On September 21, 1881, the Finnish Lutheran missionary Martti Rautanen reported in his diary that Sheya sha Namutenya, chief minister to Kambonde, king of Ondonga in modern-day northern Namibia, had died of a chronic abdominal illness. He continued, “Some eight days before his death a man was accused of witchcraft and killed. A woman was supposed to undergo the same fate, but she still had time to flee.” Nearly three weeks later Rautanen wrote, “Yet another man, Uusiku ua Nepaya, an owner of a large homestead, was shot dead on account of Sheya while he slept. O! Cruelty without measure!”

Decades later, an Ndonga man training to become a pastor wrote of the same time period:

By far the richest written documentation on the nineteenth-century history of much of Africa was produced as a result of mission endeavors. The Ovambo communities of northern Namibia and southern Angola, of which Ondonga was one, are no exception. The archival sources left by the Finns who dominated the Ovambo mission field include diaries, annual reports, correspondence, several published ethnographies, collections of proverbs and photographs, and a massive body of ethnographic fieldnotes from the 1930s, some written by literate, Christian Ovambo and the rest transcribed by a missionary who interviewed older Ovambo men in the local language. Also within these archives are records written by Ovambo, primarily male seminary students writing in the 1930s and 1940s about their lives and stories their parents told them.