Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-wgjn4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-10T11:20:33.870Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - The Context of Roman Mediterranean PortSocieties

An Introduction to the PortuslimenProject

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 October 2020

Pascal Arnaud
Affiliation:
Université Lumière Lyon II
Simon Keay
Affiliation:
University of Southampton
Get access

Summary

This is the first book to arise from aninterdisciplinary initiative, the RomanMediterranean Ports project, which seeks a holisticunderstanding of early Imperial ports by addressinga range of key questions relating to theircharacter, organization and roles.1 Thegeographical centrality of the Mediterranean to theRoman Empire, which was without precedent and hasnot been matched subsequently, helped enable itspolitical integrity for well over 400 years. By theearly first century AD, Rome had come to dominateall of the shores surrounding the Mediterranean,transforming its constituent seas into a uniquemaritime space. Interconnected commercial networkscriss-crossed its many islands and micro-regions,enabling provincial communities to maintain intensecommercial relationships with Rome at the centre ofthe mare nostrum,although debates continue to rage over their scaleand the nature of theirorganization.2

Type
Chapter
Information
Roman Port Societies
The Evidence of Inscriptions
, pp. 1 - 35
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andreau, J. (1999) Banking and Business in the Roman World: Key Themes in Ancient History. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Andreau, J. (2015) La vie financière dans le monde romain. Les métiers de manieurs d’argent (IVe siècle av. J.-C.–IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.). Paris, École française de Rome.Google Scholar
Arévalo, A. and Bernal, D. (2007) Las cetariae de Baelo Claudia. Avance de las investigaciones arqueológicas en el barrio meridional (2000–2004). Arqueología monografías. Universidad de Sevilla.Google Scholar
Arnaud, P. (2005) Les routes de la navigation antique. Itinéraires en Méditerranée. Paris, Errance.Google Scholar
Arnaud, P. (2009) Notes sur le Stadiasmus de la Grande Mer (1): la Lycie et la Carie. Geographia Antiqua 18: 165–94.Google Scholar
Arnaud, P. (2010) Systèmes et hiérarchies portuaires en Gaule Narbonnaise. In Delestre, X. and Marchesi, H. (eds), Archéologie des rivages méditerranéens, 50 ans de recherche. Actes du Colloque d’Arles, 28–30 oct. 2009. Paris, Errance: 103–9.Google Scholar
Arnaud, P. (2011) Ancient maritime trade and sailing routes in their administrative, legal and economic contexts. In Robinson, D. and Wilson, A. (eds), Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean. Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology: 5978.Google Scholar
Arnaud, P. (2014) Maritime infrastructure between public and private initiative. In Kolb, A. (ed.), Infrastruktur und Herrschaftsorganisation im Imperium Romanum: Herrschaftsstrukturen und Herrschaftspraxis III. Akten der Tagung in Zürich 19.–20. 10. 2012. Berlin, De Gruyter: 161–79.Google Scholar
Arnaud, P. (2015a) La batellerie de fret nilotique d’après la documentation papyrologique (300 av. J.-C.–400 apr. J.-C.). In Pomey, P. (ed.), La batellerie égyptienne. Archéologie, histoire, ethnographie. Alexandria, Centre d’études alexandrines 34: 99150.Google Scholar
Arnaud, P. (2015b) The interplay between practitioners and decision-makers for the selection, organisation, utilisation and maintenance of ports in the Roman Empire. In Preiser-Kapeller, J. and Daim, F. (eds), Harbours and Maritime Networks as Complex Adaptive Systems. Mainz, Römanisch-germanisches Zentralmuseums: 6182.Google Scholar
Arnaud, P. (2016) Cities and maritime trade under the Roman Empire. In Schäfer, C. (ed.), Connecting the Ancient World: Mediterranean Shipping, Maritime Networks and their Impact. Pharos. Studien zur griechisch-römischen Antike Band 35. Rahden/Westfalen, Marie Leidorf: 117–74.Google Scholar
Bakker, J.T. (ed.) (1999) The Mill Bakeries of Ostia: Description and Interpretation. Amsterdam, Gieben.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldassare, I., Brigantini, L., Dolciotti, A.M., Morselli, C., Taglietti, F. and Taloni, M. (1985) La necropolis dell’Isola Sacra. Campagne di scavo 1976–1979. In Scavi e ricerche archeologiche degli anni 1976–1979 II (Quaderni della ricerca scientifica 112). Rome, Consiglio nazionale della ricerca: 202–61.Google Scholar
Baroni, A.-F. and Rougier, H. (2016) Des acteurs du commerce entre l’Afrique et Rome: les africains d’Ostie et leurs réseaux sous le Haut-Empire. In Baroni, A.-F., Bernard, G., Le Teuff, B. and Ruiz Darasse, C. (eds), Échanger en Méditerranée. Acteurs, pratiques et norms dans les mondes anciens. Presses universitaires de Rennes: 169203.Google Scholar
Bartoccini, R. (1958) Il porto romano di Leptis Magna. Bollettino del Centro Studi per la Storia dell’Architettura 13. Rome, Gangemi.Google Scholar
Ben Jerbania, I., Fentress, E., Ghozzi, F., Wilson, A.I., Carpentiero, G., Dhibi, C., Dufton, J.A., Hay, S., Jendoubi, K., Mariotti, E., Morley, G., Oueslati, T., Sheldrick, N. and Zocchi, A. (2015) Excavations at Utica by the Tunisian‐British Utica Project 2014. http://utica.classics.ox.ac.uk/index.php?id=29Google Scholar
Bernard, G. (2016) Introduction. In Baroni, A.-F., Bernard, G., Le Teuff, B. and Ruiz Darasse, C. (eds), Échanger en Méditerranée. Acteurs, pratiques et norms dans les mondes anciens. Presses universitaires de Rennes, 917.Google Scholar
Blackman, D. (1982a) Ancient harbours. Part 1. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 11.2: 79104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackman, D. (1982b) Ancient harbours. Part 2. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 11.3: 115211.Google Scholar
Boetto, G. (2010) Le port vu de la mer: l’apport de l’archéologie navale à l’étude des ports antiques. In Keay, S. and Boetto, G. (eds), Ostia, Portus and the Ports of the Roman Mediterranean. Double session presented at the XVII Conference of the Associazione internazionale di archeologia classica (AIAC) (Rome 2008). Bollettino di Archeologia. http://151.12.58.75/archeologia/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28&Itemid=28Google Scholar
Bonifay, M. (2004) Études sur les céramiques tardives d’Afrique. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1301. Oxford, Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Bonifay, M. (2009) Cargaisons africaines: reflet des entrepôts? Antiquités Africaines 43: 253–60.Google Scholar
Bonifay, M. and Tchernia, A. (2012) Les réseaux de la céramique africaine (Ier–Ve siècles). In Keay, S. (ed.), Rome, Portus and the Mediterranean. Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome 21. London, British School at Rome: 315–36.Google Scholar
Botte, E. (2009) Salaisons et sauces de poisons en Italie du sud et en Sicilie durant l’Antiquité. Collection du Centre de Jean Bérard 31. Naples, Centre Jean Bérard.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouras, C. (2016) The geography of connections: a harbour network in the Aegean Sea during the Roman Imperial period. In Hoghammer, K., Alroth, B. and Lindhagen, A. (eds), Ancient Ports: The Geography of Connections. Proceedings of an International Conference at the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 23–25 September 2010. Boreas 34. Acta Universitatis Uppsaliensis. University of Uppsala: 201–22.Google Scholar
Brandon, C., Hohlfelder, R., Jackson, D. and Oleson, J.P. (2014) Building for Eternity: The History and Technology of Roman Concrete Engineering in the Sea. Oxford, Oxbow.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braudel, F. (1972–3)The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols. London, Fontana.Google Scholar
Bresson, A. (2016) The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Brokaert, W. (2013a) Navicularii et Negotiantes: A Prosopographical Study of Roman Merchants and Shippers. Pharos 1. Studien zur griechisch-romischen Antike 28. Rahden/Westfalen, Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Brokaert, W. (2013b). Financial experts in a spider web. A social network analysis of the archives of Caecilius Iucundus and the Sulpicii. Klio 95.2: 471510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brückner, H., Herda, A., Müllenhoff, M., Rabbel, W. and Stümpel, H. (2014) On the Lion Harbour and other harbours in Miletos: recent historical, archaeological, sedimentological and geophysical research. Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens VII. Aarhus University Press: 49104.Google Scholar
Brughmans, T., Collar, A. and Coward, F. (2016) Network perspectives on the past: tackling the challenges. In Brughmans, T., Collar, A. and Coward, F. (eds), The Connected Past: Challenges to Network Studies in Archaeology and History. Oxford University Press: 319.Google Scholar
Brughmans, T. and Poblome, J. (2016) Roman bazaar or market economy? Explaining tableware distributions through computational modelling. Antiquity 90.50: 393408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brun, J.P. (2016) The archaeology of Roman urban workshops: a French approach. In Wilson, A. and Flohr, M. (eds), Urban Craftsmen and Traders in the Roman World. Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy. Oxford University Press: 7794.Google Scholar
Bruni, S. (2000) Le navi antichi di Pisa. Ad un anno dall’inizio delle ricerche. Florence, Polistampa.Google Scholar
Brusin, G. (1934) Gli scavi di Aquileia. Udine, La Panarie.Google Scholar
Bruun, C. (2010) Water, oxygen isotopes, and immigration to Ostia-Portus. Journal of Roman Archaeology 23: 109–32.Google Scholar
Bukowiecki, E., Monteix, N. and Rousse, C. (2008) Entrepôts d’Ostie et de Portus. Les grandi horrea d’Ostie. Mélanges de l’École française de Rome Antiquité 120–1: 303–10.Google Scholar
Bukowiecki, E., Zugmeyer, S. and Panzieri, C. (2012), Portus, les entrepôts de Trajan. Chronique des activités archéologiques de l’École française de Rome. http://cefr.revues.org/286Google Scholar
Butcher, K. and Thorpe, R. (1997) A note on the excavation in central Beirut. Journal of Roman Archaeology 10: 291306.Google Scholar
Camodeca, G. (1992) L’archivio puteolano dei Sulpicii. Naples, Università Napoli Federico II.Google Scholar
Camodeca, G. (2006) Comunità di peregrini a Puteoli nei primi due secoli dell’Impero. In Angeli Bertinelli, M.G. and Donati, A. (eds), Le vie della storia. Migrazioni di popoli, viaggi di individui, circolazione di idee nel Mediterraneo antico. Atti del II incontro internazionale di storia antica (Genova 6–8 ottobre 2004). Scripta Antiqua et Mediaevalia 9. Rome, Bretschneider: 269–87.Google Scholar
Carre, M.B., Kovacic, V. and Tassaux, F. (2011) L’Istrie et la mer. La côte du Parentin dans l’Antiquité. Mémoires 25. Bordeaux, Ausonius.Google Scholar
Cavalier, L. (2007) Horrea d’Andriakè et Patara: un nouveau type d’édifices fonctionnels en Lycie à l’époque imperial. Révue des Études Anciennes 109: 5165.Google Scholar
Cébeillac-Gervasoni, M. (1996) Gli ‘Africani’ ad Ostia, ovvero ‘le mani sulla città’. In Montepaone, C. (ed.), L’incidenza dell’antico. Festschrift E. Lepore III. Naples, Luciano: 557–67.Google Scholar
Cébeillac-Gervasoni, M., Caldelli, M.-L. and Zevi, F. (2010) Epigrafia Latina. Ostia: Cento iscrizioni in contesto. Rome, Quasar.Google Scholar
Christol, M. (2008) Annona Urbis: remarques sur l’organisation du ravitaillement en huile de la ville de Rome au IIe siècle ap. J.-C. In Caldelli, M.L., Gregori, G.L. and Orlandi, S. (eds), Epigrafia 2006. Atti della XIVe Rencontre sur l’épigraphie in onore di Silvio Panciera con altri contributi di colleghi, allievi e collaboratori. Tituli 9. Rome, Quasar: 271–98.Google Scholar
Christol, M. (2013) Annona Urbis: la part de l’échange. In Baroni, A.-F., Bernard, G., Le Teuff, B. and Ruiz Darasse, C. (eds), Échanger en Méditerranée. Acteurs, pratiques et norms dans les mondes anciens. Presses universitaires de Rennes: 3756.Google Scholar
Cottier, M., Crawford, M.H., Crowther, C.V., Ferrary, J.-L., Levick, B.M., Salomies, O. and Wörrle, M. (2008) The Customs Law of Asia. Oxford Studies in Ancient Documents. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decourt, J.-C., Gascou, J. and Guyon, J. (2005) IV-C-L’épigraphie. In Rothé, M.-P. and Tréziny, H. (eds), Marseille et ses alentours. Carte archéologique de la Gaule 13/3. Paris, Maison des sciences de l’homme: 161216.Google Scholar
De Gryse, P. (2014) Glass-Making in the Greco-Roman World: Results of the Archglass Project. Studies in Archaeological Sciences 4. Leuven University Press.Google Scholar
De Laet, J. (1949) Portorium. Étude sur l’organisation douanière chez les romains, surtout à l’époque du Haut-Empire. Bruges, De Tempel.Google Scholar
Delile, H., Abichou, A., Gadhoum, A., Goiran, J.-P., Pleuger, E., Monchambert, J.-Y., Wilson, A., Fentress, E., Quinn, J., Ben Jerbania, I. and Ghozzi, F. (2015) The geoarchaeology of Utica, Tunisia: the paleogeography of the Mejerda Delta and hypotheses concerning the location of the ancient harbor. Geoarchaeology 30: 291306.Google Scholar
Delile, H., Blichert-Toft, J., Goiran, J.-P., Stock, F., Arnaud-Godet, F., Bravard, J.-P., Brückner, H. and Albarède, F. (2015) Demise of a harbor: a geochemical chronicle from Ephesus. Journal of Archaeological Science 53: 202–13.Google Scholar
Delile, H., Keenan-Jones, D., Blichert-Toft, J., Goiran, J.-P., Arnaud-Godet, F., Romano, P. and Albarède, F. (2016) A lead isotope perspective on urban development in ancient Naples. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 16 May: 6148–53.Google Scholar
De Romanis, F. (1993) Puteoli e l’Oriente. In Zevi, F. (ed.), Puteoli. Naples, Banca di Napoli: 6172.Google Scholar
De Salvo, L. (1992) Economia private e pubblici servizi nell’impero romano. I corpora naviculariorum. Messina, Samperi.Google Scholar
Descœudres, J.P. (ed.) (2001) Ostia. Port et porte de la Rome antique. Geneva, Musée Rath.Google Scholar
Domergue, C. (1998) A view of Baetica’s external commerce in the 1st c. A.D. based on its trade in metals. In Keay, S. (ed.), The Archaeology of Roman Baetica. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 29: 201–15.Google Scholar
D’Oriano, R. (2002) Relitti di storia: lo scavo del porto di Olbia. Africa Romana 14: 1249–62.Google Scholar
Earl, G., Isaksen, L., Keay, S., Brughmans, and Potts, D. (2012) Computational methods on the Roman Port Networks project. In Keay, S. (ed.), Rome, Portus and the Mediterranean. Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome 21. London, British School at Rome: 411–22.Google Scholar
Equini Schneider, E. (ed.) (2010) Elaiussa Sebaste III. L’Agora romana. Istanbul, Ege Yayinlari.Google Scholar
Ferrary, J.-L., Hasenohr, C. and Le Dinahet, M.-T. (2002) Liste des Italiens de Délos. In Müller, C. and Hasenohr, C. (eds), Les italiens dans le monde grec. IIe siècle av. J.-C. – Ier siècle ap. J.-C. Circulation, activités, intégration. Actes de la table ronde, École normale supérieure, Paris 14–16 mai 1998. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Supplément 41. Paris, De Boccard: 183239.Google Scholar
Feuser, S. (2011) The Roman harbour of Alexandria Troas. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 40.2: 256–73.Google Scholar
France, J. (2001) Quadragesima Galliarum. L’organisation douanière des provinces alpestres, gauloises et germaniques de l’Empire romain. Collection de l’École française de Rome 278. Paris, École française de Rome.Google Scholar
Fulford, M.G. (1987) Economic interdependence among urban communities of the Roman Mediterranean. World Archaeology 19.1: 5875.Google Scholar
Gallina Zevi, A. and Turchetti, R. (eds) (2004) La struttura dei porti e degli approdi antichi. ANSER. Anciennes routes maritimes méditerranéennes. II seminario. Roma-Ostia antica 16–17 aprile 2004. Rome, Rubbettino.Google Scholar
Gaurier, D. (2004) Le droit romain maritime. Presses universitaires de Rennes.Google Scholar
Gebara, C. and Morhange, C. (2010) Fréjus (Forum Iulii): le port antique/The Ancient Harbour. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 77.Google Scholar
Giampaola, D., Carsana, V., Boetto, G., Florio, C., Panza, D., Capretti, C., Galotta, G., Giachi, G., Macchioni, N., Nugari, M.P. and Bartolini, M. (2005) La scoperta del porto di Neapolis: dalla ricostruzione topografica allo scavo e al recupero dei relitti. Archeologia Maritima Mediterranea 2: 4891.Google Scholar
Gianfrotta, P. (1980) Ancore romane. Nuovi materiali per lo studio dei traffici marittimi. In D’Arms, J. and Kopff, C. (eds), The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome: Studies in Archaeology and History. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 36. Ann Arbor, MI, American Academy in Rome: 103–16.Google Scholar
Gianfrotta, P. (1992) Note di epigrafia ‘marittima’. Aggiornamenti su tappi d’anfora, ceppi d’ancora e altro. In Nicolet, C. and Panciera, S. (eds), Epigrafia della produzione e della distribuzione. Atti de la VII Rencontre franco-italienne sur l’épigraphie du monde romain organisée par l’Université de Rome – La Sapienza et l’École française de Rome sous le patronage de l’Association internationale d’épigraphie grecque et latine. Rome, 5–6 juin 1992. Collection de l’École française de Rome 193. Paris, École française de Rome: 591608.Google Scholar
Goddio, F., Bernard, A., Bernard, E., Darwish, I., Kiss, Z. and Yoyotte, J. (1998) Alexandria: The Submerged Royal Quarters. London, Periplus.Google Scholar
Goiran, J.-P. and Morhange, C. (2001) Géoarcheologie des ports antiques de Méditerranée. Topoi 11: 645–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goiran, J.Salomon, P., Tronchère, F., Carbonel, H., Djerbi, P., H. and Ognard, C. (2011) Caratéristiques sédimentaires du basin portuaire de Claude: nouvelles données pour la localisation des ouvertures. In Keay, S. and Paroli, L. (eds), Portus and Its Hinterland. Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome 18. London, British School at Rome: 3145.Google Scholar
Goiran, J.-P., Tronchère, H., Salomon, F., Carbonell, P., Djerbi, H. and Ognard, C. (2010) Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the ancient harbors of Rome: Claudius and Trajan’s marine harbors on the Tiber delta. Quaternary International 216.12: 313.Google Scholar
Goodchild, R., Pedley, J., White, D. and Humphrey, J.H. (eds) (1976) Apollonia, the Port of Cyrene: Excavations by the University of Michigan 1965–1967. Libya Antiqua Supplement 4. Tripoli, Libyan Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Groh, S. (2006) Neue forschungen zur Stadtplanung in Ephesus. Jahreshafte des Osterreichslischen Archaologischen Instituts in Wien 75: 47116.Google Scholar
Harris, W. and Iara, K. (eds) (2011) Maritime Technology in the Ancient Economy: Ship Design and Navigation. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 82.Google Scholar
Heinzelmann, M. (2000) Die Nekropolen von Ostia. Untersuchungen zu den Graberstrassen vor der Porta Romana und an der Via Laurentina. Studien zur antiken Stadt. Herausgegeben von Paul Zanker 6. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaft. Komission zur Erforschung des antiken Stadtewesens. Munich, Pfeil.Google Scholar
Helttula, A. (1995) Observations on the inscriptions of the Isola Sacra and the people of Portus. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 36: 235–44.Google Scholar
Hermansen, G. (1982) Ostia: Aspects of Roman City Life. Edmonton, University of Alberta Press.Google Scholar
Hesnard, A., Bernardi, P. and Maurel, C. (2001) La topographie du port de Marseille de la fondation de la cité à la fin du Moyen Âge. In Bouiron, M., Tréziny, H., Bizot, B., Guilcher, A., Guyon, J. and Pagni, M. (eds), Marseille. Trames et paysages urbains. Études massaliètes 6. Aix-en-Provence, Edisud/Centre Camille Jullian: 159202.Google Scholar
Hohlfelder, R. (ed.) (2008)The Maritime World of Ancient Rome. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome Supplement 6. Ann Arbor, MI, American Academy in Rome.Google Scholar
Hordern, P. and Purcell, N. (2000) The Corrupting Sea. Oxford, Blackwell.Google Scholar
Houston, G.W. (1980) The administration of Italian seaports during the first three centuries of the Roman Empire. In D’Arms, J. and Kopff, C. (eds), The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome: Studies in Archaeology and History. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 36. Ann Arbor, MI, American Academy in Rome: 157–71.Google Scholar
Hurst, H. (2010) Understanding Carthage as a Roman port. In S. Keay and G. Boetto (eds), Ostia, Portus and the Ports of the Roman Mediterranean. Double session presented at the XVII Conference of the Associazione Internazionale di Archeologia Classica (AIAC) (Rome 2008). Bollettino di Archeologia. http://151.12.58.75/archeologia/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28&Itemid=28Google Scholar
Judeich, W. (1931) Topographie von Athen. Munich, Beck.Google Scholar
Keay, S. (ed.) (2012a) Rome, Portus and the Mediterranean. Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome 21. London, British School at Rome.Google Scholar
Keay, S. (2012b) The port system of Imperial Rome. In Keay, S. (ed.), Rome, Portus and the Mediterranean. Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome 21. London, British School at Rome: 3367.Google Scholar
Keay, S. (2016) Portus in its Mediterranean context. In Hoghammer, K., Alroth, B. and Lindhagen, A. (eds), Ancient Ports: The Geography of Connections. Proceedings of an International Conference of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 23–25 September 2010. Boreas 34. University of Uppsala Press: 291322.Google Scholar
Keay, S. (2018) The role played by the Portus Augusti in flows of commerce between Rome and its Mediterranean ports. In Woytek, B. (ed.), Infrastructure and Distribution in Ancient Economies: The Flow of Money, Goods and Services. International Congress 28–31 October 2014. Austrian Academy of Sciences. Institute for the Study of Ancient Culture. Division Documenta Antiqua. Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences: 147–92.Google Scholar
Keay, S. and Boetto, G. (eds) (2010) Ostia, Portus and the ports of the Roman Mediterranean. Double session presented at the XVII Conference of the Associazione Internazionale di Archeologia Classica (AIAC) (Rome 2008). Bollettino di Archeologia. http://151.12.58.75/archeologia/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28&Itemid=28Google Scholar
Keay, S., Millett, M., Paroli, L. and Strutt, K. (2005) Portus: An Archaeological Survey of the Port of Imperial Rome. Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome 15. London, British School at Rome.Google Scholar
Keay, S. and Paroli, L. (2011) Portus and Its Hinterland. Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome 18. London, British School at Rome.Google Scholar
Kilgrove, K. (2010) Response by K. Kilgrove to C. Bruun ‘Water, oxygen isotopes and immigration to Ostia-Portus’. Journal of Roman Archaeology 23: 133–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koçabas, U. (2012) The Old Ships of the New Gate. Yenikapi Shipwrecks 1. Istanbul, Ege Yayinlari.Google Scholar
Ladstätter, S., Pirson, F. and Schmidts, T. (2014) Harbors and Harbor Cities in the Eastern Mediterranean from Antiquity to the Byzantine Period: Recent Discoveries and Current Approaches. Byzas 19 (2 vols). Istanbul, Ege Yayinlari.Google Scholar
Laufer, E. 2015. Der neue Survey auf der Kane-Halbinsel (Kane Regional Harbour Survey) 2014. In F. Pirson (ed.), Pergamon – Bericht über die Arbeiten in der Kampagne 2014, Archäologischer Anzeiger 2015/2: 139–50.Google Scholar
Laurence, R. (2007) Roman Pompeii: Space and Society. London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Lawall, M. and Lund, J. (eds) (2013) The Transport Amphorae and Trade of Cyprus. Gosta Enbom Monographs 3. Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Lehmann, C.M. and Holum, K.G. (1999) The Greek and Latin Inscriptions of Caesarea Maritima. American Schools of Oriental Research. The Joint Expedition to Caesarea Maritima 5. Boston, MA, American School of Oriental Research.Google Scholar
Lehmann-Hartleben, K. (1923) Die antiken Hafenanlagen des Mittelmeeres. Klio-Beiheft 14. Leipzig, Klio Beiheft.Google Scholar
Le Roux, G., Véron, A. and Morhange, C. (2005) Lead pollution in the ancient harbours of Marseille. Méditerrannée 1.2: 3155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leveau, L. (1987) Caesarea de Mauretanie. Une ville romaine et ses campagnes. Collection de l’École française de Rome 70. Paris, École française de Rome.Google Scholar
Lo Cascio, E. (2007) The early Roman Empire. In Scheidel, W., Morris, I. and Saller, R. (eds), The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press: 619–47.Google Scholar
Marin, B. and Virlouvet, C. (2003) Nourrir les cités de Méditerranée. Antiquité–temps modernes. Collection L’atelier méditerranéen. Paris, Maison mediterranéenne des sciences de l’homme.Google Scholar
Marriner, N. and Morhange, C. (2007) Geoscience of ancient Mediterranean harbours. Earth Science Reviews 80: 137–94.Google Scholar
Marriner, N., Morhange, C., Boudagher-Fadel, M., Bourcier, M. and Carbonel, P. (2005) Geoarcheology of Tyre’s ancient northern harbour, Phoenicia. Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 1302–27.Google Scholar
McCann, A.M. (1987) The Roman Port and Fishery of Cosa: A Centre of Ancient Trade. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
McCormick, M. (2001) Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce AD 300–900. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Medas, S. (2008) Lo stadiasmo o Periplo del Mare Grande e la navigazione antica. Commento nautico al più antico testo portlanico attualmente noto. Gerión Anejos. Serie de monografías. Anejo 12. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.Google Scholar
Meiggs, R. (1970) Roman Ostia. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Miranda, E. (1985) Istituzioni afoni e culti. In AAVV Napoli Antica. Naples, Banca di Napoli: 386–95.Google Scholar
Monteix, N. (2016) Contextualizing the operational sequence: Pompeiian bakeries as a case study. In Wilson, A. and Flohr, M. (eds), Urban Craftsmen and Traders in the Roman World. Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy. Oxford University Press: 153–77.Google Scholar
Morley, N. (2007) The early Roman Empire: distribution. In Scheidel, W., Morris, I. and Saller, R. (eds), The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press: 570–91.Google Scholar
Nieto, X. (1997) Le commerce de cabotage et de redistribution. In Pomey, P. (ed.), La navigation dans l’Antiquité. Aix-en-Provence, Errance: 146–59.Google Scholar
Panella, C. (1993) Merci e scambio nel Mediterraneo tardoantico. In Schiavone, A. (ed.), Storia di Roma III. L’età tardoantica 2. I luoghi e le culture. Turin, Einaudi: 613–97.Google Scholar
Papi, E. (ed.) (2007) Supplying Rome and the Empire. The Proceedings of an International Seminar held at Siena-Certosa di Pontignano on May 2–4, 2004 on Rome, the Provinces, Production and Distribution. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 69.Google Scholar
Parker, A.J. (1992) Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and the Roman Provinces. British Archaeological Reports International Series S580. Oxford, British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Pascal Berlanga, G. and Pérez Ballester, J.P. (eds) (2003) Puertos fluviales antiguos: ciudad, desarrollo e infraestructura. Universitat de València.Google Scholar
Patrich, J. (2011) Studies in the Archaeology and History of Caesarea Maritima. Leiden, Brill.Google Scholar
Pavis d’Escurac, H. (1976) La préfecture de l’annone, service administrative impérial d’Auguste a Constantin. Paris, École française de Rome.Google Scholar
Pavolini, C. (2016) A survey of excavations and studies on Ostia (2004–2014). Journal of Roman Studies 106: 199236.Google Scholar
Pirson, F. (2009) Pergamon – Bericht uber de Arbeiten in der Kampagne 2007. Archaologischer Anzeiger 2: 129213.Google Scholar
Prowse, T. (2007) Isotopic evidence for age-related immigration to Imperial Rome. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132: 510–19.Google Scholar
Purcell, N. (2006) The ancient Mediterranean: the view from the Customs House. In Harris, W.V. (ed.), Rethinking the Mediterranean. Oxford, Blackwell: 200–32.Google Scholar
Raban, A. (ed.) (1985) Harbour Archaeology. Proceedings of the First International Workshop of Ancient Mediterranean Harbours, Caesarea Maritima. British Archaeological Reports International Series 257. Oxford, British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Raban, A. and Holum, K.G. (eds) (1996) Caesarea Maritima: A Retrospective after Two Millennia. Leiden, Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rathbone, D. (2009) Merchant networks in the Greek world: the impact of Rome. In Malkin, I., Constantiakopoulou, C. and Panagopoulous, K. (eds), Greek and Roman Networks in the Mediterranean. London, Routledge: 299310.Google Scholar
Reddé, J.M. (1986) Mare Nostrum. Les infrastructures, le dispositive, et l’histoire de la marine militaire sous l’Empire romain. Paris, École française de Rome.Google Scholar
Reynolds, J.M. and Ward-Perkins, J.B. (2009) Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania. Enhanced electronic reissue by Gabriel Bodard and Charlotte Roueché. http://inslib.kcl.ac.uk/irt2009/Google Scholar
Rickman, G. (1980) The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rickman, G. (1985) Towards a study of Roman Ports. In Raban, A. (ed.), Harbour Archaeology. Proceedings of the First International Workshop of Ancient Mediterranean Harbours, Caesarea Maritima. British Archaeological Reports International Series 257. Oxford, British Archaeological Reports: 105–14.Google Scholar
Rickman, G. (1988) The archaeology and history of Roman ports. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 17.3: 257–67.Google Scholar
Rickman, G. (1991) Problems of transport and the development of ports. In Giovannini, A. (ed.), Nourrir la plèbe. Actes du Colloque tenu à Genève les 28 et 29.ix.1989 en hommage à Dennis Van Berchem. Schweizerische Beitrage zur Altertumswissenschaft 22. Basel, Friedrich Rheinhardt: 103–18.Google Scholar
Robinson, D. and Wilson, A. (eds) (2011) Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean. Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology Monographs 6. Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology.Google Scholar
Rohde, D. (2012) Zwischen Individuum und Stadtgemeinde. Die Integration von Collegia in Hafenstädten. Studien zur alten Geschichte 15. Mainz, Verlag Antike.Google Scholar
Rosso, E. (2013) Segundum dignitatem municipi. Les édifices collégiaux et leur programme figurative entre publique et privé? In Dardenay, A. and Rosso, E. (eds), Dialogues entre sphère publique et sphère privée dans l’espace de la cité romaine. Vecteurs, acteurs, significations. Scriptantiqua 56. Bordeaux, Ausonius: 67121.Google Scholar
Rougé, J. (1966) Recherches sur l’organisation du commerce maritime en Méditeranée sous l’Empire romain. École Pratique des hautes études – VIe Section Centre de recherches historiques. Ports – routes – trafics 21. Paris, SEVPEN.Google Scholar
Sacco, G. (1984) Inscrizioni greche d’Italia: Porto. Rome, Edizioni di storia e litteratura.Google Scholar
Salomies, O. (2002) People in Ostia: some onomastic observations and conclusions. In Bruun, C. and Gallina Zevi, A. (eds), Ostia e Portus nelle loro relazioni con Roma. Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae 27. Rome, Institutum Romanum Finlandiae: 135–59.Google Scholar
Salomon, F., Keay, S., Carayon, N. and Goiran, J.P. (2016) The development and characteristics of ancient harbours: applying the PADM chart to the case studies of Ostia and Portus. PLoS-One 11.9: 147.Google Scholar
Sanchez, C. and Jézegou, M.P. (eds) (2011) Espaces littoraux et zones portuaires de Narbonne et sa région dans l’Antiquité. Monographies d’archéologie méditerranéenne 28. Lattes, Centre de documentation archéologique régional.Google Scholar
Sanna, B., Solinas, E., Spanu, P.G. and Zucca, R. (2014) Porti e approdi della Sardinia alla luce delle recenti ricerche subacquee: un problema metodologico. In Leone, D., Turchiano, M. and Volpe, G. (eds), Atti del III Convegno di archeologia subacquea. Manfredonia 4–6 ottobre 2007. Bari, Edipuglia: 269300.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. (2009) In search of Roman economic growth. Journal of Roman Archaeology 22: 4670.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W.(ed.) (2012) The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schörle, K. (2011) Constructing port hierarchies: harbours of the central Tyrrhenian coast. In Robinson, D. and Wilson, A. (eds), Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean. Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology: 93106.Google Scholar
Scranton, R., Shaw, J. and Ibrahim, L. (1978) Kenchreai. Eastern Port of Corinth. Results of Investigations by the University of Chicago and Indiana University for the American School of Classical Studies at Athens I. Topography and Architecture. Leiden, Brill.Google Scholar
Sirks, B. (1991) Food for Rome: The Legal Structure of the Transportation and Processing of Supplies for the Imperial Distributions in Rome and Constantinople. Amsterdam, Gieben.Google Scholar
Spanu, M. (2001) Per lo studio del porto di Efeso. Daidolos 1: 215–48.Google Scholar
Stefaniuk, L., Morhange, C., Blanc, P.F., Francou, S. and Goiran, J.P. (2005) Évolution des paysages littoraux dans le dépression sud-ouest de Cumes depuis 4000 ans. La question du port antique. Méditerranée 1.2: 31–5.Google Scholar
Steuernagel, D. (2004) Kult und Alltag in römischen Hafenstädten. Soziale Prozesse in archäologischer Perspektive. Potsdamer altertumswissenschaftliche Beiträge 11. Stuttgart, Steiner.Google Scholar
Stock, F., Pint, A., Horejs, B. and Brückner, H. (2013) In search of the harbours: new evidence of late Roman and Byzantine harbours of Ephesus. Quaternary International 312: 5769.Google Scholar
Stöger, H. (2011) Rethinking Ostia: A Spatial Enquiry into the Urban Society of Rome’s Imperial Port-Town. Archaeological Studies Leiden University 24. Leiden University Press.Google Scholar
Strauss, J. (2013). Shipwrecks Database. Version 1.0. oxrep.classics.ox.ac.uk/databases/shipwrecks_database/Google Scholar
Talbert, R. (2000) The Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tchernia, A. (2011) Fortunes des marchands. In Tchernia, A., Les Romains et le commerce. Naples, Centre Jean Bérard: 5799.Google Scholar
Tchernia, A. and Viviers, D. (2000) Athènes, Rome et leurs avants-ports: ‘mégapoles’ antiques et traffics méditerranéens. In Nicolet, C., Ilbert, R. and Depaule, J.-C. (eds), Mégapoles méditerranéenes. Géographie urbaine retrospective. Actes du Colloque organisé par l’École française de Rome et la Maison méditerranéenne des sciences de l’homme (Rome, 8–11 mai 1996). Collection de l’École française de Rome 261. Paris, École française de Rome: 761802.Google Scholar
Terpstra, T. (2013) Trading Communities in the Roman World: A Micro-Economic and Institutional Perspective. Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition 37. Leiden, Brill.Google Scholar
Testaguzza, O. (1970) Portus. Illustrazione dei porti di Claudio i Traiano e della città di Porto a Fiumicino. Rome, Julia Editrice.Google Scholar
Thylander, H. (1952) Inscriptions du port d’Ostie I–II. Lund, Gleerup.Google Scholar
Tran, N. (2006) Les membres des associations romaines. Le rang social des collegiati en Italie et en Gaule sous le Haut-Empire. Collection de l’École française de Rome 367. Paris, École française de Rome.Google Scholar
Trincherini, P.R., Domergue, C., Manteca, I., Nesta, A. and Quarati, P. (2009) The identification of lead ingots from the Roman mines of Cartagena: the role of lead isotope analysis. Journal of Roman Archaeology 22: 123–45.Google Scholar
Uggeri, G. (ed.) (2005) Atti del V Congresso di topografia antica. I porti del Mediterraneo in età classica (Roma 5–6 ottobre) parte 1. Rivista di topografia antica XV.Google Scholar
Uggeri, G.(ed.) (2006) Atti del V Congresso di topografia antica. I porti del Mediterraneo in età classica (Roma 5–6 ottobre) parte 2. Rivista di topografia antica XVI.Google Scholar
Van Nijf, O. (1997) The Civic World of Professional Associations in the Roman East. Amsterdam, A.C. Gieben.Google Scholar
Vélissaropoulos, J. (1980) Les nauclères grecs. Recherches sur les institutions maritimes en Grèce et dans l’orient hellénisé. Geneva, Droz.Google Scholar
Véron, A., Goiran, J.P., Morhange, C., Marriner, N. and Empereur, J.Y. (2006) Pollutant lead reveals the pre-Hellenistic occupation and ancient growth of Alexandria, Egypt. Geophysical Research Letters 3: 406–9.Google Scholar
Virlouvet, C. (2011) Les entrepôts dans le monde romain antique, forms et fonctions. Premières pistes pour un essai de typologie. In Arce, J. and Goffaux, B. (eds), Horrea d’Hispanie et de la Méditerranée romaine. Collection de la Casa de Velázquez 125. Madrid, Casa de Velázquez: 722.Google Scholar
Von Eickstedt, K.-V. (1991) Beitrage zur Topographie des antiken Piraus. Athens, Athenais archaiologikon etaireias.Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. (1994) Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. (2009) Indicators for Roman economic growth: a response to Walter Scheidel. Journal of Roman Archaeology 22: 7182.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. (2011) Developments in Mediterranean shipping and maritime trade from the Hellenistic period to AD 1000. In Robinson, D. and Wilson, A. (eds), Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean. Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology: 3359.Google Scholar
Wilson, A., Schörle, K. and Rice, C. (2012) Roman ports and Mediterranean connectivity. In Keay, S. (ed.), Rome, Portus and the Mediterranean. Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome 21. London, British School at Rome: 367–91.Google Scholar
Zaccaria, C. (ed.) (2001) Strutture portuali e rotte maritime nell’Adriatico di età romana. Atti del Convegno internazionale. Aquileia, 20–23 maggio 1998. Rome, Quasar.Google Scholar
Zaccaria, C. (2014) L’epigrafia dei porti. Atti della XVII Rencontre sur l’épigraphie du monde romain. Antichita Adriatiche LXXIX. Trieste, Arbor Sapientiae.Google Scholar
Zevi, F. (ed.) (1993) Puteoli. Naples, Banca di Napoli.Google Scholar
Zevi, F. (2008) I collegi di Ostia e le loro sedi associative tra Antonini e Severi. In Berrendonner, C., Cébeillac-Gervasoni, M. and Lamoine, L. (eds), Le quotidien municipal dans l’occident romain. Clermont-Ferrand, Presses universitaires Blaise Pascal: 477506.Google Scholar