Book contents
- Genetically Modified Organisms in Developing CountriesRisk Analysis and Governance
- Genetically Modified Organisms in Developing Countries
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- 1 Introduction
- Part I Risk Analysis Methodology and Decision-Making
- Part II Diversification of Expertise
- 8 Regulation of GMOs in Developing Countries: Why Socio-Economic Considerations Matter for Decision-Making
- 9 Food Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Crops in Developing Countries: The Experience in Africa
- 10 Being Scientific about Socio-Economics in GMO Decision-Making in Developing Countries
- 11 The Sharing of Information in Risk Assessment: How National Authorities Cooperate
- 12 Should GM Rice with Nutrition Benefits Be Deployed? Findings from Biotech and Socio-Economic Research
- Part III Risk-Analysis-Based Regulatory Systems
- Part IV Case Studies from Developing Countries
- Index
- References
12 - Should GM Rice with Nutrition Benefits Be Deployed? Findings from Biotech and Socio-Economic Research
from Part II - Diversification of Expertise
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 July 2017
Book contents
- Genetically Modified Organisms in Developing CountriesRisk Analysis and Governance
- Genetically Modified Organisms in Developing Countries
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- 1 Introduction
- Part I Risk Analysis Methodology and Decision-Making
- Part II Diversification of Expertise
- 8 Regulation of GMOs in Developing Countries: Why Socio-Economic Considerations Matter for Decision-Making
- 9 Food Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Crops in Developing Countries: The Experience in Africa
- 10 Being Scientific about Socio-Economics in GMO Decision-Making in Developing Countries
- 11 The Sharing of Information in Risk Assessment: How National Authorities Cooperate
- 12 Should GM Rice with Nutrition Benefits Be Deployed? Findings from Biotech and Socio-Economic Research
- Part III Risk-Analysis-Based Regulatory Systems
- Part IV Case Studies from Developing Countries
- Index
- References
Summary
None of the GM crops with health benefits are currently available to consumers. Through the use of GM technology, various crops have been successfully engineered to introduce or elevate micronutrient concentrations. Rice, as one of the world's most important staple crops, has often been targeted as an appropriate vehicle for transgenic biofortification. This chapter summarizes key findings of consumer research and impact studies on two biofortified rice crops (Golden Rice (GR) and Folate Biofortified Rice (FBR)) as well as multi-biofortified rice. The results lend support for its large potential as a complementary micronutrient strategy. While consumers, both in target regions and developed countries, are generally in favour of, and prepared to pay a premium for GR and FBR, its introduction would generate large health benefits at a relatively low cost. Despite these positive findings, these GM rice crops with health benefits are expected to face various challenges, particularly those related to the regulatory process. Even once they would be approved for commercialization, efforts are needed to ensure a sustainable, effective delivery, from resource-poor farmers to consumers at high risk.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Genetically Modified Organisms in Developing CountriesRisk Analysis and Governance, pp. 139 - 150Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2017
References
Bertebos Foundation (2008). Golden Rice and other Biofortified Food Crops for Developing Countries. Challenges and Potential. Report from the Bertebos Conference in Falkenberg, Sweden, 7–9 September 2008. Kungl. Skogs- och Lantbruksakademiens Tidskrift 7, 1–116.Google Scholar
Beyer, P. (2010). Golden Rice and ‘Golden'crops for human nutrition. New Biotechnology 27(5), 478–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blancquaert, D. et al. (2010). Folates and folic acid: from fundamental research towards sustainable health. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 29(1), 14–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blancquaert, D. et al. (2014). Present and future of folate biofortification of crop plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 65(4), 895–906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blancquaert, D. et al. (2015). Improving folate (vitamin B9) stability in biofortified rice through metabolic engineering. Nature Biotechnology 33(10), 1076–1078.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cherian, A. et al. (2005). Incidence of neural tube defects in the least-developed area of India: a population-based study. Lancet 366(9489), 930–931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chong, M. (2003). Acceptance of golden rice in the Philippine ‘rice bowl’. Nature Biotechnology 21(9), 971–972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corrigan, J. R. et al. (2009). Comparing open-ended choice experiments and experimental auctions: an application to Golden Rice. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 91(3), 837–853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, K. R. and Moeltner, K. (2006). Genetically modified food market participation and consumer risk perceptions: a cross-country comparison. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 54(2), 289–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawe, D. and Unnevehr, L. (2007). Crop case study: GMO Golden Rice in Asia with enhanced vitamin A benefits for consumers. AgBioForum 10(3), 154–160.Google Scholar
De Steur, H. et al. (2010a). Health impact in China of folate-biofortified rice. Nature Biotechnology 28(6), 554–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Steur, H. et al. (2010b). Willingness-to-accept and purchase genetically modified rice with high folate content in Shanxi Province, China. Appetite 54(1), 118–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Steur, H. et al. (2012a). Ex-ante evaluation of biotechnology innovations: the case of folate biofortified rice in China. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 13(15), 2751–2760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Steur, H. et al. (2012b). Potential impact and cost-effectiveness of multi-biofortified rice in China. New Biotechnology 29(3), 432–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Steur, H. et al. (2012c). Determinants of willingness-to-pay for GM rice with health benefits in a high-risk region: evidence from experimental auctions for folate biofortified rice in China. Food Quality and Preference 25(2), 87–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Steur, H. et al. (2013). Role of information on consumers’ willingness-to-pay for GM rice with health benefits. An application to China. Asian Economic Journal 27(4), 391–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Steur, H. et al. (2014). Consumer preferences for micronutrient strategies in China. A comparison between folic acid supplementation and folate biofortification. Public Health Nutrition 17(6), 1410–1420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Steur, H. et al. (2015). Status and market potential of transgenic biofortified crops. Nature Biotechnology 33(1), 25–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deodhar, S. Y. et al. (2008). Emerging markets for GM foods: an Indian perspective on consumer understanding and the willingness to pay. International Journal of Biotechnology 10(6), 570–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Depositario, D. P. T. et al. (2009). Effects of information on consumers' willingness to pay for Golden Rice. Asian Economic Journal 23(4), 457–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goto, F. et al. (1999). Iron fortification of rice seed by the soybean ferritin gene. Nature Biotechnology 17(3), 282–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gu, X. et al. (2007). High prevalence of NTDs in Shanxi Province: a combined epidemiological approach. Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology 79(10), 702–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallman, W. K. et al. (2002). Public Perceptions of Genetically Modified Foods: Americans Know Not What They Eat. [Online]. Available at https://works.bepress.com/johnlang/8/Google Scholar
Iyer, R. and Tomar, S. K. (2009). Folate: a functional food constituent. Journal of Food Science 74(9), R114–R122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaffe, G. (2006). Regulatory slowdown on GM crop decisions. Nature Biotechnology 24, 748–749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, C. (2015). Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014. ISAAA Brief No. 51. Ithaca, NY: ISAAA.Google Scholar
Johnson, A. A. et al. (2011). Constitutive overexpression of the OsNAS gene family reveals single-gene strategies for effective iron- and zinc-biofortification of rice endosperm. PLoS ONE 6(9), e24476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kajale, D. B. and Becker, T. C. (2015). Willingness to pay for Golden Rice in India: a contingent valuation method analysis. Journal of Food Products Marketing 21(4), 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lassi, Z. S. et al. (2013). Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy for maternal health and pregnancy outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. [Online]. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006896.pub2/pdfCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S. et al. (2009). Iron fortification of rice seeds through activation of the nicotianamine synthase gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106(51), 22014–22019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S. et al. (2012). Activation of rice nicotianamine synthase 2 (OsNAS2) enhances iron availability for biofortification. Molecules and Cells 33(3), 269–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Q. et al. (2003). Consumer attitudes toward genetically modified foods in Beijing, China. AgBioForum 5(4), 145–152.Google Scholar
Lucca, P. et al. (2002). Fighting iron deficiency anemia with iron-rich rice. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 21(suppl. 3), 184S–190S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lusk, J. L. (2003). Effects of cheap talk on consumer willingness-to-pay for Golden Rice. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85(4), 840–856.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusk, J. L. and Rozan, A. (2005). Consumer acceptance of biotechnology and the role of second generation technologies in the USA and Europe. Trends in Biotechnology 23(8), 386–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marseille, E. et al. (2015). Thresholds for the cost-effectiveness of interventions: alternative approaches. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93(2), 118–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masuda, H. et al. (2012). Iron biofortification in rice by the introduction of multiple genes involved in iron nutrition. Nature Scientific Reports 2, 543. [Online]. Available from www.nature.com/articles/srep00543CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moghissi, A. A. et al. (2016). Golden Rice: scientific, regulatory and public information processes of a genetically modified organism. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 36(3), 535–541.Google ScholarPubMed
Nandi, S. et al. (2002). Expression of human lactoferrin in transgenic rice grains for the application in infant formula. Plant Science 163(4), 713–722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paarlberg, R. (2002). The real threat to GM crops in poor countries: consumer and policy resistance to GM foods in rich countries. Food Policy 27, 247–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paine, J. A. et al. (2005). Improving the nutritional value of Golden Rice through increased pro-vitamin A content. Nature Biotechnology 23(4), 482–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potrykus, I. (2013). Unjustified regulation prevents use of GMO technology for public good. Trends in Biotechnology 31(3), 131–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qu, L. Q. et al. (2005). Iron accumulation does not parallel the high expression level of ferritin in transgenic rice seeds. Planta 222(2), 225–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rozan, A. et al. (2007). Consumer acceptance of a genetically modified organism of the second generation: the Golden Rice. Revue d’Économie Politique 117(5), 843–852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruel, M. T. and Alderman, H. (2013). Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet 382(9891), 536–551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, A. J. et al. (2005). Analyzing the Health Benefits of Biofortified Staple Crops by Means of the Disability-Adjusted Life Years Approach: A Handbook Focusing on Iron, Zinc and Vitamin A. HarvestPlus Technical Monograph 4. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, p. 32.Google Scholar
Stein, A. J. et al. (2006). Potential impact and cost-effectiveness of Golden Rice. Nature Biotechnology 24(10), 1200–1201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, A. J. et al. (2008). Genetic engineering for the poor: Golden Rice and public health in India. World Development 36(1), 144–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storozhenko, S. et al. (2007). Folate fortification of rice by metabolic engineering. Nature Biotechnology 25(11), 1277–1279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tang, G. et al. (2009). Golden Rice is an effective source of vitamin A. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89(6), 1776–1783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trijatmiko, K. R. et al. (2016). Biofortified indica rice attains iron and zinc nutrition dietary targets in the field. Nature Scientific Reports, 6, 19792. [Online]. Available from www.nature.com/articles/srep19792CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Twardowski, T. and Małyska, A. (2015). Uninformed and disinformed society and the GMO market. Trends in Biotechnology 33(1), 1–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vasconcelos, M. et al. (2003). Enhanced iron and zinc accumulation in transgenic rice with the ferritin gene. Plant Science 164(3), 371–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wesseler, J. and Zilberman, D. (2014). The economic power of the Golden Rice opposition. Environment and Development Economics 19(6), 724–742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WHO (2015). WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Wirth, J. et al. (2009). Rice endosperm iron biofortification by targeted and synergistic action of nicotianamine synthase and ferritin. Plant Biotechnology Journal 7(7), 631–644.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ye, X. et al. (2000). Engineering the provitamin A (β-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. Science 287(5451), 303–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, G.-Y. et al. (2013). Increased α-tocotrienol content in seeds of transgenic rice overexpressing Arabidopsis γ-tocopherol methyltransferase. Transgenic Research 22(1), 89–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmermann, R. and Qaim, M. (2004). Potential health benefits of Golden Rice: a Philippine case study. Food Policy 29(2), 147–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2
- Cited by