Adams, J. N. (1994) ‘Latin and Punic in contact? The case of the Bu Njem ostraca’, JRS 84: 87–112Google Scholar

Adams, J. N. (1999) ‘The poets of Bu Njem: Language, culture and the centurionate’, JRS 89: 109–34Google Scholar

Adams, J. N. (2003) Bilingualism and the Latin Language. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Alföldy, G. (1995) ‘Eine Bauinschrift aus dem Colosseum’, ZPE 109: 195–226Google Scholar

Allison, P. (2011) ‘Soldiers’ families in the early Roman empire’ in Rawson, B., ed., A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds, 160–82. ChichesterGoogle Scholar

Allison, P. (2013) People and Spaces in Roman Military Bases. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Allmand, C. (2011) The De Re Militari of Vegetius: The Reception, Transmission and Legacy of a Roman Text in the Middle Ages. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Alston, R. (1995) Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt: A Social History. LondonGoogle Scholar

Alston, R. (1998) ‘Arms and the man: Soldiers, masculinity and power in Republican and Imperial Rome’ in Foxhall, L., & Salmon, J., eds., When Men Were Men: Masculinity, Power and Identity in Classical Antiquity, 205–23. LondonGoogle Scholar

Alston, R. (1999) ‘The ties that bind: soldiers and societies’ in Goldsworthy, A., & Haynes, I., eds., The Roman Army as a Community, 175–96. Portsmouth, RIGoogle Scholar

Ando, C. (2000) Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire. BerkeleyGoogle Scholar

Ando, C. (2016) ‘Triumph in the decentralized empire’ in Goldbeck & Wienand 2016: 397–418Google Scholar

Anson, E. (2010) ‘The general’s pre-battle exhortation in Graeco-Roman warfare’, G&R 57: 304–18Google Scholar

Arena, V. (2012) Libertas and the Practice of Politics in the Late Roman Republic. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Ash, R. (1999) Ordering Anarchy: Armies and Leaders in Tacitus’ Histories. LondonGoogle Scholar

Bagnall, R. S. (1993) Egypt in Late Antiquity. PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Bagnall, R. S. (1997) ‘A kinder, gentler Roman army?’ JRA 10: 504–12Google Scholar

Bagnall, R. S., ed. (2009) The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Bagnall, R. S., & Palme, B. (1996) ‘Franks in sixth-century Egypt’, Tyche 11: 1–10Google Scholar

Bakker, L. (1993) ‘Raetien unter Postumus – Das Siegesdenkmal einer Juthungenschlacht im Jahre 260 n. Chr. aus Augsburg’, Germania 71: 369–86Google Scholar

Balsdon, J. P. V. D. (1951) ‘Sulla Felix’, JRS 41: 1–10Google Scholar

Bang, P. F. (2013) ‘Predation’ in Scheidel, W., ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy, 197–217. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Barnes, T. D. (1985) ‘The career of Abinnaeus’, Phoenix 39: 368–74Google Scholar

Bartman, E. (2005) ‘The mock face of battle’, JRA 18: 99–119Google Scholar

Batstone, W. W., & Damon, C. (2006) Caesar’s Civil War. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Beard, M. (2007) The Roman Triumph. Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar

Beard, M., North, J., & Price, S. (1998) Religions of Rome, 2 vols. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Bell, H. I., Martin, V., Turner, E. G., & van Berchem, D., eds. (1962) The Abinnaeus Archive: Papers of a Roman Officer in the Reign of Constantius II. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Bellinger, A. R. (1966) Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Vol. 1: Anastasius to Maurice, 491–602. Washington, DCGoogle Scholar

Bennett, J. (2000) Trajan: Optimus Princeps. LondonGoogle Scholar

Beyerchen, A. (1992) ‘Clausewitz, nonlinearity and the unpredictability of war’, International Security 17: 59–90Google Scholar

Birley, A. R. (1983) ‘The economic effects of Roman frontier policy’ in King, A., & Henig, M., eds., The Roman West in the Third Century, 39–53. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Birley, A. R. (1999) Septimius Severus, 2nd ed. LondonGoogle Scholar

Birley, A. R. (2000a) Marcus Aurelius: A Biography, 2nd ed. LondonGoogle Scholar

Birley, A. R. (2000b) ‘The life and death of Cornelius Tacitus’, Historia 49: 230–47Google Scholar

Birley, R. (2009) Vindolanda: A Roman Frontier Fort on Hadrian’s Wall. StroudGoogle Scholar

Bishop, M. C., & Coulston, J. C. N. (2006) Roman Military Equipment from the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome, 2nd ed. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Blockley, R. C. (1975) Ammianus Marcellinus: A Study of his Historiography and Political Thought. BrusselsGoogle Scholar

Börm, H. (2013) ‘Justinians Triumph und Belisars Erniedrigung. Überlegungen zum Verhältnis zwischen Kaiser und Militär im späten Römischen Reich’, Chiron 43: 63–91Google Scholar

Bosworth, A. B. (2003) ‘Plus ça change … Ancient historians and their sources’, Classical Antiquity 22: 167–98Google Scholar

Bowersock, G. W. (1978) Julian the Apostate. LondonGoogle Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1994a) Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and Its People. LondonGoogle Scholar

Bowman, A. K. (1994b) ‘The Roman imperial army: letters and literacy on Rome’s northern frontier’ in Bowman, A. K., & Woolf, G., eds., Literacy and Power in the Ancient World, 109–25. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Bradley, K. (1998) ‘The sentimental education of the Roman child: the role of pet-keeping’, Latomus 57: 523–57Google Scholar

Bradley, K. (2004) ‘On captives under the Principate’, Phoenix 58: 298–318Google Scholar

Brennan, P. (1998a) ‘Divide and fall: the separation of legionary cavalry and the fragmentation of the Roman empire’, in Hillard, T. W., Kearsley, R. A., Nixon, C. E. V., Nobbs, A. M., eds., Ancient History in a Modern University. Vol. 2: Early Christianity, Late Antiquity, and Beyond, 238–44. Grand Rapids, MI, and CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Brennan, P. (1998b) ‘The last of the Romans: Roman identity and the Roman army in the late Roman Near East’, Mediterranean Archaeology 11: 191–203Google Scholar

Brennan, P. (1998c) ‘The user’s guide to the Notitia Dignitatum: the case of the dux Armeniae (ND Or. XXXVIII)’, Antichthon 32: 34–49Google Scholar

Brennan, P. (2007) ‘Zosimus 2.34.1 and “the Constantinian reform”’ in Lewin & Pellegrini 2007: 211–18Google Scholar

Brice, L. L. (2003) ‘Holding a wolf by the ears: Mutiny and unrest in the Roman military, 44 BC–AD 68.’ Diss. University of North Carolina at Chapel HillGoogle Scholar

Brice, L. L. (2011) ‘Disciplining Octavian: A case study of Roman military culture, 44–30 BCE’ in Lee, W. E., ed., Warfare and Culture in World History, 35–60. New YorkGoogle Scholar

Brice, L. L. (2015) ‘Second chance for valor: Restoration of order after mutinies and indiscipline in the Roman military’ in Brice, L. L., & Slootjes, D., eds., Ancient World Views: Institutions and Geography from the Greco-Roman World, 103–21. LeidenGoogle Scholar

Brice, L. L., & Roberts, J. T., eds. (2011) Recent Directions in the Military History of the Ancient World. Claremont, CAGoogle Scholar

Brody, L. R., & Hoffman, G. L., eds. (2014) Roman in the Provinces: Art on the Periphery of Empire. Chestnut Hill, MAGoogle Scholar

Broughton, T. R. S. (1938) Roman Asia: An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, Vol. IV, ed. Frank, T.. BaltimoreGoogle Scholar

Brouquier-Reddé, V. (1992) Temples et cultes de Tripolitanie. ParisGoogle Scholar

Brown, T. S. (1984) Gentlemen and Officers: Imperial Administration and Aristocratic Power in Byzantine Italy, AD 554–800. RomeGoogle Scholar

Brunt, P. A. (1962) ‘The army and the land in the Roman revolution’, JRS 52: 69–86 (reprinted in Brunt 1988: 240–80 with revisions)Google Scholar

Brunt, P. A. (1971) Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic. LondonGoogle Scholar

Brunt, P. A. (1974) ‘Conscription and volunteering in the Roman imperial army’, Scripta Classica Israelica 1: 90–115 (reprinted in Brunt 1990: 188–214, with Addenda (512–13))Google Scholar

Brunt, P. A. (1987) Italian Manpower, 225 BC–AD 14. Oxford (reprint of 1971 edition with additional Postscript at 717–27)Google Scholar

Brunt, P. A. (1988) The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Brunt, P. A. (1990) Roman Imperial Themes. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Bruun, C., & Edmondson, J., eds. (2014) The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Burns, T. S. (1973) ‘The battle of Adrianople: a reconsideration’, Historia 22: 336–45Google Scholar

Callu, J. P. (1995) ‘Le butin de Neupotz’, JRA 8: 514–20Google Scholar

Cameron, A. (2011) The Last Pagans of Rome. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Campbell, B. (1984) The Emperor and the Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 235. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Campbell, B. (1987) ‘Teach yourself how to be a general’, JRS 77: 13–29Google Scholar

Campbell, B. (1994) The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook. LondonGoogle Scholar

Campbell, B. (2002) War and Society in Imperial Rome, 31 BC–AD 284. LondonGoogle Scholar

Campbell, B. (2004) Greek and Roman Military Writers: Selected Readings. LondonGoogle Scholar

Campbell, B., & Tritle, L. A., eds. (2013) The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Carrié, J.-M. (1986) ‘L’esercito: trasformazioni funzionali ed economie locali’ in Giardina, A., ed., Società romana e impero tardoantica: istituzioni, ceti, economie, 449–88. RomeGoogle Scholar

Carrié, J.-M. (1993) ‘The soldier’ in Giardina, A., ed., The Romans, tr. L. G. Cochrane, 100–37. ChicagoGoogle Scholar

Carroll, M. (2005) ‘The preparation and consumption of food as a contributing factor towards communal identity in the Roman army’ in Visy, Z., ed., Limes XIX: Proceedings of the XIXth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies held in Pécs, Hungary, September 2003, 363–72. PécsGoogle Scholar

Champlin, E. (1991) Final Judgements: Duty and Emotion in Roman Wills, 20 BC–AD 250. BerkeleyGoogle Scholar

Chaniotis, A. (2005) War in the Hellenistic World: A Social and Cultural History. Malden and OxfordGoogle Scholar

Charles, M. B. (2007) Vegetius in Context: Establishing the Date of the Epitoma Rei Militaris. StuttgartGoogle Scholar

Charles, M .B. (2010) ‘Unseemly professions and recruitment in late antiquity: Piscatores and Vegetius Epitoma 1.7.1–2’, AJP 131: 101–20Google Scholar

Cherf, W. J. (1993) ‘The Thermopylae garrison of Vita Claudii 16’, CPh 88: 230–36Google Scholar

Cherry, D. (1998) Frontier and Society in Roman North Africa. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Chlup, J. T. (2014) ‘Just war in Onasander’s Strategikos’, Journal of Ancient History 2: 37–63Google Scholar

Chrissanthos, S. G. (1997) ‘Scipio and the mutiny at Sucro, 206 BC’, Historia 46: 172–84Google Scholar

Chrissanthos, S. G. (2001) ‘Caesar and the mutiny of 47 BC’, JRS 91: 63–75Google Scholar

Chrissanthos, S. G. (2004) ‘Freedom of speech and the Roman Republican army’ in Sluiter, I., & Rosen, R., eds., Free Speech in Classical Antiquity, 341–67. LeidenGoogle Scholar

Chrissanthos, S. G. (2013) ‘Keeping military discipline’ in Campbell & Tritle 2013: 312–29Google Scholar

Clackson, J. (2015) Language and Society in the Greek and Roman Worlds. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Clark, A. J. (2007) Divine Qualities: Cult and Community in Republican Rome. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Clark, J. C. (2014) Triumph in Defeat: Military Loss and the Roman Republic. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Clauss, M. (1986) ‘Heerwesen (Heeresreligion)’, RAC 17: 1073–113Google Scholar

Collar, A. (2013) Religious Networks in the Roman Empire: The Spread of New Ideas. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Conant, J. (2012) Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Cool, H. E. M. (2004) The Roman Cemetery at Brougham, Cumbria: Excavations 1966–67. LondonGoogle Scholar

Cooley, A. E. (2012a) The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Cooley, A. (2012b) ‘Commemorating the war dead of the Roman world’ in Low, P., Oliver, G., & Rhodes, P.J., eds., Cultures of Commemoration: War Memorials, Ancient and Modern, 63–88. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Corbier, M. (1974) L’aerarium Saturni et l’aerarium militare: Administration et prosopographie sénatoriale. RomeGoogle Scholar

Cornell, T. (1993) ‘The end of Roman imperial expansion’ in Rich & Shipley 1993: 139–70Google Scholar

Cornell, T. (1995) The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC). LondonGoogle Scholar

Cornell, T. (1996) ‘Hannibal’s legacy: the effects of the Hannibalic War on Italy’ in Cornell et al. 1996: 97–117Google Scholar

Cornell, T., Rankov, B., & Sabin, P., eds. (1996) The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal. LondonGoogle Scholar

Cornwell, H. (2017) Pax and the Politics of Peace: Republic to Principate. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Cosme, P. (1993) ‘Le livret militaire du soldat romain’, Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz 4: 67–80Google Scholar

Coulston, J. (1985) ‘Roman archery equipment’ in Bishop, M. C., ed., The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment, 220–366. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Coulston, J. (1990) ‘Late Roman armour, third-sixth centuries’, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 1: 139–60Google Scholar

Coulston, J. (2003) ‘Tacitus Historiae I.79 and the impact of Sarmatian warfare on the Roman empire’ in von Carnap-Bornheim, C., ed., Kontakt – Kooperation – Konflikt: Germanen und Sarmaten zwischen dem 1. und 4. Jahrhundert nach Christus, 415–33. MarburgGoogle Scholar

Coulston, J. (2007) ‘By the sword united: Roman fighting styles on the battlefield and in the arena’ in Molloy, B., ed., The Cutting Edge: Studies in Ancient and Medieval Combat, 34–51. StroudGoogle Scholar

Coulston, J. (2013) ‘Courage and cowardice in the Roman imperial army’, War in History 20: 7–31Google Scholar

Coulston, J. (2018) ‘The army in imperial Rome’ in Holleran, C., & Claridge, A., eds., A Companion to the City of Rome, 173–95. ChichesterGoogle Scholar

Crawford, M. (1978) The Roman Republic. LondonGoogle Scholar

Crowley, J. (2015) ‘Beyond the universal soldier: Combat trauma in classical antiquity’ in Meineck, P., & Konstan, D., eds., Combat Trauma and the Ancient Greeks, 111–30. LondonGoogle Scholar

Culham, P. (1989) ‘Chance, command, and chaos in ancient military engagements’, World Futures 27: 191–205Google Scholar

Cuvigny, H., ed. (2003) La route de Myos Hormos: l’armée romaine dans le désert oriental d’Egypte. CairoGoogle Scholar

Daly, G. (2002) Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War. LondonGoogle Scholar

Damon, C. (2007) ‘Rhetoric and historiography’ in Dominik, W., & Hall, J., eds., A Companion to Roman Rhetoric, 439–50. ChichesterGoogle Scholar

Darby, R. (2015) ‘The late Roman military baths of the Wadi Arabah: a survey of recent archaeological work’, Syria 92: 67–83Google Scholar

Dart, C. J. (2014) The Social War, 91 to 88 BCE: A History of the Italian Insurgency against the Roman Republic. LondonGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. (2018) A History of the Roman Equestrian Order. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

de Blois, L., & Lo Cascio, E., eds. (2007) The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC–AD 476): Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects (= Impact of Empire vol. 6). LeidenGoogle Scholar

de Ligt, L. (2012) Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy, 225 BC–AD 100. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

de Ligt, L. (2015) ‘Civilians: Republic’ in Le Bohec 2015: 235–6Google Scholar

de Ligt, L., & Northwood, S., eds. (2008) People, Land and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy, 300 BC–AD 14. LeidenGoogle Scholar

Dench, E. (2005) Romulus’ Asylum: Roman Identities from the Age of Alexander to the Age of Hadrian. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Dench, E. (2018) Empire and Political Cultures in the Roman World. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Dennis, G. T. (1981) ‘Byzantine battle flags’, Byzantinische Forschungen 8: 51–9Google Scholar

Dennis, G. T. (1984) Maurice’s Strategikon: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy. PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar

Dillon, S. (2006) ‘Women on the Columns of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius and the visual language of Roman victory’ in Dillon & Welch 2006: 244–71Google Scholar

Dillon, S., & Welch, K. E., eds. (2006) Representations of War in Ancient Rome. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Dirven, L. (1999) The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos. LeidenGoogle Scholar

Dobson, B. (1986) ‘The Roman army: wartime or peacetime army?’ in Eck, W., & Wolff, H., eds., Heer und Integrationspolitik: Die römischen Militärdiplome als historische Quelle, 10–25. CologneGoogle Scholar

Dodgeon, M. H., & Lieu, S. N. C. (1991) The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, AD 226–363: A Documentary History. LondonGoogle Scholar

Drew-Bear, T. (1981) ‘Les voyages d’Aurélius Gaius, soldat de Dioclétien’, in La géographie administrative et politique d’Alexandre à Mahomet: Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg 14–16 juin 1979, 93–141. StrasbourgGoogle Scholar

Drinkwater, J. F. (2000) ‘The revolt and ethnic origin of the usurper Magnentius (350–353) and the rebellion of Vetranio’ Chiron 30: 131–59Google Scholar

Drinkwater, J. F., & Lee, A. D. (2014) ‘Civil wars: Late Empire’ in Le Bohec 2014: 211–18Google Scholar

Duncan-Jones, R. P. (1994) Money and Government in the Roman Empire. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Duncan-Jones, R. P. (1996) ‘The impact of the Antonine plague’, JRA 9: 108–93Google Scholar

Duncan-Jones, R. P. (2016) Power and Privilege in Roman Society. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Dyson, S. (1971) ‘Native revolts in the Roman empire’, Historia 20: 239–74Google Scholar

Eadie, J. W. (1967) ‘The development of Roman mailed cavalry’, JRS 57: 161–73Google Scholar

Eck, W. (2011) ‘Septimius Severus und die Soldaten: das Problem der Soldatenehe und ein neues Auxiliardiplom’ in Onken, B., & Rohde, D., eds., In omni historia curiosus. Studien zur Geschichte von der Antike bis zur Neuzeit: Festschrift für Helmuth Schneider zum 65. Geburtstag, 63–77. WiesbadenGoogle Scholar

Eck, W. (2014) ‘Milites et pagani: La posizione dei soldati nella società romana’, Rationes Rerum: Rivista di filologia e storia 3: 11–54Google Scholar

Eck, W., Caballos, A., & Fernández, F. (1996) Das senatus consultum de Cn. Pisone patre. MunichGoogle Scholar

Eckardt, H. (2018) Writing and Power in the Roman World: Literacies and Material Culture. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Eckstein, A. M. (2006) Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome. BerkeleyGoogle Scholar

Eich, A., & Eich, P. (2005) ‘War and state-building in Roman Republican times’, SCI 24: 1–33Google Scholar

Elton, H. (1996) Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350–425. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Elton, H. (2007) ‘The Later Roman Empire: Military forces’ in Sabin, Van Wees & Whitby 2007: vol. 2, 270–309Google Scholar

Elton, H. (2018) The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Engen, R. (2009) Canadians Under Fire: Infantry Effectiveness in the Second World War. MontrealGoogle Scholar

Engen, R. (2011) ‘S. L. A. Marshall and the ratio of fire: History, interpretation, and the Canadian experience’, Canadian Military History 20: 39–48Google Scholar

Erdkamp, P. (1998) Hunger and the Sword: Warfare and Food Supply in Roman Republican Wars (264–30 BC). AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Erdkamp, P., ed. (2002) The Roman Army and the Economy. AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Erdkamp, P., ed. (2007) A Companion to the Roman Army. ChichesterGoogle Scholar

Fears, J. R. (1981) ‘The theology of victory at Rome: Approaches and problems’, ANRW 17.2: 736–826Google Scholar

Fentress, E. (1979) Numidia and the Roman Army: Social, Military and Economic Aspects of the Frontier Zone. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Fentress, E. (1983) ‘Forever Berber?’, Opus 2: 161–75Google Scholar

Fentress, E. (2005) ‘Toynbee’s legacy: Southern Italy after Hannibal’, JRA 18: 482–8Google Scholar

Fink, R. O. (1971) Roman Military Records on Papyrus. ClevelandGoogle Scholar

Fink, R. O., Hoey, A. S., & Snyder, R. F. (1940) ‘The Feriale Duranum’, YCS 7: 1–222Google Scholar

Fisher, G. (2011) Between Empires: Arabs, Romans and Sasanians in Late Antiquity. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Fishwick, D. (1988) ‘Dated inscriptions and the Feriale Duranum’, Syria 65: 349–61Google Scholar

Flower, H. I. (2000) ‘The tradition of the spolia opima: M. Claudius Marcellus and Augustus’, CA 19: 34–64Google Scholar

Fowden, G. (1988) ‘City and mountain in late Roman Attica’, JHS 108: 48–59Google Scholar

Freeman, P., & Kennedy, D., eds. (1986) The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Frend, W. H. C. (1956) ‘A third-century inscription relating to angareia in Phrygia’, JRS 46: 46–56Google Scholar

Frier, B. (2000) ‘Demography’ in CAH² XI: The High Empire, AD 70–192: 787–816Google Scholar

Fronda, M. P. (2010) Between Rome and Carthage: Southern Italy in the Second Punic War. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Fuhrmann, C. J. (2012) Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration and Public Order, OxfordGoogle Scholar

Fulkerson, L. (2013) No Regrets: Remorse in Classical Antiquity. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Funari, P. P. A. (2002) ‘The consumption of olive oil in Roman Britain and the role of the army’ in Erdkamp 2002: 235–63Google Scholar

Gagé, J. (1933a) ‘La théologie de la victoire impériale’, Revue historique 171: 1–43Google Scholar

Gagé, J. (1933b) ‘Stauros nikopoios: La victoire impériale dans l’empire chrétien’, Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses 13: 370–400Google Scholar

Galinsky, K. (1996) Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction. PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Garnsey, P. (1970) ‘Septimius Severus and the marriage of soldiers’, California Studies in Classical Antiquity 3: 45–53Google Scholar

Garnsey, P. (1988) Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World: Responses to Risk and Crisis. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Garnsey, P. (1994) Food and Society in Classical Antiquity. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Garnsey, P. (2004) ‘Roman citizenship and Roman law in the Late Empire’ in Swain & Edwards 2004: 133–55Google Scholar

Garnsey, P. (2019) ‘The late Roman army’, in Maiuro, M., Merola, G. D., de Nardis, M., Soricelli, G., eds., Studi di Storia per Elio Lo Cascio, 321–41. BariGoogle Scholar

Gilliver, K. (1996) ‘The Roman army and the morality of war’ in Lloyd 1996: 219–38Google Scholar

Gilliver, K. (2007) ‘The Late Republic and the Principate: Battle’ in Sabin et al. 2007: vol. 2, 122–57Google Scholar

Gleason, M. W. (2009) ‘Defending Republican male virtus’, JRA 22: 474–6Google Scholar

Glenn, R. W. (2000) Reading Athena’s Dance Card: Men Against Fire in Vietnam. AnnapolisGoogle Scholar

Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. ChicagoGoogle Scholar

Goldbeck, F., & Wienand, J., eds. (2016) Der Römische Triumph in Prinzipat und Spätantike. BerlinGoogle Scholar

Goldstein, J. S. (2001) War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Goldsworthy, A. (1996) The Roman Army at War, 100 BC–AD 200. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Goodman, M. (1987) The Ruling Class of Judaea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome, AD 66–70. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Goodman, M. (2008) Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilisations. LondonGoogle Scholar

Gordon, R. L. (2009) ‘The Roman army and the cult of Mithras: a critical review’ in Wolff 2009: 379–450Google Scholar

Gowing, A. M. (1992) The Triumviral Narratives of Appian and Cassius Dio. Ann ArborGoogle Scholar

Gray, C. (2015) Jerome: Vita Malchi. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Gray, G. (1959) The Warriors: Reflections on Men in Battle. New YorkGoogle Scholar

Greatrex, G. (1998) Rome and Persia at War, 502–532. LeedsGoogle Scholar

Greatrex, G. (2000) ‘Roman identity in the sixth century’ in Mitchell, S., & Greatrex, G., eds., Ethnicity and Culture in Late Antiquity, 267–92. LondonGoogle Scholar

Greatrex, G. (2001) ‘Justin I and the Arians’, Studia Patristica 34: 72–81Google Scholar

Greene, E. M. (2015) ‘Conubium cum uxoribus: wives and children in the Roman military diplomas’, JRA 28: 125–59Google Scholar

Gregory, S. (1995) Roman Military Architecture on the Eastern Frontier from AD 200–600, 3 vols. AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Griffin, M., ed. (2009) A Companion to Julius Caesar. ChichesterGoogle Scholar

Grosse, R. (1920) Römische Militärgeschichte von Gallienus bis zum Beginn der byzantinischen Themenverfassung. BerlinGoogle Scholar

Haarer, F. (2006) Anastasius I: Politics and Empire in the Late Roman World. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Haeckel, A. E. (1987) ‘The principia of el-Lejjūn’ in Parker, S. T., ed., The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Interim Report on the Limes Arabicus Project, 1980–1985, 203–60. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Haensch, R. (2004) ‘La christianisation de l’armée romaine’ in Le Bohec, Y., & Wolff, C., eds., L’Armée romaine de Dioclétien à Valentinien Ier, 525–31. LyonsGoogle Scholar

Haensch, R. (2012) ‘The Roman army in Egypt’ in Riggs, C., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt, 68–82. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Haldon, J. (2016) The Empire That Would Not Die: The Paradox of Eastern Roman Survival, 640–740. Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar

Haldon, J. et al. (2018) ‘Plagues, climate change, and the end of an empire. A response to Kyle Harper’s The Fate of Rome’ [3 parts], History Compass 16, e12508, e12506, e12507Google Scholar

Halkin, L. (1953) La supplication d’action de graces chez les Romains. ParisGoogle Scholar

Hammond, N. G. L. (1988) ‘The campaign and the battle of Cynoscephalae, 197 BC’, JHS 108: 60–82Google Scholar

Hansen, M. H. (1993) ‘The battle exhortation in ancient historiography: fact or fiction?’, Historia 42: 161–80Google Scholar

Hansen, M. H. (1998) ‘The little grey horse – Henry V’s speech at Agincourt and the battle exhortation in ancient historiography’, Histos 2: 46–63Google Scholar

Hanson, V. D. (2000) The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece, new ed. BerkeleyGoogle Scholar

Hanson, W. S. & Keppie, L. J. F., eds. (1980) Roman Frontier Studies 1979. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Hardwick, L. (2000) ‘Concepts of peace’ in Huskinson, J., ed., Experiencing Rome: Power, Culture and Identity in the Roman Empire, 335–68. LondonGoogle Scholar

Harmand, J. (1967) L’Armée et le soldat à Rome de 107 à 50 avant notre ère. ParisGoogle Scholar

Harper, K. (2011) Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Harper, K. (2015) ‘Pandemics and passages to late antiquity: Rethinking the plague of c.249–270 described by Cyprian’, JRA 28: 233–60Google Scholar

Harper, K. (2017) The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease and the End of an Empire. PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Harris, W. V. (1979) War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327–70 BC. Oxford (reprinted with new introduction 1984)Google Scholar

Harris, W. V., ed., (1984a) The Imperialism of Mid-Republican Rome. RomeGoogle Scholar

Harris, W. V. (1984b) ‘The Italians and the empire’ in Harris 1984a: 89–109Google Scholar

Harris, W.V. (1989) Ancient Literacy. Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar

Harris, W. V. (2005) ‘Constantine’s dream’, Klio 87: 488–94Google Scholar

Harris, W. V. (2006) ‘Readings in the narrative literature of Roman courage’ in Dillon & Welch 2006: 300–20Google Scholar

Harris, W. V. (2007) ‘The late Republic’ in Scheidel et al. 2007: 511–39Google Scholar

Harris, W. V. (2009) Dreams and Experience in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar

Harris, W. V. (2016) Roman Power: A Thousand Years of Empire. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Hassall, M. W. (2000) ‘The army’ in CAH² XI: The High Empire, AD 70–192: 320–343Google Scholar

Hauken, T. (1998) Petition and Response: An Epigraphic Study of Petitions to Roman Emperors 181–249. BergenGoogle Scholar

Hauken, T., & Malay, H. (2009) ‘A new edict of Hadrian from the province of Asia setting regulations for requisitioned transport’ in Haensch, R., ed., Selbstdarstellung und Kommunikation: Die Veröffentlichung staatlicher Urkunden auf Stein und Bronze in der römischen Welt, 327–48. MunichGoogle Scholar

Haynes, I. (2013) Blood of the Provinces: The Roman Auxilia and the Making of Provincial Society from Augustus to the Severans. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Heather, P. J. (1991) Goths and Romans, 332–489. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Heather, P. J. (2005) The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History. LondonGoogle Scholar

Heather, P. J. (2018) Rome Resurgent: War and Empire in the Age of Justinian. New YorkGoogle Scholar

Hebblewhite, M. (2017) The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235–395. LondonGoogle Scholar

Hendy, M. (1985) Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy, c.300–1450. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Hin, S. (2013) The Demography of Roman Italy: Population Dynamics in an Ancient Conquest Society, 201 BCE–14 CE. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Hirt, A. M. (2010) Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World: Organizational Aspects, 27 BC–AD 235. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Hoff, M. C. (1997) ‘Laceratae Athenae: Sulla’s siege of Athens in 87/6 BC and its aftermath’ in Hoff, M. C., & Rotroff, S. I., eds., The Romanization of Athens, 33–51. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Hoffmann, D. (1969–70) Das spätrömische Bewegungsheer und die Notitia Dignitatum, 2 vols. DüsseldorfGoogle Scholar

Holmes, R. (1985) Acts of War: The Behaviour of Men in Battle. New YorkGoogle Scholar

Hölscher, T. (1967) Victoria Romana. MainzGoogle Scholar

Hope, V. M. (2001) Constructing Identity: The Roman Funerary Monuments of Aquileia, Mainz and Nîmes. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Hope, V. M. (2003) ‘Trophies and tombstones: commemorating the Roman soldier’, World Archaeology 35: 79–97Google Scholar

Hopkins, K. (1978) Conquerors and Slaves. Sociological Studies in Roman History I. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Hopkins, K. (1999) A World Full of Gods: Pagans, Jews and Christians in the Roman Empire. LondonGoogle Scholar

Hopkins, K. (2002) ‘Rome, taxes, trade and rents’ in Scheidel & von Reden 2002: 190–230Google Scholar

Horsfall, N. (2003) The Culture of the Roman Plebs. LondonGoogle Scholar

Howard-Johnston, J. (2010) Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Hoyos, D., ed. (2011) A Companion to the Punic Wars. ChichesterGoogle Scholar

Humphries, M. (2008) ‘From usurper to emperor: the politics of legitimation in the age of Constantine’, JLA 1: 82–100Google Scholar

Isaac, B. (1988) ‘The meaning of the terms limes and limitanei’, JRS 78: 125–47Google Scholar

Isaac, B. (1992) The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East, rev’d ed. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Isaac, B. (1998) The Near East under Roman Rule: Selected Papers. LeidenGoogle Scholar

James, S. (1999) ‘The community of the soldiers: A major identity and centre of power in the Roman empire’ in Baker, P. et al., eds., TRAC 1998: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Leicester 1998, 14–25. OxfordGoogle Scholar

James, S. (2001) ‘“Romanization” and the peoples of Britain’ in Keay & Terrenato 2001: 187–209Google Scholar

James, S. (2002) ‘Writing the legions: The development and future of Roman military studies in Britain’, Archaeological Journal 159: 1–58Google Scholar

James, S. (2004) Excavations at Dura-Europos, 1928–1937, Final Report VII (The Arms and Armour and other Military Equipment). LondonGoogle Scholar

James, S. (2005) ‘The deposition of military equipment during the final siege at Dura-Europos, with particular regard to the Tower 19 countermine’, Carnuntum Jahrbuch 2005: 198–206Google Scholar

James, S. (2006) ‘The impact of steppe people and the Partho-Sasanian world on the development of Roman military equipment and dress, 1st to 3rd centuries AD’ in Mode, M., & Tubach, J., eds., Arms and Armour as Indicators of Cultural Transfer: The Steppes and the Ancient World from Hellenistic Times to the Early Middle Ages, 357–92. WiesbadenGoogle Scholar

James, S. (2010) ‘The point of the sword: what Roman-era weapons could do to bodies – and why they often didn’t’ in Busch, A. W., & Schalles, H. J., eds., Waffen in Aktion, 41–54. XantenGoogle Scholar

James, S. (2011a) Rome and the Sword: How Warriors and Weapons Shaped Roman History. LondonGoogle Scholar

James, S. (2011b) ‘Stratagems, combat, and "chemical warfare" in the siege mines of Dura-Europos’, AJA 115: 69–101Google Scholar

James, S. (2013) ‘The archaeology of war’ in Campbell & Tritle 2013: 91–127Google Scholar

James, S. (2014) ‘The “Romanness of the soldiers”: barbarized periphery or imperial core?’ in Brody & Hoffman 2014: 91–107Google Scholar

Jones, A. H .M. (1964) The Later Roman Empire 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Jones, C. P. (1986) Culture and Society in Lucian. Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar

Jordan, K. C. (2002) ‘Right for the wrong reasons: S. L. A. Marshall and the ratio of fire in Korea’, Journal of Military History 66: 135–62Google Scholar

Kaegi, W. E. (1981) Byzantine Military Unrest, 471–843. AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Kaegi, W. E. (2003) Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Kagan, K. (2006) The Eye of Command. Ann ArborGoogle Scholar

Kay, P. (2014) Rome’s Economic Revolution. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Keay, S. (2001) ‘Romanization and the Hispaniae’ in Keay & Terrenato 2001: 117–44Google Scholar

Keay, S., & Terrenato, N., eds. (2001) Italy and the West: Comparative Issues in Romanization. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Keegan, J. (1976) The Face of Battle: A Study of Agincourt, Waterloo and the Somme. HarmondsworthGoogle Scholar

Keegan, J. (1987) The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship. LondonGoogle Scholar

Keenan, J. G. (1994) ‘Soldier and civilian in Byzantine Hermopolis’, Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Papyrologists, Copenhagen 23–29 August 1992, 444–51. CopenhagenGoogle Scholar

Kelly, G. (2008) Ammianus Marcellinus, the Allusive Historian. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, D. L., ed. (1996) The Roman Army in the East. Ann ArborGoogle Scholar

Keppie, L. J. F. (1983) Colonisation and Veteran Settlement in Italy, 47–14 BC. LondonGoogle Scholar

Keppie, L. J. F. (1984) The Making of the Roman Army: from Republic to Empire. LondonGoogle Scholar

Keppie, L. J. F. (1997) ‘The changing face of the Roman legions (49 BC–AD 69)’, PBSR 65: 89–102Google Scholar

Kettenhofen, E. (1994) ‘Deportations: ii. In the Parthian and Sasanian periods’, Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 7, 297–308. Costa MesaGoogle Scholar

King, A. (2001) ‘The Romanization of diet in the western empire: comparative zoological studies’ in Keay & Terrenato 2001: 210–23Google Scholar

Kneebone, E. (2020) Oppian’s Halieutica: Charting a Didactic Epic. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Kontokosta, A. H. (2013) ‘Reconsidering the arches (fornices) of the Roman Republic’, JRA 26: 7–35Google Scholar

Kraeling, C. H. (1967) The Excavations at Dura-Europos, Final Report VIII, Part II (The Christian Building). New HavenGoogle Scholar

Kraemer, C. J. (1958) Excavations at Nessana, vol. 3: The Non-literary Papyri. PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Kragelund, P. (2001) ‘Dreams, religion and politics in Republican Rome’, Historia 50: 53–95Google Scholar

Kraus, C. S. (2007) ‘Caesar’s account of the battle of Massilia (BC 1.34–2.22): Some historiographical and narratological approaches’ in Marincola 2007: 371–8Google Scholar

Kraus, C. S. (2009) ‘Bellum Gallicum’ in Griffin 2009: 159–74Google Scholar

Kulikowski, M. (2007) Rome’s Gothic Wars. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Künzl, E., ed. (1993) Die Alammanenbeute aus dem Rhein bei Neupotz: Plünderungsgut aus dem römischen Gallien, 4 vols. MainzGoogle Scholar

Lange, C. H. (2009) Res Publica Restituta: Actium, Apollo and the Accomplishment of the Triumviral Assignment (= Impact of Empire vol. 10). LeidenGoogle Scholar

Lange, C. H. (2016) ‘The late Republican triumph: continuity and change’ in Goldbeck & Wienand 2016: 29–58Google Scholar

Lavan, M. (2016) ‘The spread of Roman citizenship, 14–212 CE: Quantification in the face of high uncertainty’, P&P 230: 3–46Google Scholar

Lavan, M. (2019a) ‘The foundation of empire? The spread of Roman citizenship from the fourth century BCE to the third century CE’ in Berthelot, K., & Price, J., eds., In the Crucible of Empire: The Impact of Roman Citizenship upon Greeks, Jews and Christians, 21–54. LeuvenGoogle Scholar

Lavan, M. (2019b) ‘The army and the spread of Roman citizenship’, JRS 109Google Scholar

Lazenby, J. F. (1978) Hannibal’s War: A Military History of the Second Punic War. WarminsterGoogle Scholar

Lazenby, J. F. (1996) The First Punic War: A Military History. LondonGoogle Scholar

Leary, T. J. (1996) Martial Book XIV: The Apophoreta. LondonGoogle Scholar

Le Bohec, Y. (1994) The Roman Imperial Army, tr. Bate, R.. LondonGoogle Scholar

Le Bohec, Y. (2006) L’Armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire. ParisGoogle Scholar

Le Bohec, Y. (2010) ‘L’écrit au sein de l’armée romaine, du Ier au IIIe siècle de notre ère’ in Perrin, Y., ed., Neroniana VIII, 192–207. BrusselsGoogle Scholar

Le Bohec, Y., ed. (2015) The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Roman Army. ChichesterGoogle Scholar

Lee, A. D. (1996) ‘Morale and the Roman experience of battle’ in Lloyd 1996: 199–218Google Scholar

Lee, A. D. (2007) War in Late Antiquity: A Social History. ChichesterGoogle Scholar

Lee, A. D. (2013a) From Rome to Byzantium, AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome. EdinburghGoogle Scholar

Lee, A. D. (2013b) ‘Theodosius and his generals’ in Kelly, C., ed., Theodosius II: Rethinking the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity, 90–108. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Lee, A. D. (2020) ‘A professional Roman army?’ in Stewart, E., Harris, E., & Lewis, D., eds., Skilled Labour and Professionalism in Ancient Greece and Rome, 362–82. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Leigh, M. (1995) ‘Wounding and popular rhetoric at Rome’, BICS 40: 195–210Google Scholar

Lendon, J. E. (1997) Empire of Honour: The Art of Government in the Roman World. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Lendon, J. E. (1999) ‘The rhetoric of combat: Greek military theory and Roman culture in Julius Caesar’s battle descriptions’, Classical Antiquity 18: 273–329Google Scholar

Lendon, J. E. (2004) ‘The Roman army now’, Classical Journal 99: 141–9Google Scholar

Lendon, J. E. (2005) Soldiers and Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity. New HavenGoogle Scholar

Lendon, J. E. (2006) ‘Contubernalis, commanipularis, and commilito in Roman soldiers’ epigraphy: drawing the distinction,’ ZPE 157: 270–76Google Scholar

Lendon, J. E., (2017) ‘Battle description in the ancient historians’, G&R 64: 39–64, 145–67Google Scholar

Lenski, N. (1997) ‘Initium mali Romano imperio: Contemporary reactions to the Battle of Adrianople’, TAPA 127: 129–68Google Scholar

Lenski, N. (2002a) Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century AD. BerkeleyGoogle Scholar

Lenski, N. (2002b) ‘Were Valentinian, Valens and Jovian confessors before Julian the Apostate?’, ZAC 6: 253–76Google Scholar

Lenski, N. (2007) ‘Two sieges of Amida (AD 359 and 502–503) and the experience of combat in the late Roman Near East’ in Lewin & Pellgrini 2007: 219–36Google Scholar

Lenski, N. (2011a) ‘Captivity and Romano-barbarian interchange’ in Mathisen, R., & Shanzer, D., eds., Romans, Barbarians and the Transformation of the Roman World, 185–98. FarnhamGoogle Scholar

Lenski, N. (2011b) ‘Captivity and slavery among the Saracens in late antiquity (ca. 250–630 CE)’, AnTard 19: 237–66Google Scholar

Levene, D. (2009) ‘Warfare in the Annals’ in Woodman, A. J., ed., The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus, 225–38. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Levene, D. (2010) Livy on the Hannibalic War. New YorkGoogle Scholar

Levick, B. (1990) Claudius. LondonGoogle Scholar

Levick, B. (2017) Vespasian, 2nd ed. LondonGoogle Scholar

Levithan, J. (2013) Roman Siege Warfare. Ann ArborGoogle Scholar

Lewin, A. S., & Pellegrini, P., eds. (2007) The Late Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. (1988) ‘Ammianus, Julian and divination’ in Wissemann, M., ed., Roma Renascens: Beiträge zur Spätantike und Rezeptionsgeschichte Ilona Opelt gewidmet, 198–213. FrankfurtGoogle Scholar

Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. (1990) Barbarians and Bishops: Army, Church and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Lieu, S. N. C. (1986) ‘Captives, refugees and exiles: a study of cross-frontier civilian movements and contacts between Rome and Persia from Valerian to Jovian’ in Freeman & Kennedy 1986: 475–505Google Scholar

Linderski, J. (1984) ‘Si vis pacem, para bellum: Concepts of defensive imperialism’ in Harris 1984a: 133–52Google Scholar

Linderski, J. (2001) ‘Silver and gold of valor: the award of armillae and torques’, Latomus 60: 3–15Google Scholar

Lintott, A. W. (1999) The Constitution of the Roman Republic. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Lloyd, A. B., ed. (1996) Battle in Antiquity. LondonGoogle Scholar

Lo Cascio, E. (2007) ‘The early Roman empire: the state and the economy’ in Scheidel et al. 2007: 619–47Google Scholar

Lunn-Rockliffe, S. (2010) ‘Commemorating the usurper Magnus Maximus: Ekphrasis, poetry, and history in Pacatus’ Panegyric of Theodosius’, JLA 3: 316–36Google Scholar

Lynn, J. A. (2003) Battle: A History of Combat and Culture. BoulderGoogle Scholar

MacCormack, S. (1972) ‘Change and continuity in late antiquity: the ceremony of adventus’, Historia 21: 721–52Google Scholar

Mackay, C. (2007) Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

MacMullen, R. (1963) Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar

MacMullen, R. (1968) ‘Rural Romanization’, Phoenix 22: 337–41Google Scholar

MacMullen, R. (1984) ‘The legion as a society’, Historia 33: 440–56Google Scholar

Mann, J. C. (1983) Legionary Recruitment and Veteran Settlement during the Principate. LondonGoogle Scholar

Marichal, R. (1992) Les Ostraca de Bu Njem. TripoliGoogle Scholar

Marincola, J., ed. (2007) A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography. ChichesterGoogle Scholar

Marshall, S. L. A. (1947) Men against Fire. New YorkGoogle Scholar

Maschek, D. (2018) ‘Not census but deductio: Reconsidering the “Ara of Domitius Ahenobarbus”’, JRS 108: 27–52Google Scholar

Mathisen, R. W. (2006) ‘Peregrini, barbari, and cives Romani: Concepts of citizenship and the legal identity of barbarians in the later Roman empire’, AHR 111: 1011–40Google Scholar

Mathisen, R. W. (2012) ‘Concepts of citizenship’ in Johnson, S. F., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity, 744–63. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Mattern, S. P. (1999) Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate. BerkeleyGoogle Scholar

Matthews, J. F. (1989) The Roman Empire of Ammianus. LondonGoogle Scholar

Mattingly, D. J. (2000) ‘Whose Roman Africa?’, CR 50: 543–5Google Scholar

Mattingly, D. J. (2011) Imperialism, Power, and Identity: Experiencing the Roman Empire. PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Mattingly, D. (2014) ‘Identities in the Roman world: Discrepancy, heterogeneity, hybridity, and plurality’ in Brody & Hoffman 2014: 35–60Google Scholar

Maxfield, V. (1981) The Military Decorations of the Roman Army. LondonGoogle Scholar

McCall, J. B. (2002) The Cavalry of the Roman Republic: Cavalry Combat and Elite Reputations in the Middle and Late Republic. LondonGoogle Scholar

McCormick, M. (1986) Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and the Early Medieval West. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

McCunn, S. (2018) ‘Supply and command: A study of the late Roman commissariat.’ Diss. NottinghamGoogle Scholar

McDonnell, M. (2006) Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

McEvoy, M. (2013) Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455. OxfordGoogle Scholar

McLaughlin, J. J. (2014) ‘Bridging the cultural divide: Libanius, Ellebichus, and letters to “barbarian” generals’, JLA 7: 253–79Google Scholar

Melchior, A. (2011) ‘Caesar in Vietnam: Did Roman soldiers suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?’, G&R 58: 209–23Google Scholar

Merrills, A., & Miles, R. (2010) The Vandals. ChichesterGoogle Scholar

Messer, W. S. (1920) ‘Mutiny in the Roman army: The Republic’, Classical Philology 15: 158–75Google Scholar

Millar, F. (1969) ‘P. Herennius Dexippus: the Greek world and the third-century invasions’, JRS 59: 12–29Google Scholar

Millar, F. (2005) ‘Last year in Jerusalem: Monuments of the Jewish War in Rome’ in Edmondson, J., Mason, S., & Rives, J., eds., Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome, 101–28. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Mitchell, S. (1976) ‘Requisitioned transport in the Roman empire: A new inscription from Pisidia’, JRS 66: 106–31Google Scholar

Mitchell, S. (1993) Anatolia: Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor, 2 vols. Oxford,Google Scholar

Mohrmann, C. (1952) ‘Encore une fois: paganus’, VigChr 6: 109–21Google Scholar

Momigliano, A. (1975) Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Morony, M. (2004) ‘Population transfers between Sasanian Iran and the Byzantine empire’ in La Persia e Bisanzio (= Atti dei Convegni Lincei 201), 161–80. RomeGoogle Scholar

Mosci Sassi, M. G. (1983) Il sermo castrensis. BolognaGoogle Scholar

Müller, A. (1912) ‘Das Heer Justinians’, Philologus 71: 101–38Google Scholar

Nicasie, M. J. (1998) Twilight of Empire: The Roman Army from the Reign of Diocletian until the Battle of Adrianople. AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Nielsen, I. (1990) Thermae et Balnea: The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths. AarhusGoogle Scholar

Nixon, C. E. V., & Saylor Rodgers, B. (1994) In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini. BerkeleyCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noethlichs, K. L. (2001) ‘Die “Christianisierung” des Krieges vom spätantiken bis zum frühmittelalterlichen and mittelbyzantinischen Reich’, JAC 44: 5–22Google Scholar

Noreña, C. F. (2011) Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Northwood, S. (2008) ‘Census and tributum’ in de Ligt & Northwood 2008: 257–70Google Scholar

Oakley, S. (1985) ‘Single combat in the Roman Republic’, CQ 35: 392–410Google Scholar

Oakley, S. (1997) A Commentary on Livy, Books VI–X. Vol. I: Introduction and Book VI. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Oakley, S. (1998) A Commentary on Livy, Books VI–X. Vol. II: Books VII–VIII. OxfordGoogle Scholar

O’Daly, G. (1999) Augustine’s City of God: A Reader’s Guide. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Omissi, A. (2018) Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire: Civil War, Panegryic and the Construction of Legitimacy. OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Onur, F. (2016) ‘The Anastasian military decree from Perge in Pamphylia: Revised 2nd edition’, Gephyra 14: 133–212Google Scholar

Orlin, E. M. (1997) Temples, Religion and Politics in the Roman Republic. LeidenGoogle Scholar

Osgood, J. (2006) Caesar’s Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Osgood, J. (2015) ‘Ending civil war at Rome: rhetoric and reality, 88 BCE to 197 CE’, AHR 120: 1683–95Google Scholar

Östenberg, I. (2009) Staging the World: Spoils, Captives and Representations in the Roman Triumphal Procession. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Palme, B. (2007) ‘The imperial presence: government and army’ in Bagnall, R. S., ed., Egypt in the Byzantine World, 300–700, 244–70. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Parker, S. T. (1991) ‘Preliminary report on the 1989 season of the Limes Arabicus Project’, BASOR, Suppl. Ser. 27, 117–54Google Scholar

Paschoud, F. (2001) Histoire Auguste, t.V.2 (Vies de Probus, Firmus, Saturnin, Proculus et Bonose, Carus, Numérien et Carin). ParisGoogle Scholar

Paul, G. M. (1982) ‘Urbs capta: Sketch of an ancient literary motif’, Phoenix 36: 144–55Google Scholar

Paul, G. M. (1984) A Historical Commentary on Sallust’s Bellum Jugurthinum. LiverpoolGoogle Scholar

Peachin, M. (1999) ‘Five Vindolanda tablets, soldiers and the law’, Tyche 14: 223–35Google Scholar

Peachin, M. (2007) ‘Petition to a centurion from the NYU papyrus collection and the question of informal adjudication performed by soldiers’ in Sirks, A. J. B., & Worp, K., eds., Papyri in Memory of P. J. Sijpesteijn, 79–97. ChippenhamGoogle Scholar

Peacock, D. P. S., & Maxfield, V.A. (1997) Mons Claudianus: Survey and Excavation, 1987–1993. CairoGoogle Scholar

Pearson, E. H. (2016) ‘The development of army administration in the Roman Republic.’ Diss. ManchesterGoogle Scholar

Petersen, L. I. R. (2013) Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400–800 AD). LeidenGoogle Scholar

Petitjean, M. (2014) ‘Classicisme, barbarie et guerre romaine: L’image du cavalier dans le monde romain tardif’, AnTard 22: 255–62Google Scholar

Petrikovits, H. von (1980) ‘Lixae’ in Keppie & Hanson 1980: 1027–35Google Scholar

Pfeilschifter, R. (2007) ‘The allies in the Republican army and the Romanization of Italy’ in Roth, R., & Keller, R., eds., Roman by Integration: Dimensions of Group Identity in Material Culture and Text, 27–42. Portsmouth, RIGoogle Scholar

Phang, S. E. (2001) The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 BC–AD 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army. LeidenGoogle Scholar

Phang, S. E. (2004) ‘Intimate conquests: Roman soldiers’ slave women and freedwomen’, AW 35: 207–37Google Scholar

Phang, S. E. (2007) ‘Military documents, languages, and literacy’ in Erdkamp 2007: 286–305Google Scholar

Phang, S. E. (2008) Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Pietilä-Castrén, L. (1987) Magnificentia Publica: The Victory Monuments of the Roman Generals in the Era of the Punic Wars. HelsinkiGoogle Scholar

Pittenger, M. R. P. (2008) Contested Triumphs: Politics, Pageantry, and Performance in Livy’s Republican Rome. BerkeleyGoogle Scholar

Pohlsander, H. (1969) ‘Victory, the story of a statue’, Historia 18: 588–97Google Scholar

Pollard, N. (1996) ‘The Roman army as “total institution” in the Near East? Dura-Europos as a case study’ in Kennedy 1996: 211–27Google Scholar

Pollard, N. (2000) Soldiers, Cities and Civilians in Roman Syria. Ann ArborGoogle Scholar

Popkin, M. L. (2016) The Architecture of the Roman Triumph: Monuments, Memory and Identity. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Potter, D. S. (2014) The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395, 2nd ed. LondonGoogle Scholar

Prag, J. R. W. (2007) ‘Auxilia and gymnasia: A Sicilian model of Roman Republican imperialism’, JRS 97: 68–100Google Scholar

Prag, J. R. W. (2010) ‘Troops and commanders: auxilia externa under the Roman Republic’, όρμος: Ricerche di Storia Antica 2: 101–13Google Scholar

Prag, J. R. W. (2011) ‘Provincial governors and auxiliary soldiers’ in Barrandon, N., & Kirbihler, F., eds., Les gouverneurs et les provinciaux sous la République romaine, 15–28. RennesGoogle Scholar

Prag, J. R. W. (2014) ‘Bronze rostra from the Egadi Islands off NW Sicily’, JRA 27: 33–59Google Scholar

Prag, J. R. W. (2015) ‘Auxilia and clientelae: military service and foreign clientelae reconsidered’ in Jehne, M., & Pina Polo, F., eds., Foreign clientelae in the Roman Empire: A Reconsideration, 281–94. StuttgartGoogle Scholar

Pringle, D. (1981) The Defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab Conquest. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Purcell, N. (1995) ‘On the sacking of Carthage and Corinth’ in Innes, D., Hine, H., & Pelling, C., eds., Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday, 133–48. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Raaflaub, K. (1980) ‘The political significance of Augustus’ military reforms’ in Hanson & Keppie 1980: 1005–25Google Scholar

Raaflaub, K. (2009) ‘Bellum Civile’ in Griffin 2009: 175–91Google Scholar

Raaflaub, K., ed. (2007) War and Peace in the Ancient World. Malden, MA, and OxfordGoogle Scholar

Rajak, T. (2002) Josephus: The Historian and His Society, 2nd ed. LondonGoogle Scholar

Rance, P. (2000) ‘Simulacra pugnae: The literary and historical tradition of mock battles in the Roman and early Byzantine army’, GRBS 41: 223–75Google Scholar

Rance, P. (2004a) ‘The fulcum, the late Roman and Byzantine testudo: the Germanization of Roman infantry tactics?’, GRBS 44: 265–326Google Scholar

Rance, P. (2004b) ‘Drungus, drouggos and drouggisti: A Gallicism and continuity in late Roman cavalry tactics’, Phoenix 58: 96–130Google Scholar

Rance, P. (2005) ‘Narses and the Battle of Taginae (Busta Gallorum) 552: Procopius and sixth-century warfare’, Historia 54: 424–72Google Scholar

Rance, P. (2007) ‘The Later Roman Empire: Battle’ in Sabin et al. 2007: vol. 2, 342–78Google Scholar

Rance, P. (2010) ‘The De Militari Scientia or Müller Fragment as a philological resource. Latin in the East Roman army and two new loanwords in Greek: palmarium and *recala’ Glotta 86: 63–92Google Scholar

Rance, P. (2014a) ‘An unnoticed regimental diaconus in the correspondence of Theodoret of Cyrrhus’, Historia 63: 117–28Google Scholar

Rance, P. (2014b) ‘Sculca, *sculcator, exculcator and proculcator: The scouts of the late Roman army and a disputed etymology’, Latomus 73: 474–501Google Scholar

Rance, P. (2018) ‘The army in peace time: The social status and function of soldiers’ in Stouraitis, I., ed., The Brill Companion to the Byzantine Culture of War, c.300–1204, 394–439. LeidenGoogle Scholar

Rance, P. (2019) ‘The farmer and the soldier should be friends: Justinian’s legislation on the provisioning of soldiers (Novel 130)’, JLA 12: 380–421Google Scholar

Rathbone, D. (2007) ‘The Late Republic and the Principate: Military finance and supply’ in Sabin et al. 2007: vol. 2, 158–76Google Scholar

Rathbone, D. (2009) ‘Earnings and costs: Living standards and the Roman economy (first to third centuries AD)’ in Bowman, A., & Wilson, A., eds., Quantifying the Roman Economy: Methods and Problems, 299–326. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Rawson, E. (1971) ‘The literary sources for the pre-Marian army’, PBSR 39: 13–31Google Scholar

Reddé, M. (2004) ‘Réflexions critiques sur les chapelles militaires (aedes principiorum)’, JRA 17: 443–62Google Scholar

Remijsen, S. (2007) ‘The postal service and the hour as a unit of time in antiquity’, Historia 65: 127–40Google Scholar

Revell, L. (2007) ‘Military bath-houses in Britain: a comment’, Britannia 38: 230–37Google Scholar

Ribera i Lacomba, A. (2006) ‘The Roman foundation of Valencia and the town in the 2nd–1st c. BC’ in Abad Casal, L., Keay, S. & Ramallo Asensio, S., eds., Early Roman Towns in Hispania Tarraconensis, 75–90. Portsmouth, RIGoogle Scholar

Rich, J. W. (1983) ‘The supposed Roman manpower shortage of the later second century BC’, Historia 32: 287–331Google Scholar

Rich, J. W. (1993) ‘Fear, greed and glory: the causes of Roman war-making in the middle Republic’ in Rich & Shipley 1993: 38–68Google Scholar

Rich, J. W. (2003) ‘Augustus, war and peace’ in de Blois, L. et al. (eds.), The Representation and Perception of Roman Imperial Power (= Impact of Empire vol. 3), 329–57. AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Rich, J. W. (2007a) ‘Warfare and the army in early Rome’ in Erdkamp 2007: 7–23Google Scholar

Rich, J. W. (2007b) ‘Tiberius Gracchus, land and manpower’ in Hekster, O. et al., eds., Crises and the Roman Empire (= Impact of Empire vol. 7), 155–66. LeidenGoogle Scholar

Rich, J. W. (2011) ‘The fetiales and Roman international relations’ in Richardson, J. H., & Santangelo, F., eds., Priests and State in the Roman World, 187–242. StuttgartGoogle Scholar

Rich, J. W. (2012a) ‘Making the emergency permanent: auctoritas, potestas and the evolution of the principate of Augustus’ in Rivière, Y., ed., Des réformes augustéennes, 37–121. RomeGoogle Scholar

Rich, J. W. (2012b) ‘Roman attitudes to defeat in battle under the Republic’ in Simón, F. M., Pina Polo, F., & Rodríguez, J. R., eds., Vae Victis! Perdedores en el mundo antiguo, 83–112. BarcelonaGoogle Scholar

Rich, J. W. (2013) ‘Roman rituals of war’ in Campbell & Tritle 2013: 542–68Google Scholar

Rich, J. W. (2014) ‘The triumph in the Roman Republic: frequency, fluctuation and policy’ in Lange, C. H., & Vervaet, F. J., eds., The Roman Republican Triumph: Beyond the Spectacle, 197–258. RomeGoogle Scholar

Rich, J., & Shipley, G., eds. (1993) War and Society in the Roman World. LondonGoogle Scholar

Richardson, J. H. (2018) ‘P. Cornelius Scipio and the capture of New Carthage: the tide, the wind and other fantasies’, CQ 68: 458–74Google Scholar

Richardson, J. S. (1986) Hispaniae: Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218–82 BC. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Richardson, J. S. (2012) Augustan Rome, 44 BC to AD 14: The Restoration of the Republic and the Establishment of the Empire. EdinburghGoogle Scholar

Rives, J. B. (1999) ‘The decree of Decius and the religion of the empire’, JRS 89: 135–54Google Scholar

Robinson, H. R. (1975) The Armour of Imperial Rome. New YorkGoogle Scholar

Roller, M. B. (2001) Constructing Autocracy: Aristocrats and Emperors in Julio-Claudian Rome. PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Roselaar, S. T. (2010) Public Land in the Roman Republic: A Social and Economic History of the ager publicus in the Roman Republic, 396–89 BC. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Rosenstein, N. (1990) Imperatores Victi: Military Defeat and Aristocratic Competition in the Middle and Late Republic. BerkeleyGoogle Scholar

Rosenstein, N. (2004) Rome at War: Farms, Families, and Death in the Middle Republic. Chapel Hill, NCGoogle Scholar

Rosenstein, N. (2007) ‘War and peace, fear and reconciliation at Rome’ in Raaflaub 2007: 226–44Google Scholar

Rosenstein, N. (2012a) Rome and the Mediterranean 290 to 146 BC: The Imperial Republic. EdinburghGoogle Scholar

Rosenstein, N. (2012b) ‘Integration and armies in the Middle Republic’ in Roselaar, S. T., ed., Processes of Integration and Identity Formation in the Roman Republic, 85–103. LeidenGoogle Scholar

Ross, A. J. (2016) Ammianus’ Julian: Narrative and Genre in the Res Gestae. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Roth, J. P. (1994) ‘The size and organization of the Roman imperial legion’, Historia 43: 346–62Google Scholar

Roth, J. P. (1999) The Logistics of the Roman Army at War (264 BC–AD 235). LeidenGoogle Scholar

Roth, J. P. (2009) Roman Warfare. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Roth, J. P. (2016) ‘Josephus as a military historian’ in Chapman, H. H., & Rodgers, Z., eds., A Companion to Josephus, ch. 11. ChichesterGoogle Scholar

Roueché, C. (1981) ‘Rome, Asia and Aphrodisias in the third century’, JRS 71: 103–20Google Scholar

Rüger, C. B. (1987), ‘Beobachtungen zu den epigraphischen Belegen der Muttergottheiten in den lateinischen Provinzen des Imperium Romanum’, in Bauchhenß, G., & Neumann, G., eds., Matronen und verwandte Gottheiten, 1–30. CologneGoogle Scholar

Rüpke, J. (1990) Domi militiae: Die religiöse Konstruktion des Krieges in Rom. StuttgartGoogle Scholar

Russell, D. A., & Wilson, N. G. (1981) Menander Rhetor: A Commentary. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Sabin, P. (1996) ‘The mechanics of battle in the Second Punic War’ in Cornell et al. 1996: 59–80Google Scholar

Sabin, P. (2000) ‘The face of Roman battle’, JRS 90: 1–17Google Scholar

Sabin, P. (2007) ‘The Hellenistic world and Roman Republic: Battle – A. Land battles’ in Sabin et al. 2007: vol. 1, 399–433Google Scholar

Sabin, P., van Wees, H., & Whitby, M., eds. (2007) The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, 2 vols. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Saddington, D. B. (1982) The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from Caesar to Vespasian, 49 BC–AD 79. HarareGoogle Scholar

Saller, R. P. (1994) Patriarchy, Property and Death in the Roman Family. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Saller, R. (2002) ‘Framing the debate over growth in the ancient economy’ in Scheidel & von Reden 2002: 251–69Google Scholar

Salway, B. (2014) ‘Late antiquity’ in Bruun & Edmondson 2014: 364–93Google Scholar

Salzman, M. R. (2006) ‘Symmachus and the “barbarian” generals’, Historia 55: 352–67Google Scholar

Scheidel, W. (1996) ‘The demography of the Roman imperial army’ in his Measuring Sex, Age and Death in the Roman Empire: Explorations in Ancient Demography, 93–138. Ann ArborGoogle Scholar

Scheidel, W., ed. (2001a) Debating Roman Demography. LeidenGoogle Scholar

Scheidel, W. (2001b) ‘Progress and problems in Roman demography’ in Scheidel 2001a: 1–81Google Scholar

Scheidel, W. (2007) ‘Demography’ in Scheidel, Morris & Saller 2007: 38–86Google Scholar

Scheidel, W. (2008) ‘Roman population size: the logic of the debate’ in de Ligt & Northwood 2008: 17–70Google Scholar

Scheidel, W., ed. (2018) The Science of Roman History: Biology, Climate and the Future of the Past. PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Scheidel, W., Morris, I. & Saller, R., eds. (2007) The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Scheidel, W., & von Reden, S., eds. (2002), The Ancient Economy. EdinburghGoogle Scholar

Sekunda, N. (2001) Hellenistic Infantry Reform in the 160s BC. LodzGoogle Scholar

Sekunda, N. (2007) ‘The Hellenistic world and Roman Republic: Land forces’ in Sabin, Van Wees & Whitby 2007: vol. 1, 325–57Google Scholar

Sessa, K. (2019) ‘The new environmental fall of Rome: a methodological consideration’, JLA 12: 211–55Google Scholar

Seston, W. (1969) ‘Feldzeichen’, RAC 7: 689–711Google Scholar

Shackelton Bailey, D. R. (1977) Cicero: Epistulae ad Familiares, 2 vols. CambridgeGoogle Scholar

Shaw, B. D. (1983) ‘Soldiers and society: the army in Numidia’, OPVS 2: 133–59Google Scholar

Shaw, B. D. (1999) ‘War and violence’ in Bowersock, G. W., Brown, P. & Grabar, O., eds., Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World, 130–69. Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar

Sidebottom, H. (2004) Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Sidebottom, H. (2005) ‘Roman imperialism: the changed outward trajectory of the Roman empire’, Historia 54: 315–30Google Scholar

Sidebottom, H., & Whitby, M., eds. (2018) The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Ancient Battles. ChichesterGoogle Scholar

Smith, C. J. (1998) ‘Onasander on how to be a general’ in Austin, M., Harries, J., & Smith, C., eds., Modus Operandi: Essays in Honour of Geoffrey Rickman, 151–66. LondonGoogle Scholar

Southern, P. (1989) ‘The numeri of the Roman imperial army’, Britannia 20: 81–140Google Scholar

Speidel, M. A. (2001) ‘Specialisation and promotion in the Roman imperial army’ in de Blois, L., ed., Administration, Prosopography and Appointment Policies in the Roman Empire. 50–61. AmsterdamGoogle Scholar

Speidel, M. A. (2009) ‘Les longues marches des armées romaines. Reflets épigraphiques de la circulation des militaires dans la province d’Asie au IIIe siècle apr. J.C.’, Cahiers du Centre Gustav Glotz 20: 199–210Google Scholar

Speidel, M. A. (2012a) ‘Being a soldier in the Roman imperial army – expectations and responses’ in Wolff, C., ed., Le métier de soldat dans le monde romain, 175–93. LyonsGoogle Scholar

Speidel, M. A. (2012b) ‘Dressed for the occasion: Clothes and context in the Roman army’ in Nosch, M.-L., ed., Wearing the Cloak: Dressing the Soldier in Roman Times, 1–12. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Speidel, M. A. (2014) ‘The Roman army’ in Bruun & Edmondson 2014: 319–44Google Scholar

Speidel, M. A. (2018) ‘Soldiers and documents: insights from Nubia. The significance of written documents in Roman soldiers’ everyday lives’ in Kolb, A., ed., Literacy in Ancient Everyday Life, 179–200. BerlinGoogle Scholar

Speidel, M. P. (1973) ‘The pay of the auxilia’, JRS 63: 141–7Google Scholar

Speidel, M. P. (1978) The Religion of Iuppiter Dolichenus in the Roman Army. LeidenGoogle Scholar

Speidel, M. P. (1984) ‘Catafractarii, clibanarii and the rise of the later Roman mailed cavalry’, Epigraphica Anatolica 3–4: 151–6Google Scholar

Speidel, M. P. (1985) ‘Furlough in the Roman army’, YCS 28: 283–93Google Scholar

Speidel, M. P. (1989) ‘The soldiers’ servants’, Ancient Society 20: 239–48Google Scholar

Speidel, M. P., & Dimitrova-Milčeva, A. (1978) ‘The cult of the genii in the Roman army and a new military deity’, ANRW II.16.2, 1542–55Google Scholar

Spiller, R. J. (1988) ‘S. L. A. Marshall and the ratio of fire’, R.U.S.I. Journal 133: 63–71Google Scholar

Stauner, K. (2004) Das offizielle Schriftwesen des römischen Heeres von Augustus bis Gallienus (27 v.Chr.–268 n.Chr.): Eine Untersuchung zu Struktur, Funktion und Bedeutung der offiziellen militärischen Verwaltungsdokumentation und zu deren Schreibern. BonnGoogle Scholar

Steel, C. (2013) The End of the Roman Republic, 146 to 44 BC: Conquest and Crisis. EdinburghGoogle Scholar

Stickler, T. (2007) ‘The foederati’ in Erdkamp 2007: 495–514Google Scholar

Stoll, O. (2001) Zwischen Integration und Abgrenzung: Die Religion des römischen Heeres im Nahen Osten. St KatharinenGoogle Scholar

Stoll, O. (2007) ‘The religions of the armies’ in Erdkamp 2007: 451–76Google Scholar

Stoll, O. (2009) ‘Integration und doppelte Identität: Römisches Militär und die Kulte der Soldaten und Veteranen in Ägypten von Augustus bis Diokletian’, in Gundlach, R., & Vogel, C., eds., Militärgeschichte des pharaonischen Ägypten, 419–58. PaderbornGoogle Scholar

Strachan, H. (2006) ‘Training, morale and modern war’, Journal of Contemporary History 41: 211–27Google Scholar

Swain, S., & Edwards, M., eds. (2004) Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transformation from Early to Late Empire. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Swift, L. J. (2007) ‘Early Christian views on violence, war, and peace’ in Raaflaub 2007: 279–96Google Scholar

Tan, J. (2017) Power and Public Finance at Rome, 264–49 BCE. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Thorburn, J. E. (2003) ‘Lixae and calones: following the Roman army’, Classical Bulletin 79: 47–61Google Scholar

Todd, M. (1996) ‘Review of Künzl 1993’, Britannia 27: 481–2Google Scholar

Tomlin, R. S. O. (1998) ‘Christianity and the Roman army’ in Lieu, S. N. C., & Montserrat, D., eds., Constantine: History, Hagiography and Legend, 21–51. LondonGoogle Scholar

Töpfer, K. M. (2011) Signa Militaria: Die römischen Feldzeichen in der Republik und im Prinzipat. MainzGoogle Scholar

Treadgold, W. (1995) Byzantium and its Army, 284–1081. StanfordGoogle Scholar

Treadgold, W. (2007) The Early Byzantine Historians. LondonGoogle Scholar

Trombley, F. R., & Watt, J. W. (2000) The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite. LiverpoolGoogle Scholar

Tusa, S., & Royal, J. (2012) ‘The landscape of the naval battle at the Egadi Islands (241 BC)’, JRA 25: 7–48Google Scholar

Vanhoutte, S. (2015) ‘The late Roman coastal fort of Oudenburg (Belgium): Spatial and functional transformations within the fort walls’ in Collins, R., Symonds, M., & Weber, M., eds., Roman Military Architecture on the Frontiers: Armies and their Architecture in Late Antiquity, 62–75. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Van Nuffelen, P. (2012) Orosius and the Rhetoric of History. OxfordGoogle Scholar

Van Wees, H. (1997) ‘The Seleucid army’, CR 47: 356–7Google Scholar

Walters, J. (1997) ‘Invading the Roman body: Manliness and impenetrability in Roman thought’ in Hallett, J. P., & Skinner, M. B., eds., Roman Sexualities, 29–43. PrincetonGoogle Scholar

Walzer, M. (2015) Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, 5th ed. New YorkGoogle Scholar

Ward, G. (2016) ‘The Roman battlefield: Individual exploits in warfare of the Roman Republic’ in Reiss, W., & Fagan, G. G., eds., The Topography of Violence in the Greco-Roman World, 299–324. Ann ArborGoogle Scholar

Watt, J. W. (1999) ‘Greek historiography and the Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite’ in Reinink, G.J., & Klugkist, A.C., eds., After Bardaisan: Studies on Continuity and Change in Syriac Christianity in Honour of Prof. Han J.W. Drijvers. 317–28. LouvainGoogle Scholar

Weinstock, S. (1957) ‘Victor and invictus’, HThR 50: 211–47Google Scholar

Weinstock, S. (1960) ‘Pax and the Ara Pacis’, JRS 50: 44–58Google Scholar

Weiss, P. (2003) ‘The vision of Constantine’, JRA 16: 237–59Google Scholar

Welles, C. B., Fink, R. O., & Gilliam, J. F., eds. (1959) The Excavations at Dura-Europos, Final Report V, Part I (The Parchments and Papyri). New HavenGoogle Scholar

Wells, C. M. (1989) ‘Celibate soldiers: Augustus and the army’, AJAH 14: 180–90Google Scholar

Wells, P. S. (2003) The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest. New YorkGoogle Scholar

Welwei, K.-W. (1988) Unfreie im antiken Kriegsdienst, Teil 3: Rom. StuttgartGoogle Scholar

Whately, C. (2016) Battles and Generals: Combat, Culture and Didacticism in Procopius’ Wars. LeidenGoogle Scholar

Whately, C. (2018) ‘Combat motivation and cohesion in the age of Justinian’ in Greatrex, G., & Janniard, S., eds., Le monde de Procope/The World of Procopius, 185–203. ParisGoogle Scholar

Whately, C. (forthcoming) ‘Women and the military in the age of Justinian’Google Scholar

Wheeler, E. L. (1979) ‘The legion as phalanx’, Chiron 9: 303–18Google Scholar

Wheeler, E. L. (1988) ‘Πολλὰ κενὰ τοῦ πολέμου: The history of a Greek proverb’, GRBS 29: 153–84Google Scholar