Redkey, Edwin, “The Flowering of Black Nationalism: Henry McNeal Turner and Marcus Garvey” in John Henrik Clarke (ed.), Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa (New York: Vintage, 1974)Google Scholar

Hill, Robert and Barbara Bair, Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987)Google Scholar

Martin, Tony, Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976)Google Scholar

Gilroy, Paul, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000)Google Scholar

Thompson, Mark Christian, Black Fascisms: African American Literature and Culture Between the Wars (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007)Google Scholar

Stein, Judith, The World of Marcus Garvey: Race and Class in Modern Society (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986)Google Scholar

Taylor, Ula, The Veiled Garvey: The Life and Times of Amy Jacques Garvey (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002)Google Scholar

Watkins-Owens, Irma, Blood Relations: Caribbean Immigrants and the Harlem Community, 1900–1930 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996)Google Scholar

Garvey, Amy Jacques (ed.), Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey (New York: Atheneum, 1992)

Macey, David, Frantz Fanon: A Biography (New York: Picador, 2000)Google Scholar

Fanon, Frantz, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Markmann, Charles Lam (New York: Grove Press, 1967)Google Scholar

Fanon, Frantz, Toward the African Revolution: Political Essays, trans. Chevalier, Haakon (New York: Grove Press, 1967)Google Scholar

Mudimbe, Valentin, The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988)Google Scholar

Gilroy, Paul, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Edwards, Brent Hayes, The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003)Google Scholar

Wright, Michelle, Becoming Black: Creating Identity in the African Diaspora (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004)Google Scholar

Warren, Kenneth, “Appeals for (Mis)recognition: Theorizing the Diaspora” in Kaplan, Amy and Pease, Donald (eds.), Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Jameson, Fredric, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981)Google Scholar

Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London and New York: Verso, 1991)Google Scholar

Morrison, Toni, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (New York: Vintage, 1992)Google Scholar

Said, Edward, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978)Google Scholar

Miller, Christopher, Blank Darkness: Africanist Discourse in French (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985)Google Scholar

Baym, Nina, “Concepts of Romance in Hawthorne's America,” Nineteenth-Century Fiction 38 (1984), 426–443CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crews, Frederick, “Whose American Romance?” New York Review of Books 35 (1988)Google Scholar

Bell, Michael Davitt, The Development of American Romance: The Sacrifice of Relation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980)Google Scholar

Hall, Stuart, “Cultural Identity and Diaspora” in Williams, Patrick and Chrisman, Laura (eds.), Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994)Google Scholar

Morley, David and Ching, Kuan-Hsing (eds.), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (London: Routledge, 1996)

Elmer, Jonathan, “The Black Atlantic Archive,” American Literary History 17.1 (2005), 160–170CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Santamarina, Xiomara, “‘Are We There Yet?’: Archives, History, and Specificity in African-American Literary Studies,” American Literary History 20.1–2 (2008), 304–316CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tololyan, Khachig, “Rethinking Diaspora(s): Stateless Power in the Transnational Moment,” Diaspora 5.1 (1996), 3–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clifford, James, “Diasporas” in Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997)Google Scholar

Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997)Google Scholar

Bhabha, Homi, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994)Google Scholar

Pettinger, Alasdair, “Enduring Fortresses: A Review of The Black Atlantic,” Research in African Literatures 29. 4 (1998), 142–147Google Scholar

Piot, Charles, “Atlantic Aporias: Africa and Gilroy's Black Atlantic,” The South Atlantic Quarterly 100.1 (2001), 155–170CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skinner, Elliott, “Dialectic between Diasporas and Homelands” in Harris, Joseph E. (ed.), Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora (Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Fluck, Winfried, “The American Romance and the Changing Functions of the Imaginary,” New Literary History 27.3 (1996), 415–457CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Northrop, Frye, Anatomy of Criticism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957)Google Scholar

Heng, Geraldine, Empire of Magic: Medieval Romance and the Politics of Cultural Fantasy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003)Google Scholar

Kaplan, Amy, The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of US Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002)Google Scholar

Duncan, Ian, Modern Romance and Transformations of the Novel: The Gothic, Scott, Dickens (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benjamin, Walter, Illuminations, ed. Arendt, Hannah, trans. Zohn, Harry (London: Fontana, HarperCollins, 1992)Google Scholar

Nairn, Tom, The Break-up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-Nationalism (London: Verso, 1981)Google Scholar

Chatterjee's, ParthaThe Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995)Google Scholar

Glaude, Eddie, Jr. (ed.), Is it Nation Time? Contemporary Essays on Black Power and Black Nationalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002)

Gikandi, Simon, “Reason, Modernity and the African Crisis” in Deutsch, Jan-Georg, Probst, Peter, and Schmidt, Heike (eds.), African Modernities: Entangled Meanings in Current Debate (Oxford: James Currey, 2002)Google Scholar

Scott, David, Conscripts of Modernity: The Tragedy of Colonial Enlightenment (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mani, Lata and Frankenberg, Ruth, “Crosscurrents, Crosstalk: Race, ‘Postcoloniality’, and the Politics of Location,” Cultural Studies 7.2 (1993), 292–310Google Scholar

Sharpe, Jenny, “Is the United States Postcolonial? Transnationalism, Immigration, and Race,” Diaspora 4.2 (1995), 181–199CrossRefGoogle Scholar

King, Richard (ed.), Postcolonial America (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 2000)

Singh, Amritjit and Schmidt, Peter (eds.), Postcolonial Theory and the United States: Race, Ethnicity, and Literature (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2000)

Hall, Stuart, “Black Diaspora Artists in Britain: Three ‘Moments’ in Post-War History,” History Workshop Journal 61 (2006) 1–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tate, Claudia, Domestic Allegories of Political Desire: The Black Heroine's Text at the Turn of the Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)Google Scholar

Yarborough, Richard, Introduction to Pauline Hopkins's, Contending Forces: A Romance Illustrative of Negro Life North and South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)Google Scholar

Gaines, Kevin, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Warren, Kenneth, Black and White Strangers: Race and American Literary Realism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Brooks, Gwendolyn, Afterword to Contending Forces (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1978)Google Scholar

Carby, Hazel, Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)Google Scholar

duCille, Ann, The Coupling Convention: Sex, Text, and Tradition in Black Women's Fiction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Gillman, Susan, Blood Talk: American Race Melodrama and the Culture of the Occult (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003)Google Scholar

Hopkins, Pauline, Of One Blood: Or, the Hidden Self, rpr. The Magazine Novels of Pauline Hopkins, intro. Hazel Carby (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)Google Scholar

Moses, Wilson Jeremiah, Classical Black Nationalism: From the American Revolution to Marcus Garvey [New York: New York University Press, 1996]Google Scholar

Moses, Wilson Jeremiah, The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850–1925 [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978], 6)Google Scholar

Bullock, Penelope, The Afro-American Periodical Press, 1838–1909 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981)Google Scholar

Doreski, C. K., “Inherited Rhetoric and Authentic History: Pauline Hopkins at the Colored American Magazine” in Gruesser, John (ed.), The Unruly Voice: Rediscovering Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996)Google Scholar

Phillips, Ulrich, Life and Labor in the Old South (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963)Google Scholar

Sundquist, Eric, To Wake the Nations: Race in the Making of American Literature (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Bracey, John, Meier, August, and Rudwick, Elliott, Black Nationalism in America (New York: Bobbs Merrill, 1970)Google Scholar

Stuckey, Sterling, The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism (Boston: Beacon, 1972)Google Scholar

Otten, Thomas, “Pauline Hopkins and the Hidden Self of Race,” English Literary History 59.1 (1992), 227–256CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilroy, Paul, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Kaplan, Amy, The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of US Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002)Google Scholar

Bois, W. E. B. Du, The Souls of Black Folk (New York: Penguin, 1996)Google Scholar

Woodward, C. Vann, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955)Google Scholar

Williamson, Joel, A Rage for Order (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986)Google Scholar

Numbers, Ronald, Darwinism Comes to America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998)Google Scholar

Fredrickson, George, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914 (Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1987)Google Scholar

Gossett, Thomas, Race: The History of an Idea in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997)Google Scholar

Sollors, Werner, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986)Google Scholar

Gould, Stephen Jay, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1981)Google Scholar

Morrison, Toni, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (New York: Vintage, 1992)Google Scholar

Douglass, Frederick, “African Civilization Society” in Howard Brotz (ed.), Negro Social and Political Thought, 1850–1920: Representative Texts (New York: Basic Books, 1966)Google Scholar

Carlisle, Rodney, The Roots of Black Nationalism (New York: Kennikat, 1975)Google Scholar

Geiss, Imanuel, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa, trans. Keep, Ann (New York: Africana, 1974)Google Scholar

Staudendraus, P. J., The African Colonization Movement, 1816–1877 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961)Google Scholar

Smith, John David (ed.), Anti-Black Thought, 1863–1925: The American Colonization Society and Emigration (New York: Garland, 1993)

Mudimbe, Valentin, The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988)Google Scholar

Appiah, Anthony, In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)Google Scholar

Moses, Wilson Jeremiah, Afrotopia: The Roots of African American Popular History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blyden, Edward Wilmot, Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race (London: University of Edinburgh Press, 1967)Google Scholar

Blyden, Edward Wilmot, “From West Africa to Palestine,” in Lynch, Hollis (ed.), Black Spokesman: Selected Published Writings of Edward Wilmot Blyden (London: Cass, 1972)Google Scholar

Pratt, Mary Louise, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Said, Edward, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978)Google Scholar

Page, Thomas Nelson, Red Rock: A Chronicle of Reconstruction (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1898)Google Scholar

Dixon, Thomas, The Leopard's Spots: A Romance of the White Man's Burden, 1865–1900 (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1902)Google Scholar

Berzon, Judith, Neither White nor Black: The Mulatto Character in American Fiction (New York: New York University Press, 1978)Google Scholar

Fabi, Giulia, Passing and the Rise of the African American Novel (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001)Google Scholar

Chesnutt, Charles, “The Wife of His Youth”in The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bois, W. E. B. Du, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1984)Google Scholar

Schrager, Cynthia, “Pauline Hopkins and William James: The New Psychology and the Politics of Race” in Abel, Elizabeth (ed.), Female Subjects in Black and White: Race, Psychoanalysis, Feminism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)Google Scholar

Brantlinger, Patrick, Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism, 1830–1914 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988)Google Scholar

Beer, Gillian, The Romance (London: Methuen, 1970)Google Scholar

Hopkins, Pauline, “The Test of Manhood,” Colored American Magazine 6 (December 1902), 113–119Google Scholar

Watkins Harper, Frances Ellen, Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)Google Scholar

Redkey, Edwin (ed.), Respect Black: The Writings and Speeches of Henry McNeal Turner (New York: Arno Press, 1971)

Hopkins, Pauline, A Primer of Facts Pertaining to the Early Greatness of the African Race and the Possibility of Restoration by Its Descendants – with Epilogue (Cambridge, MA: Pauline E. Hopkins, 1905)Google Scholar

Fabian, Johannes calls such a device “the denial of coevalness,” a move that serves to distance Africans from modernity and casts them as primitive (Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object [New York: Columbia University Press, 1983], 31)Google Scholar

Gruesser, John, Black on Black: Twentieth Century African American Writing About Africa (Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2000)Google Scholar

Higginbotham, Evelyn, Righteous Discontent: The Women's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Williams, Walter, Black Americans and the Evangelization of Africa (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982)Google Scholar

Kaplan, Amy and Pease, Donald (eds.), Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993)

Bhabha, Homi, “DissemiNation: Time, Narrative and the Margins of the Modern Nation,” The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994)Google Scholar

Young, Robert, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London: Routledge, 1995)Google Scholar

Shepperson, George, “Ethiopianism and African Nationalism,” Phylon 1.1 (1953), 9–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bois, W. E. B. Du, Dark Princess: A Romance (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1995)Google Scholar

Gilroy, Paul, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Bhabha, Homi, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994)Google Scholar

Edwards, Brent Hayes, The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003)Google Scholar

Mullen, Bill, Afro-Orientalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004)Google Scholar

Singh, Nikhil Pal, Black is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004)Google Scholar

Aptheker, Herbert, Introduction, Dark Princess: A Romance (Millwood, NY: Kraus Thomson, 1970), 19Google Scholar

Tate, Claudia, Introduction, Dark Princess: A Romance (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1995)Google Scholar

Rampersad, Arnold, The Art and Imagination of W. E. B. Du Bois (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976)Google Scholar

Bois, W. E. B. Du, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1984)Google Scholar

Claudia, Tate's influential rereading of the novel through psychoanalytic theory, see Psychoanalysis and Black Novels: Desire and the Protocols of Race (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)Google Scholar

Posnock, Ross, Color and Culture: Black Writers and the Making of the Modern Intellectual (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998)Google Scholar

Miller, Monica L., “W. E. B. Du Bois and the Dandy as Diasporic Race Man,” Callaloo 26.3 (2003), 738–765CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weinbaum, Alys, “Reproducing Racial Globality: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Sexual Politics of Black Nationalism,” Social Text 67 19.2 (2001)Google Scholar

English, Daylanne, “W. E. B. Du Bois's Family Crisis,” American Literature 72.2 (2000), 291–319Google Scholar

Warren, Kenneth, “An Inevitable Drift? Oligarchy, Du Bois, and the Politics of Race between the Wars,” boundary 2 27.3 (2000), 153–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bell, Bernard, Grosholz, Emily, and Stewart, James B. (eds.), W. E. B. Du Bois on Race and Culture: Philosophy, Politics, and Poetics (New York: Routledge, 1996)

Reed, Adolph, W. E. B. Du Bois and American Political Thought: Fabianism and the Color Line (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997)Google Scholar

Ahmad, Dohra, “‘More than Romance’: Genre and Geography in Dark Princess,” English Literary History 69.3 (2002), 775–803CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, David Levering, W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963 (New York: Henry Holt, 2000)Google Scholar

Martin, Tony, Literary Garveyism: Garvey, Black Arts and the Harlem Renaissance (Dover, MA: The Majority Press, 1983)Google Scholar

Bois, W. E. B. Du, “The Conservation of Races” in David Levering Lewis (ed.), W. E. B. Du Bois: A Reader (New York: Henry Holt, 1995)Google Scholar

Bois, W. E. B. Du, Darkwater: Voices From Within the Veil (New York: Dover, 1999)Google Scholar

Bois, W. E. B. Du, The Souls of Black Folk (New York: Penguin, 1996)Google Scholar

Appiah, Kwame Anthony, “The Uncompleted Argument: Du Bois and the Illusion of Race” in Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. (ed.), “Race,” Writing and Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986)Google Scholar

Sundquist, Eric, To Wake the Nations: Race in the Making of American Literature (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Gillman, Susan, Blood Talk: American Race Melodrama and the Culture of the Occult (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003)Google Scholar

Kaplan, Amy, The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of US Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002)Google Scholar

Gilroy, , Black Atlantic and Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000)Google Scholar

Appiah, Kwame Anthony, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (New York: Norton, 2006)Google Scholar

West, Cornel, The American Evasion of Philosophy (London: Macmillan, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robinson, Cedric, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983)Google Scholar

Marable, Manning, W. E. B. Du Bois: Black Radical Democrat (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1986)Google Scholar

Moses, Wilson argues for the importance of Du Bois's pan-Africanism and Ethiopianism in several books, most notably, The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850–1925 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978)Google Scholar

Stepto, Robert, “The Quest of the Weary Traveler” in William Andrews (ed.), Critical Essays on W. E. B. Du Bois (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1985)Google Scholar

Lewis, David Levering's W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919 (New York: Henry Holt, 1993)Google Scholar

Page, Thomas Nelson, Red Rock: A Chronicle of Reconstruction (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1898)Google Scholar

Dixon, Thomas, Jr., The Clansman: An Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970)Google Scholar

Dixon, Thomas, Jr., The Leopard's Spots: A Romance of the White Man's Burden, 1865–1900 (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1902)Google Scholar

Bois, Du, “On The Souls of Black Folk,” Independent 57 (May 17, 1904), 1152Google Scholar

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. and Oliver, Terri Hume (eds.), The Souls of Black Folk (New York: Norton Critical Edition, 1999)Google Scholar

Locke, Alain (ed.), The New Negro: Voices of the Harlem Renaissance (New York: Touchstone, 1997)

Hopkins, Pauline, Contending Forces: A Romance Illustrative of Negro Life North and South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)Google Scholar

Watkins Harper, Frances Ellen, Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)Google Scholar

Bois, W. E. B. Du, “The Criteria of Negro Art” in Winston Napier (ed.), African American Literary Theory: A Reader (New York: New York University Press, 2000)Google Scholar

Jameson, Fredric, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981)Google Scholar

Carby, Hazel, “The Souls of Black Men” in Gillman, Susan and Weinbaum, Alys Eve (eds.), Next to the Color Line: Gender, Sexuality, and W. E. B. Du Bois (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007)Google Scholar

Garvey, Marcus, “African Fundamentalism” in Hill, Robert and Bair, Barbara (eds.), Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987)Google Scholar

Garvey, Marcus, “The Negro's Place in World Reorganization” in Garvey, Amy Jacques (ed.), Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey (New York: Atheneum, 1992)Google Scholar

Stephens, Michelle, Black Empire: The Masculine Global Imaginary of Caribbean Intellectuals in the United States, 1914–1962 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garvey, Marcus, Jr., “Garveyism: Some Reflections on Its Significance for Today” in Clarke, John Henrik (ed.), Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa (New York: Vintage, 1974)Google Scholar

Delany, Martin, “Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party” in Brotz, Howard (ed.), Negro Social and Political Thought, 1850–1920 (New York: Basic Books, 1966)Google Scholar

Blyden, Edward, “Africa for the African” in Henry Wilson (ed.), Origins of West African Nationalism (London: Macmillan Press, 1969)Google Scholar

Hayford, Joseph Casely, Ethiopia Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation (London: Frank Cass, 1969)Google Scholar

Warren, Kenneth, “Appeals for (Mis)recognition: Theorizing the Diaspora” in Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease (eds.), Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Edwards, Brent, “Three Ways to Translate the Harlem Renaissance” in Fabre, Geneviève and Feith, Michael (eds.), Temples for Tomorrow: Looking Back at the Harlem Renaissance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001)Google Scholar

Langley, J. Ayodele, Pan-Africanism and Nationalism in West Africa, 1900–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973)Google Scholar

Geiss, Imanuel, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa, trans. Keep, Ann (New York: Africana, 1974)Google Scholar

Appiah, Anthony, In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1992)Google Scholar

Achebe, Chinua, Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays (New York: Anchor Books, 1989)Google Scholar

Thiong'o, Ngugi wa, Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature (Oxford: James Currey, 1986)Google Scholar

Walters's, Joseph 1891 novel, Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994)Google Scholar

Plaatje's, Sol 1930 Mhudi (London: Heinemann, 1978)Google Scholar

Obeng's, R. E. 1943 Eighteenpence (Legon: Sub Saharan Publishers, 1998)

Abrahams's, PeterMine Boy (London: Dorothy Crisp, 1946)Google Scholar

Tutuola's, Amos 1952 The Palm Wine Drinkard (New York: Grove Press, 1984)Google Scholar

Sekyi's, Kobina 1914 dramatic comedy, The Blinkards: A Comedy (Ibadan: Heinemann, 1974)Google Scholar

Ahuma's, Attoh 1911 nationalist polemic, The Gold Coast Nation and National Consciousness (London: Frank Cass, 1971)Google Scholar

Sarbah's, John 1897 Fanti Customary Laws (London: Frank Cass, 1968)Google Scholar

Newell, Stephanie, Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: How to Play the Game of Life (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002)Google Scholar

Korang, Kwaku Larbi, Writing Ghana, Imagining Africa: Nation and African Modernity (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2003)Google Scholar

Achebe, Chinua, “The African Writer and the English Language” in Morning Yet on Creation Day: Essays (New York: Anchor Press, 1975)Google Scholar

Echeruo, Michael, Victorian Lagos: Aspects of Nineteenth Century Lagos Life (London: Macmillan, 1977)Google Scholar

Zachernuk, Philip, Colonial Subjects: An African Intelligentsia and Atlantic Ideas (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000)Google Scholar

Kingsley, Mary, Travels in West Africa: Congo Français, Corisco, and Cameroons (London: Macmillan, 1900)Google Scholar

Chatterjee, Partha, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986)Google Scholar

Mamdani, Mahmood, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996)Google Scholar

Lugard, F. D., The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1926)

Achebe, Chinua, Things Fall Apart (New York: Anchor Books, 1994)Google Scholar

Wren, Robert, Achebe's World: The Historical and Cultural Context of the Novels of Chinua Achebe (London: Longman, 1981)Google Scholar

Obiechina, Emmanuel, Culture, Tradition, and Society in the West African Novel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975)Google Scholar

Okafor, Clement, “Igbo Cosmology and the Parameters of Individual Accomplishment in Things Fall Apart” in Okpewho, Isidore (ed.), Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart: A Casebook (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)Google Scholar

Quayson, Ato, “Realism, Criticism, and the Disguises of Both: A Reading of Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart with an Evaluation of the Criticism Relating to It,” Research in African Literatures 25 (1994), 117–136Google Scholar

Coundouriotis, Eleni, Claiming History: Colonialism, Ethnography, and the Novel (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999)Google Scholar

Gikandi, Simon, Reading Chinua Achebe: Language and Ideology in Fiction (London: James Currey, 1991)Google Scholar

Gikandi, Simon, “Chinua Achebe and the Invention of African Culture,” Research in African Literatures 32.3 (2001), 3–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Soyinka, Wole, Art, Dialogue and Outrage: Essays on Literature and Culture (Ibadan: New Horn, 1988)Google Scholar

Achebe, Chinua, Arrow of God (New York: Anchor Books, 1969)Google Scholar

Guha, Ranajit, Dominance Without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998)Google Scholar

Soyinka, Wole, Myth, Literature and the African World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976)Google Scholar

Achebe, Chinua, Anthills of the Savannah (New York: Anchor Books, 1988)Google Scholar

Irele, Abiola, The African Imagination (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)Google Scholar

Nkrumah, Kwame, I Speak of Freedom: A Statement of African Ideology (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962)Google Scholar

Apter, David, Ghana in Transition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972)Google Scholar

Birmingham, David, Kwame Nkrumah: The Father of African Nationalism (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1998)Google Scholar

Davidson, Basil, Black Star: A View of The Life and Times of Kwame Nkrumah (London: Allen Lane, 1973)Google Scholar

Rooney, David, Kwame Nkrumah: The Political Kingdom in the Third World (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988)Google Scholar

Sherwood, Marika, Kwame Nkrumah: The Years Abroad, 1935–1947 (Accra-Legon: Freedom Publications, 1996)Google Scholar

Hodgkin, Thomas, Nationalism in Colonial Africa (New York: New York University Press, 1957)Google Scholar

Gaines, Kevin, American Africans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meriwether, James, Proudly We Can Be Africans: Black Americans and Africa, 1935–1961 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, James T., Middle Passages: African American Journeys to Africa, 1787–2005 (New York: Penguin, 2006)Google Scholar

Eschen, Penny, Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997)Google Scholar

Singh, Nikhil Pal, Black is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004)Google Scholar

Powell, Erica, describes Nixon's encounter with the Alabama delegation in Private Secretary (Female)/Gold Coast (London: Hurst, 1984)Google Scholar

Wright, Richard, Black Power: A Record of Reactions in a Land of Pathos (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995)Google Scholar

Appiah, Anthony, “A Long Way from Home: Wright in the Gold Coast” in Arnold Rampersad (ed.), Richard Wright: A Collection of Critical Essays (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1995)Google Scholar

Wright, Richard, The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1994)Google Scholar

Padmore, George offers an account of Nkrumah that focuses primarily on the ideological questions of communism and African socialism in The Gold Coast Revolution: The Struggle of an African People from Slavery to Freedom (London: Dennis Dobson, 1953)Google Scholar

James, C. L. R. deliberately foregrounds the distance between the Nkrumah of the moment of the upheaval of decolonization and the one that becomes the leader of the state in Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution (London: Allison and Busby, 1977)Google Scholar

Davidson, Basil, The Black Man's Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation-State (New York: Times Books, 1992)Google Scholar

Smith, Virginia Whatley (ed.), Richard Wright's Travel Writings: New Reflections (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001)

Wright, Richard, Black Boy (New York: Perennial, 1998)Google Scholar

Baldwin, James, “Many Thousands Gone” in Notes of a Native Son: Collected Essays (New York: Library of America, 1998)Google Scholar

Fabre, Michel, “Beyond Naturalism?” in Harold Bloom (ed.), Richard Wright: Modern Critical Views (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987)Google Scholar

Blair, Sara, Harlem Crossroads: Black Writers and the Photograph in the Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007)Google Scholar

Wright, Richard, Native Son (New York: Perennial, 1987)Google Scholar

Wright, Richard, “Blueprint for Negro Writing” in Napier, Winston (ed.), African American Literary Theory: A Reader (New York: New York University Press, 2000)Google Scholar

Gates, Henry Louis, The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988)Google Scholar

Carby, Hazel, Cultures in Babylon: Black Britain and African America (New York: Verso, 1999)Google Scholar

Shankar, Subramaniam, Textual Traffic: Colonialism, Modernity, and the Economy of the Text (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001)Google Scholar

Pratt, Mary Louise, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rowley, Hazel, Richard Wright: The Life and Times (New York: Henry Holt, 2001)Google Scholar

,Constance Webb, Richard Wright: A Biography (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1968)Google Scholar

Korang, Kwaku Larbi, Writing Ghana, Imagining Africa: Nation and African Modernity (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2003)Google Scholar

Gates, Henry Louis, “Critical Fanonism,” Critical Inquiry 7.3 (1989), 457–470Google Scholar

Alessandrini, Anthony (ed.), Frantz Fanon: Critical Perspectives (London and New York: Routledge, 1999)

Gordon, Lewis, Sharpley-Whiting, Tracy Denean, and White, Renee (eds.), Fanon: A Critical Reader (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996)

Bhabha, Homi, “Interrogating Identity” in The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994)Google Scholar

Robinson, Cedric, “The Appropriation of Frantz Fanon” (Race & Class 35.1 [1993], 79–91)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lazarus, Neil, Resistance in Postcolonial African Fiction (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hakutani, Yoshinobu (ed.), Critical Essays on Richard Wright (Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, 1982)

Macey, David, Frantz Fanon: A Biography (New York: Picador, 2000)Google Scholar

Barker, Francis, Hulme, Peter, and Iversen, Margaret (eds.), Colonial Discourse/ Postcolonial Theory (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994)

Lazarus's, Neil discussion of Fanon's nationalitarianism (an egalitarian nationalism) in Nationalism and Cultural Practice in the Postcolonial World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nkrumah, Kwame, Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah (New York: International Publishers, 1971)Google Scholar

Anderson, Benedict, The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia and the World (London: Verso, 1998)Google Scholar

Alessandrini, Anthony (ed.), Frantz Fanon: Critical Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 1999)

Aidoo, Ama Ata, No Sweetness Here and Other Stories (New York: Feminist Press, 1995)Google Scholar

James, Adeola (ed.), “Ama Ata Aidoo,” In Their Own Voices: African Women Writers Talk (London: James Currey, 1990)

Azodo, Ada Uzuamaka and Wilentz, Gay (eds.), Emerging Perspectives on Ama Ata Aidoo [Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1999]

Aidoo, Ama Ata, Our Sister Killjoy or Reflections from a Black-Eyed Squint (Edinburgh: Longman African Writers, 1977)Google Scholar

Armah, Ayi Kwei, The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born (London: Heinemann, 1968)Google Scholar

Lazarus, Neil, Resistance in Postcolonial African Fiction (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fanon, Frantz, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Markmann, Charles Lam (New York: Grove Press, 1967)Google Scholar

Phillips, Caryl, A New World Order: Essays (New York: Vintage, 2002)Google Scholar

Ledent, Bénédicte, Caryl Phillips (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002)Google Scholar

Bhabha, Homi, “DissemiNation: Time, Narrative and the Margins of the Modern Nation” in The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994)Google Scholar

Rushdy, Ashraf, Neo-Slave Narratives: Studies in the Social Logic of a Literary Form (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)Google Scholar

Keizer, Arlene, Black Subjects: Identity Formation in the Contemporary Novel of Slavery (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004)Google Scholar

Smith, Valerie, “Neo-Slave Narratives” in Audrey Fisch (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the African American Slave Narrative (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007)Google Scholar

Sharpe, Jenny, Ghosts of Slavery: A Literary Archaeology of Black Women's Lives (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003)Google Scholar

Phillips, Caryl, Cambridge (New York: Vintage, 1993)Google Scholar

Patteson, Richard, Caribbean Passages: A Critical Perspective on New Fiction from the West Indies (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998)Google Scholar

Chavanelle, Sylvie, “Caryl Phillips's Cambridge: Ironical (Dis)empowerment?” The International Fiction Review 25 (1998), 78–88Google Scholar

Coetzee, J. M., Stranger Shores: Literary Essays, 1986–1999 (New York: Viking, 2001)Google Scholar

Fabre, Genevieve and O'Meally, Robert, History and Memory in African-American Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994)Google Scholar

Lemelle, Sidney and Kelley, Robin D. G., Imagining Home: Class, Culture and Nationalism in the African Diaspora (New York: Verso, 1994)Google Scholar

Diedrich, Maria, Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Pedersen, Carl (eds.), Black Imagination and the Middle Passage (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999)

Hine, Darlene Clark and McLeod, Jacqueline (eds.), Crossing Boundaries: Comparative History of Black People in Diaspora (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999)

Grewal, Inderpal and Kaplan, Caren, Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994)Google Scholar

Blunt, Alison, Travel, Gender and Imperialism: Mary Kingsley and West Africa (New York: Guilford Press, 1994)Google Scholar

Mercer, Kobena, “Back to My Routes: A Postscript to the 1980s” in Proctor, James (ed.), Writing Black Britain, 1948–1998: An Interdisciplinary Anthology (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000)Google Scholar

Phillips, Caryl, Crossing the River (New York: Vintage, 1995)Google Scholar

Davies, Carol Boyce, Black Women, Writing and Identity: Migrations of the Subject (New York: Routledge, 1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lionnet, Françoise, Postcolonial Representations: Women, Literature, Identity (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995)Google Scholar

Guha, Ranajit, “On Some Aspects of the Historiography of Colonial India” in Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982)Google Scholar

Nelson, Cary and Grossberg, Lawrence (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988)CrossRef

Sarkar, Sumit, “The Decline of the Subaltern in Subaltern Studies” in Writing Social History (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997)Google Scholar

Gilroy, Paul, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Asante, Molefi Kete, The Afrocentric Idea (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987)Google Scholar

Barker, Francis, Hulme, Peter, and Iversen, Margaret (eds.), Colonial Discourse/Postcolonial Theory (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994)Google Scholar

Chrisman, Laura, “Journeying to Death: Gilroy's Black Atlantic,” Race and Class 39.2 (1997), 51–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dayan, Joan, “Paul Gilroy's Slaves, Ships, and Routes: The Middle Passage as Metaphor,” Research in African Literatures 27.4 (1996), 7–14Google Scholar

Lazarus, Neil, Nationalism and Cultural Practice in the Postcolonial World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (Boston: Beacon, 1995), 146–147Google Scholar

Ferguson, Russell (ed.), Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990)

Phillips, Caryl, The European Tribe (New York: Vintage, 1990)Google Scholar

Phillips, , The Atlantic Sound (New York: Knopf, 2000)Google Scholar

George, Lamming, The Pleasures of Exile (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992)Google Scholar

Thiong'o, Ngugı wa, “Freeing the Imagination: George Lamming's Aesthetics of Decolonization,” Transition 100 (2009), 164–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lamming, George, “Concepts of the Caribbean” in Birbalsingh, Frank (ed.), Frontiers of Caribbean Literature in English (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996)Google Scholar

Dash, Michael, Édouard Glissant (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Britton, Celia, Édouard Glissant and Postcolonial Theory: Strategies of Language and Resistance (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999)Google Scholar

Edwards, Brent Hayes, The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Nationalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003)Google Scholar

Bernabé, Jean, Chamoiseau, Patrick, and Confiant, Raphaël, “In Praise of Creoleness,” trans. Mohamed B. Taleb Khyar, Callaloo 13 (1990), 886–909CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benitez-Rojo, Antonio, The Repeating Island: The Caribbean and the Postmodern Perspective, trans. Maraniss, James (Durham: Duke University Press, 1992)Google Scholar

Henry, Paget, Caliban's Reason: Introducing Afro-Caribbean Philosophy (New York: Routledge, 2000)Google Scholar

Puri, Shalini, The Caribbean Postcolonial: Social Equality, Post-Nationalism, and Cultural Hybridity (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Retamar, Roberto Fernández, Caliban and Other Essays, trans. Baker, Edward (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989)Google Scholar

Gilroy, Paul, Postcolonial Melancholia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004)Google Scholar

Glissant, Édouard, “The Unforeseeable Diversity of the World,” trans. Haun Saussy, in Mudimbe-Boyi, Elisabeth (ed.), Beyond Dichotomies: Histories, Identities, Cultures, and the Challenge of Globalization (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002)Google Scholar