This chapter concerns the history of anti-Black racism in American medicine. For a very long time, medical professionals either refused to treat Black patients or required they be treated in segregated, dramatically under-resourced settings. This was due to both racist laws and social customs that produced systemic racism within the medical establishment. Major medical professional organizations both actively and passively supported segregated healthcare. Black people were also largely excluded from professional schools and greatly restricted in their ability to practice medicine. Further, Black people were often abused and exploited by unethical medical practices, which included robbing their graves to provide cadavers and forcing them to participate in dangerous and unethical medical experiments. Black Americans were further harmed by physicians’ involvement in the eugenics movement. Based on gross misunderstandings of genetics and heredity, eugenics proposed that society could be improved by limiting reproduction among socially disadvantaged groups. This resulted in involuntary sterilizations that disproportionally targeted Black Americans. Most racist medical policies and practices were eliminated by legislation and changes in professional and societal norms. However, the legacy of racism in American medicine can still be seen in current healthcare practices that harm Black patients and greater medical mistrust among Black Americans.