INTRODUCTION

In Book VII of Confessio amantis Genius recounts the parts of philosophy to Amans, the second element of which is Rhetoric. Words are the most powerful amongst earthly things, and they should, accordingly, be truthful:

But if plain, unequivocal speech is recommended to a king here, it is clear that Gower's larger sense of persuasive discourse cannot be summarized so simply. For in the model of the poem which I have suggested in the last two chapters, we can see how verbal strategy must be characterized by a good deal of ‘double speche’ (vil.1733). The whole poem, I have been arguing, is generated out of fundamental incongruences and indirections, which are particularly pronounced in the figure of Genius. Once we understand the psychological status of Genius, we realize that his claim to authority over Amans cannot be accepted without qualification: he is, after all, Amans's genius, the very imaginative faculty which feeds the concupiscent will, with which he is so closely associated. But, we have observed, his potential allegiances are also wider, through his connection with the reason.