmann, R B, Morris, L, Spitz, A M. 1997. Comparison of two question sequences for assessing pregnancy intentions. American Journal of Epidemiology 145(9):810–816.
Klerman, L V. 2000. The intendedness of pregnancy: A concept in transition. Maternal and Child Health Journal 4(3):155–162.
Lydon-Rochelle, M T, Cardenas, V, Nelson, J L, Tomashek, K M, Mueller, B A, Easterling, T R. 2005. Validity of maternal and perinatal risk factors reported on fetal death certificates. American Journal of Public Health 95(11):1948–1951.
Lydon-Rochelle, M T, Holt, V L, Nelson, J C, Cardenas, V, Gardella, C, Easterling, T R, Callaghan, W M. 2005. Accuracy of reporting maternal in-hospital diagnoses and intrapartum procedures in Washington State linked birth records. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 19(6):460–471.
Martin, J A, Hoyert, D L. 2002. The national fetal death file. Seminars in Perinatology 26(1):3–11.
Mosher, W D. 1998. Design and operation of the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Family Planning Perspectives 30(1):43–46.
Northam, S, Knapp, T R. 2006. The reliability and validity of birth certificates. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 35(1):3–12.
Rothwell, C J. 2004. Reengineering vital registration and statistics systems for the United States. Preventing Chronic Disease 1(4):A03. Epub 2004 Sep 15.
Shulman, H B, Gilbert, B C, Msphbrenda, C G, Lansky, A. 2006. The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS): Current methods and evaluation of 2001 response rates. Public Health Reports 121(1):74–83.
Chapter 6. Medicare and Medicaid Data
Cooper, G S, Yuan, Z, Stange, K C, Amini, S B, Dennis, L K, Rimm, A A. 1999. The utility of Medicare claims data for measuring cancer stage. Medical Care 37(7):706–711.
Chattopadhyay, A, Bindman, A B. 2005. Accuracy of Medicaid payer coding in hospital patient discharge data: Implications for Medicaid policy evaluation. Medical Care 43(6):586–591.
Doctor, J N, Chan, L, MacLehose, R F, Patrick, D L. 2000. Weighted health status in the Medicare population: Development of the Weighted Health Index for the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (WHIMCBS). Journal of Outcome Measurement 4(4):721–739.
Fisher, E S, Baron, J A, Malenka, D J, Barrett, J, Bubolz, T A. 1990. Overcoming potential pitfalls in the use of Medicare data for epidemiologic research. American Journal of Public Health 80(12):1487–1490.
Gyllstrom, M E, Jensen, J L, Vaughan, J N, Castellano, S E, Oswald, J W. 2002. Linking birth certificates with Medicaid data to enhance population health assessment: Methodological issues addressed. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 8(4):38–44.
Hoffman, E D, Klees, B S, Curtis, C A. 2002. Overview of the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Health Care Financing Review Statistical Supplement1–348.
Jones, N III, Jones, S L, Miller, N A. 2004. The Medicare Health Outcomes Survey program: Overview, context, and near-term prospects. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2:33. Available online at: http://www.hqlo.com/content/2/1/33. Accessed July 6, 2006.
Koroukian, S M, Cooper, G S, Alfred, Rimm A A. 2002. Ability of Medicaid claims data to identify incident cases of breast cancer in the Ohio Medicaid population. Health Services Research 38(3):947–960.
Morgan, R O, Wei, I I, Virnig, B A. 2004. Improving identification of Hispanic males in Medicare: Use of surname matching. Medical Care 42(8):810–816.
Saydah, S H, Geiss, L S, Tierney, E, Benjamin, S M, Engelgau, M, Brancati, F. 2004. Review of the performance of methods to identify diabetes cases among vital statistics, administrative, and survey data. Annals of Epidemiology 14(7):507–516.
Wang, P S, Walker, A, Tsuang, M, Orav, E J, Levin, R, Avorn, J. 2000. Strategies for improving comorbidity measures based on Medicare and Medicaid claims data. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 53(6):571–578.
Weiner, M, Stump, T E, Callahan, C M, Lewis, J N, McDonald, C J. 2003. A practical method of linking data from Medicare claims and a comprehensive electronic medical records system. International Journal of Medical Informatics 71(1):57–69.
Wunsch, H, Harrison, D A, Rowan, K. 2005. Health services research in critical care using administrative data. Journal of Critical Care 20(3):264–269.
Zhan, C, Miller, M R. 2003. Administrative data based patient safety research: A critical review. Quality and Safety in Health Care 12(Suppl 2):58–63.
Chapter 7. Other Sources of Data
Barrett, R E. 1994. Using the 1990 U.S. Census for Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Best, A E. 1999. Secondary data bases and their use in outcomes research: A review of the Area Resource File and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Journal of Medical Systems 23(3):175–181.
Davis, J. 1991. The NORC General Social Survey: A user's guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
A Guide to the Data Resources of the Henry A. Murray Research Center of Radcliffe College, A Center for the Study of Lives. 1996. Cambridge, MA: Radcliffe Institutes for Advanced Study.
Mays, V M, Ponce, N A, Washington, D L, Cochran, S D. 2003. Classification of race and ethnicity: Implications for public health. Annual Review of Public Health 24:83–110.
Heijden, P J M, Puijenbroek, E P, Buuren, S, Hofstede, J W. 2002. On the assessment of adverse drug reactions from spontaneous reporting systems: The influence of under-reporting on odds ratios. Statistics in Medicine 21:2027–2044.
Young, C H, Savola, K L, Phelps, E. 1991. Inventory of longitudinal studies in the social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

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