The separation between sex and reproduction, through widespread availability of effective contraceptives and legal abortion, the rise of assisted reproduction and the increased acceptability of homosexuality, has become a major, if far from universal, feature of the modern world. Campaigning movements played a significant role in advancing the case, agitating to change laws and pioneering services. Until the 1930s, arguments by neo-Malthusians, eugenicists and radical sex reformers met with resistance from governments and hostility from medical professionals concerned to preserve their respectability. Birth control campaigners differed among themselves and had complex relations with other progressive social movements, while opposition has ranged from religious objectors and nationalist pronatalism around 1900 to attacks on abortion providers and homophobic legislation in the twenty-first century. Though the impact of campaigns for birth control upon its practice continues to be debated, they did much to disseminate the possibility and prefigure provision.