Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd4964975-8cclj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2023-04-02T13:28:38.269Z Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { "useRatesEcommerce": false } hasContentIssue true

12 - The Natural History of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder across the Lifespan

from Section 2 - Practical Aspects of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2018

Leonardo F. Fontenelle
Affiliation:
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Murat Yücel
Affiliation:
Monash University, Victoria
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Strauss, JS, Hafez, H, Lieberman, P, Harding, CM. The course of psychiatric disorder, III: longitudinal principles. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:289296.Google Scholar
Fontenelle, LF, Mendlowicz, MV, Versiani, M. The descriptive epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30:327337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gururaj, G, Varghese, M, Benegal, V, et al. National Mental Health Survey of India, 2015–16: Summary Report. Bengaluru: National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences; 2016.Google Scholar
Jaisoorya, TS, Reddy, YCJ, Nair, BS, et al. Prevalence and correlates of obsessive-compulsive disorder and subthreshold obsessive-compulsive disorder among college students in Kerala, India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017;59:5662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eaton, WW, Martins, SS, Nestadt, G, et al. The burden of mental disorders. Epidemiol Rev. 2008;30:114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA; 2013.
Dell’Osso, B, Benatti, B, Oldani, L, Spagnolin, G, Altamura, AC. Differences in duration of untreated illness, duration, and severity of illness among clinical phenotypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2015;20:474478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, WK, Price, LH, Rasmussen, SA, et al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:10061011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, WK, Price, LH, Rasmussen, SA, et al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:10121016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farris, SG, McLean, CP, Van Meter, PE, Simpson, HB, Foa, EB. Treatment response, symptom remission, and wellness in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74:685690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mataix-Cols, D, Fernandez de la Cruz, L, Nordsletten, AE, et al. Towards an international expert consensus for defining treatment response, remission, recovery and relapse in obsessive-compulsive disorder. World Psychiatry. 2016;15:8081.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keller, MB, Lavori, PW, Friedman, B, et al. The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation. A comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:540548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisen, JL, Sibrava, NJ, Boisseau, CL, et al. Five-year course of obsessive-compulsive disorder: predictors of remission and relapse. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74:233239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, DW, Guze, SB, Robins, E. Follow-up studies in obsessional neurosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1969;20:182187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skoog, G, Skoog, I. A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:121127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, E, Thennarasu, K, Reddy, YC. Long-term outcome of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75:10191027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisen, JL, Goodman, WK, Keller, MB, et al. Patterns of remission and relapse in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 2-year prospective study. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:346351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dell’Osso, B, Benatti, B, Buoli, M, et al. The influence of age at onset and duration of illness on long-term outcome in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a report from the International College of Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23:865871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dell’Osso, B, Benatti, B, Hollander, E, et al. Childhood, adolescent and adult age at onset and related clinical correlates in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a report from the International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS). Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2016;20:210217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, KC, Burke, JD, Jr, Regier, DA, Rae, DS. Age at onset of selected mental disorders in five community populations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:511518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angst, J, Gamma, A, Endrass, J, et al. Obsessive-compulsive severity spectrum in the community: prevalence, comorbidity, and course. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;254:156164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delorme, R, Golmard, JL, Chabane, N, et al. Admixture analysis of age at onset in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2005;35:237243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Luca, V, Gershenzon, V, Burroughs, E, Javaid, N, Richter, MA. Age at onset in Canadian OCD patients: mixture analysis and systematic comparison with other studies. J Affect Disord. 2011;133:300304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frydman, I, do Brasil, PE, Torres, AR, et al. Late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: risk factors and correlates. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;49:6874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, E, Shyam Sundar, A, Thennarasu, K, Reddy, YCJ. Is late-onset OCD a distinct phenotype? Findings from a comparative analysis of age-at-onset groups. CNS Spectrums. 2015;20:508514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chabane, N, Delorme, R, Millet, B, et al. Early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: a subgroup with a specific clinical and familial pattern? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;46:881887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arumugham, SS, Cherian, AV, Baruah, U, et al. Comparison of clinical characteristics of familial and sporadic obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55:15201525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Mathis, MA, Diniz, JB, Hounie, AG, et al. Trajectory in obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbidities. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23:594601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavallini, MC, Albertazzi, M, Bianchi, L, Bellodi, L. Anticipation of age at onset of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2002;111:19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Real, E, Labad, J, Alonso, P, et al. Stressful life events at onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder are associated with a distinct clinical pattern. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28:367376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosso, G, Albert, U, Asinari, GF, Bogetto, F, Maina, G. Stressful life events and obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical features and symptom dimensions. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197:259264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Real, E, Subira, M, Alonso, P, et al. Brain structural correlates of obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without preceding stressful life events. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2016;17:366377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poyraz, CA, Turan, S, Saglam, NG, et al. Factors associated with the duration of untreated illness among patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2015;58:8893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dell’Osso, B, Buoli, M, Hollander, E, Altamura, AC. Duration of untreated illness as a predictor of treatment response and remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010;11:5965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, YC, D’Souza, SM, Shetti, C, et al. An 11- to 13-year follow-up of 75 subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:744749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Math, SB, Thoduguli, J, Janardhan Reddy, YC, et al. A 5-year course of predominantly obsessive vs. mixed subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Indian J Psychiatry. 2007;49:250255.Google Scholar
Ravizza, L, Maina, G, Bogetto, F. Episodic and chronic obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 1997;6:154158.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, PH. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: predictors in childhood for long-term phenomenological course. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1995;92:255259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tukel, R, Oflaz, SB, Ozyildirim, I, et al. Comparison of clinical characteristics in episodic and chronic obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2007;24:251255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zutshi, A, Kamath, P, Reddy, YC. Bipolar and nonbipolar obsessive-compulsive disorder: a clinical exploration. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48:245251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, HL, Swedo, SE. Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001;4:191198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amerio, A, Odone, A, Liapis, CC, Ghaemi, SN. Diagnostic validity of comorbid bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;129:343358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cottraux, J, Mollard, E, Bouvard, M, Marks, I. Exposure therapy, fluvoxamine, or combination treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: one-year followup. Psychiatry Res. 1993;49:6375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mundo, E, Erzegovesi, S, Bellodi, L. Follow-up of obsessive-compulsive patients treated with proserotonergic agents. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;15:288289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orloff, LM, Battle, MA, Baer, L, et al. Long-term follow-up of 85 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:441442.Google Scholar
Zitterl, W, Demal, U, Aigner, M, et al. Naturalistic course of obsessive compulsive disorder and comorbid depression. Longitudinal results of a prospective follow-up study of 74 actively treated patients. Psychopathology. 2000;33:7580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alonso, P, Menchon, JM, Pifarre, J, et al. Long-term follow-up and predictors of clinical outcome in obsessive-compulsive patients treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and behavioral therapy. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:535540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biondi, M, Picardi, A. Increased maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder remission after integrated serotonergic treatment and cognitive psychotherapy compared with medication alone. Psychother Psychosom. 2005;74:123128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hembree, EA, Riggs, DS, Kozak, MJ, Franklin, ME, Foa, EB. Long-term efficacy of exposure and ritual prevention therapy and serotonergic medications for obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2003;8:363371, 381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rufer, M, Hand, I, Alsleben, H, et al. Long-term course and outcome of obsessive-compulsive patients after cognitive-behavioral therapy in combination with either fluvoxamine or placebo: a 7-year follow-up of a randomized double-blind trial. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;255:121128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Catapano, F, Perris, F, Masella, M, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 3-year prospective follow-up study of patients treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors OCD follow-up study. J Psychiatr Res. 2006;40:502510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olsen, T, Mais, AH, Bilet, T, Martinsen, EW. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: personal follow-up of a 10-year material from an outpatient county clinic. Nord J Psychiatry. 2008;62:3945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Oppen, P, van Balkom, AJ, de Haan, E, van Dyck, R. Cognitive therapy and exposure in vivo alone and in combination with fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 5-year follow-up. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:14151422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anand, N, Sudhir, PM, Math, SB, Thennarasu, K, Janardhan Reddy, YC. Cognitive behavior therapy in medication non-responders with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a prospective 1-year follow-up study. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25:939945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anholt, GE, Aderka, IM, van Balkom, AJ, et al. The impact of depression on the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: results from a 5-year follow-up. J Affect Disord. 2011;135:201207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braga, DT, Manfro, GG, Niederauer, K, Cordioli, AV. Full remission and relapse of obsessive-compulsive symptoms after cognitive-behavioral group therapy: a two-year follow-up. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2010;32:164168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cabedo, E, Belloch, A, Carrio, C, et al. Group versus individual cognitive treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: changes in severity at post-treatment and one-year follow-up. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2010;38:227232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcks, BA, Weisberg, RB, Dyck, I, Keller, MB. Longitudinal course of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with anxiety disorders: a 15-year prospective follow-up study. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52:670677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, YC, Alur, AM, Manjunath, S, Kandavel, T, Math, SB. Long-term follow-up study of patients with serotonin reuptake inhibitor-nonresponsive obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30:267272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittal, ML, Robichaud, M, Thordarson, DS, McLean, PD. Group and individual treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder using cognitive therapy and exposure plus response prevention: a 2-year follow-up of two randomized trials. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76:10031014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloch, MH, Green, C, Kichuk, SA, et al. Long-term outcome in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30:716722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cherian, AV, Math, SB, Kandavel, T, Reddy, YC. A 5-year prospective follow-up study of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Affect Disord. 2014;152–154:387394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherian, AV, Pandian, D, Bada Math, S, Kandavel, T, Janardhan Reddy, YC. Family accommodation of obsessional symptoms and naturalistic outcome of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2014;215:372378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jakubovski, E, Diniz, JB, Valerio, C, et al. Clinical predictors of long-term outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30:763772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pallanti, S, Hollander, E, Bienstock, C, et al. Treatment non-response in OCD: methodological issues and operational definitions. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002;5:181191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fineberg, NA, Hengartner, MP, Bergbaum, C, et al. Remission of obsessive-compulsive disorders and syndromes; evidence from a prospective community cohort study over 30 years. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2013;17:179187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steketee, G, Eisen, J, Dyck, I, Warshaw, M, Rasmussen, S. Predictors of course in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1999;89:229238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravi Kishore, V, Samar, R, Janardhan Reddy, YC, Chandrasekhar, CR, Thennarasu, K. Clinical characteristics and treatment response in poor and good insight obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19:202208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shetti, CN, Reddy, YC, Kandavel, T, et al. Clinical predictors of drug nonresponse in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:15171523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kichuk, SA, Torres, AR, Fontenelle, LF, et al. Symptom dimensions are associated with age of onset and clinical course of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013;44:233239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDougle, CJ, Epperson, CN, Pelton, GH, Wasylink, S, Price, LH. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone addition in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:794801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baer, L, Jenike, MA. Personality disorders in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1992;15:803812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, LC, Hwang, TJ, Huang, GH, Hwu, HG. Outcome of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder with schizotypal features: a pilot study. J Formos Med Assoc. 2011;110:8592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavedini, P, Erzegovesi, S, Ronchi, P, Bellodi, L. Predictive value of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in antiobsessional pharmacological treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1997;7:4549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koran, LM, Hackett, E, Rubin, A, Wolkow, R, Robinson, D. Efficacy of sertraline in the long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:8895.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romano, S, Goodman, W, Tamura, R, Gonzales, J. Long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder after an acute response: a comparison of fluoxetine versus placebo. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21:4652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, JE, Mancebo, MC, Weinhandl, E, et al. Longitudinal course of pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;28:200205.Google Scholar
Valleni-Basile, LA, Garrison, CZ, Jackson, KL, et al. Frequency of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a community sample of young adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994;33:782791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narrow, WE, Rae, DS, Robins, LN, Regier, DA. Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States: using a clinical significance criterion to reconcile 2 surveys’ estimates. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:115123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, SE, Geller, DA, Jenike, M, et al. Long-term outcome of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis and qualitative review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;110:413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Micali, N, Heyman, I, Perez, M, et al. Long-term outcomes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: follow-up of 142 children and adolescents. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197:128134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mancebo, MC, Boisseau, CL, Garnaat, SL, et al. Long-term course of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: 3 years of prospective follow-up. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55:14981504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenike, MA. Geriatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1991;4:3439.Google ScholarPubMed
Philpot, MP, Banerjee, S. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in the elderly. Behav Neurol. 1998;11:117121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, KA, Grant, JE, Siniscalchi, JM, Stout, R, Price, LH. A retrospective follow-up study of body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2005;46:315321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, KA, Pagano, ME, Menard, W, Fay, C, Stout, RL. Predictors of remission from body dysmorphic disorder: a prospective study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2005;193:564567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, KA, Menard, W, Quinn, E, Didie, ER, Stout, RL. A 4-year prospective observational follow-up study of course and predictors of course in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychol Med. 2013;43:11091117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjornsson, AS, Dyck, I, Moitra, E, et al. The clinical course of body dysmorphic disorder in the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Project (HARP). J Nerv Ment Dis. 2011;199:5557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolin, DF, Meunier, SA, Frost, RO, Steketee, G. Course of compulsive hoarding and its relationship to life events. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:829838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayers, CR, Saxena, S, Golshan, S, Wetherell, JL. Age at onset and clinical features of late life compulsive hoarding. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25:142149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grisham, JR, Frost, RO, Steketee, G, Kim, HJ, Hood, S. Age of onset of compulsive hoarding. J Anxiety Disord. 2006;20:675686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloch, MH, Bartley, CA, Zipperer, L, et al. Meta-analysis: hoarding symptoms associated with poor treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19:10251030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muroff, J, Steketee, G, Frost, RO, Tolin, DF. Cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder: follow-up findings and predictors of outcome. Depress Anxiety 2014;31:964971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, JE, Stein, DJ. Body-focused repetitive behavior disorders in ICD-11. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2014;36(Suppl 1):5964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sah, DE, Koo, J, Price, VH. Trichotillomania. Dermatol Ther. 2008;21:1321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, LJ, Stein, DJ, Simeon, D, et al. Clinical profile, comorbidity, and treatment history in 123 hair pullers: a survey study. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56:319326.Google Scholar
Bloch, MH. Trichotillomania across the life span. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48:879883.Google ScholarPubMed
Bruce, TO, Barwick, LW, Wright, HH. Diagnosis and management of trichotillomania in children and adolescents. Paediatr Drugs. 2005;7:365376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flessner, CA, Lochner, C, Stein, DJ, et al. Age of onset of trichotillomania symptoms: investigating clinical correlates. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010;198:896900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christenson, GA, Mackenzie, TB, Mitchell, JE. Characteristics of 60 adult chronic hair pullers. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:365370.Google Scholar
Odlaug, BL, Kim, SW, Grant, JE. Quality of life and clinical severity in pathological skin picking and trichotillomania. J Anxiety Disord. 2010;24:823829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, JE, Odlaug, BL, Chamberlain, SR, et al. Skin picking disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:11431149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenroot, RK, Giedd, JN. The changing impact of genes and environment on brain development during childhood and adolescence: initial findings from a neuroimaging study of pediatric twins. Dev Psychopathol. 2008;20:11611175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, DJ, Kogan, CS, Atmaca, M, et al. The classification of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders in the ICD-11. J Affect Disord. 2016;190:663674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, HB, Reddy, YC. Obsessive-compulsive disorder for ICD-11: proposed changes to the diagnostic guidelines and specifiers. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2014;36(Suppl 1):313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreyenbuhl, J, Buchanan, RW, Dickerson, FB, Dixon, LB, Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36:94103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, YC, Srinath, S, Prakash, HM, et al. A follow-up study of juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder from India. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003;107:457464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Regier, DA, Narrow, WE, Clarke, DE, et al. DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, Part II: test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:5970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanislow, CA, Pine, DS, Quinn, KJ, et al. Developing constructs for psychopathology research: research domain criteria. J Abnorm Psychol. 2010;119:631639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillan, CM, Fineberg, NA, Robbins, TW. A trans-diagnostic perspective on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2017;47:15281548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Insel, TR. The NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project: precision medicine for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:395397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haro, JM, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Bitter, I, et al. ROAMER: roadmap for mental health research in Europe. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014;23(Suppl 1):114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×