Tyson, M.D., Etzioni, D.A., Wisenbaugh, E.S., et al. Anatomic site-specific disparities in survival outcomes for penile squamous cell carcinoma. Urology 2012; 79(4): 804–808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Viens, L.J., Henley, S.J., Watson, M., et al. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers: United States, 2008–2012. MMWR 2016; 65(26): 661–666.Google Scholar

Regauer, S., Reich, O., Eberz, B.. Vulvar cancers in women with vulvar lichen planus: a clinicopathological study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71(4): 698–707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bleeker, M.C., Visser, P.J., Overbeek, L.I., van Beurden, M., Berkhof, J.. Lichen sclerosus: incidence and risk of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol 2016; 25(8): 1224–1230.Google ScholarPubMed

Kurman, R.J., Toki, T., Schiffman, M.H.. Basaloid and warty carcinomas of the vulva: distinctive types of squamous cell carcinoma frequently associated with human papillomaviruses. Am J Surg Pathol 1993; 17(2): 133–145.Google Scholar

Gualco, M., Bonin, S., Foglia, G., et al. Morphologic and biologic studies on ten cases of verrucous carcinoma of the vulva supporting the theory of a discrete clinico-pathologic entity. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003; 13(3): 317–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Velazquez, E.F., Melamed, J., Barreto, J.E., Aguero, F., Cubilla, A.L.. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the penis: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2005; 29(9): 1152–1158.Google Scholar

Fiset, P.O., Wou, K., Arseneau, J., Gilbert, L.. Vulvar carcinosarcoma secondary to radiotherapy: a case report and review of the literature. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18(3): e74–e79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sanchez, D.F., Rodriguez, I.M., Piris, A., et al. Clear cell carcinoma of the penis: an HPV-related variant of squamous cell carcinoma: a report of 3 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2016; 40(7): 917–922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cubilla, A.L., Reuter, V., Velazquez, E., et al. Histologic classification of penile carcinoma and its relation to outcome in 61 patients with primary resection. Int J Surg Pathol 2001; 9(2): 111–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Choschzick, M., Hantaredja, W., Tennstedt, P., et al. Role of TP53 mutations in vulvar carcinomas. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30(5): 497–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cheng, A.S., Karnezis, A.N., Jordan, S., et al. p16 immunostaining allows for accurate subclassification of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma into HPV-associated and HPV-independent cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2016; 35(4): 385–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Steinestel, J., Al Ghazal, A., Arndt, A., et al. The role of histologic subtype, p16(INK4a) expression, and presence of human papillomavirus DNA in penile squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15: 220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sznurkowski, J.J., Zawrocki, A., Biernat, W.. The overexpression of p16 is not a surrogate marker for high-risk human papilloma virus genotypes and predicts clinical outcomes for vulvar cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16: 465.Google Scholar

Dong, F., Kojiro, S., Borger, D.R., Growdon, W.B., Oliva, E.. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a subclassification of 97 cases by clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features (p16, p53, and EGFR). Am J Surg Pathol 2015; 39(8): 1045–1053.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bezerra, S.M., Chaux, A., Ball, M.W., et al. Human papillomavirus infection and immunohistochemical p16(INK4a) expression as predictors of outcome in penile squamous cell carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2015; 46(4): 532–540.Google Scholar

Koukoura, O., Klados, G., Strataki, M., Daponte, A.. A rapidly growing vulvar condyloma acuminatum in a young patient. BMJ Case Rep. 2015: doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-208126.Google Scholar

Domfeh, A.B., Silasi, D.A., Lindo, F., Parkash, V.. Chronic hypertrophic vulvar herpes simulating neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2012; 31(1): 33–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Makris, G.M., Poulakaki, N., Papanota, A.M., et al. Vulvar, perianal and perineal cancer after hidradenitis suppurativa: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Dermatol Surg 2017; 43: 107–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ozkan, F., Bilgic, R., Cesur, S.. Vulvar keratoacanthoma. APMIS 2006; 114(7–8): 562–565.Google Scholar

Baker, G.M., Selim, M.A., Hoang, M.P.. Vulvar adnexal lesions: a 32-year, single-institution review from Massachusetts General Hospital. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 137(9): 1237–1246.Google Scholar

Breslow, A., Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg 1970; 172(5): 902–908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wilkinson, E.J.; Cancer Committee of the American College of Pathologists. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with carcinomas and malignant melanomas of the vulva: a basis for checklists. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124(1): 51–56.Google Scholar

Ramirez, P.T., Levenback, C.. Long-term outcomes of sentinel node mapping in vulvar cancer: a time to cheer with enthusiasm or pause and question current practice? Gynecol Oncol 2016; 140(1): 1–2.Google Scholar

Djajadiningrat, R.S., Graafland, N.M., van Werkhoven, E., et al. Contemporary management of regional nodes in penile cancer-improvement of survival? J Urol 2014; 191(1): 68–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pizzocaro, G., Algaba, F., Horenblas, S., et al. EAU penile cancer guidelines 2009. Eur Urol 2010; 57(6): 1002–1012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Woelber, L., Mahner, S., Voelker, K., et al. Clinicopathological prognostic factors and patterns of recurrence in vulvar cancer. Anticancer Res 2009; 29(2): 545–552.Google Scholar

Li, Z.S., Yao, K., Chen, P., et al. Development of a new classification method for penile squamous cell carcinoma based on lymph node density and standard pathological risk factors: the ND staging system. J Cancer 2016; 7(3): 262–267.Google Scholar

Rogers, H.W., Weinstock, M.A., Harris, A.R., et al. Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States, 2006. Arch Dermatol 2010; 146(3): 283–287.Google Scholar

Miller, D.L., Weinstock, M.A.. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States: incidence. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 30(5 Pt 1): 774–778.Google Scholar

Gibson, G.E., Ahmed, I.. Perianal and genital basal cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic review of 51 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45(1): 68–71.Google Scholar

Rubin, A.I., Chen, E.H., Ratner, D.. Basal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2005; 353(21): 2262–2269.Google Scholar

de Giorgi, V., Salvini, C., Massi, D., Raspollini, M.R., Carli, P.. Vulvar basal cell carcinoma: retrospective study and review of literature. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 97(1): 192–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Elwood, H., Kim, J., Yemelyanova, A., Ronnett, B.M., Taube, J.M.. Basal cell carcinomas of the vulva: high-risk human papillomavirus DNA detection, p16 and BerEP4 expression. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38(4): 542–547.Google Scholar

Chang, Y.T., Liu, H.N., Wong, C.K.. Penile basal cell carcinoma with eccrine differentiation. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995; 20(6): 487–489.Google Scholar

Clark, C.M., Furniss, M., Mackay-Wiggan, J.M.. Basal cell carcinoma: an evidence-based treatment update. Am J Clin Dermatol 2014; 15(3): 197–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smeets, N.W., Krekels, G.A., Ostertag, J.U., et al. Surgical excision vs Mohs’ micrographic surgery for basal-cell carcinoma of the face: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364(9447): 1766–1772.Google Scholar

Feakins, R.M., Lowe, D.G.. Basal cell carcinoma of the vulva: a clinicopathologic study of 45 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1997; 16(4): 319–324.Google Scholar

Lopes Filho, L.L., Lopes, I.M., Lopes, L.R., et al. Mammary and extramammary Paget’s disease. An Bras Dermatol 2015; 90(2): 225–231.Google Scholar

Hegarty, P.K., Suh, J., Fisher, M.B., et al. Penoscrotal extramammary Paget’s disease: the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center contemporary experience. J Urol 2011; 186(1): 97–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wang, Z., Lu, M., Dong, G.Q., et al. Penile and scrotal Paget’s disease: 130 Chinese patients with long-term follow-up. BJU Int 2008; 102(4): 485–488.Google Scholar

Hart, W.R., Millman, J.B.. Progression of intraepithelial Paget’s disease of the vulva to invasive carcinoma. Cancer 1977; 40(5): 2333–2337.Google Scholar

Goldblum, J.R., Hart, W.R.. Vulvar Paget’s disease: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 19 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1997; 21(10): 1178–1187.Google Scholar

Kang, Z., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Q., et al. Clinical and pathological characteristics of extramammary Paget’s disease: report of 246 Chinese male patients. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8(10): 13233–13240.Google ScholarPubMed

Goldblum, J.R., Hart, W.R.. Perianal Paget’s disease: a histologic and immunohistochemical study of 11 cases with and without associated rectal adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1998; 22(2): 170–179.Google Scholar

Sleater, J.P., Ford, M.J., Beers, B.B.. Extramammary Paget’s disease associated with prostate adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 1994; 25(6): 615–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Plaza, J.A., Torres-Cabala, C., Ivan, D., Prieto, V.G.. HER-2/neu expression in extramammary Paget disease: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemistry study of 47 cases with and without underlying malignancy. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36(7): 729–733.Google Scholar

Yanai, H., Takahashi, N., Omori, M., et al. Immunohistochemistry of p63 in primary and secondary vulvar Paget’s disease. Pathol Int 2008; 58(10): 648–651.Google Scholar

Brown, H.M., Wilkinson, E.J.. Uroplakin-III to distinguish primary vulvar Paget disease from Paget disease secondary to urothelial carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2002; 33(5): 545–548.Google Scholar

Chang, J., Prieto, V.G., Sangueza, M., Plaza, J.A.. Diagnostic utility of p63 expression in the differential diagnosis of pagetoid squamous cell carcinoma in situ and extramammary Paget disease: a histopathologic study of 70 cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2014; 36(1): 49–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Morbeck, D., Tregnago, A.C., Netto, G.B., et al. GATA3 expression in primary vulvar Paget disease: a potential pitfall leading to misdiagnosis of pagetoid urothelial intraepithelial neoplasia. Histopathology 2016; 70(3): 435–441.Google Scholar

Boer-Auer, A., August, C., Falk, T.M., et al. Benign mucinous metaplasia of the genital mucosa: histomorphological and immunohistochemical features and criteria for differentiation from extramammary Paget disease. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165(6): 1263–1272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Santos-Briz, A., Canueto, J., del Carmen, S., Mir-Bonafe, J.M., Fernandez, E.. Pagetoid dyskeratosis in dermatopathology. Am J Dermatopathol 2015; 37(4): 261–265; quiz 266–268.Google Scholar

Hastrup, N., Andersen, E.S.. Adenocarcinoma of Bartholin’s gland associated with extramammary Paget’s disease of the vulva. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1988; 67(4): 375–377.Google Scholar

Mendivil, A.A., Abaid, L., Epstein, H.D., et al. Paget’s disease of the vulva: a clinicopathologic institutional review. Int J Clin Oncol 2012; 17(6): 569–574.Google Scholar

Cai, Y., Sheng, W., Xiang, L., Wu, X., Yang, H.. Primary extramammary Paget’s disease of the vulva: the clinicopathological features and treatment outcomes in a series of 43 patients. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 129(2): 412–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ito, Y., Igawa, S., Ohishi, Y., et al. Prognostic indicators in 35 patients with extramammary Paget’s disease. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38(12): 1938–1944.Google Scholar

Albores-Saavedra, J., Batich, K., Chable-Montero, F., et al. Merkel cell carcinoma demographics, morphology, and survival based on 3870 cases: a population based study. J Cutan Pathol 2010; 37(1): 20–27.Google Scholar

Tomic, S., Warner, T.F., Messing, E., Wilding, G.. Penile Merkel cell carcinoma. Urology 1995; 45(6): 1062–1065.Google Scholar

Tilling, T., Moll, I.. Which are the cells of origin in Merkel cell carcinoma? J Skin Cancer 2012; 2012: 680410.Google Scholar

Liu, W., MacDonald, M., You, J.. Merkel cell polyomavirus infection and Merkel cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20: 20–27.Google Scholar

Gonzalez-Vela, M.D., Curiel-Olmo, S., Derdak, S., et al. Shared oncogenic pathways implicated in both virus-positive and UV-induced Merkel Cell Carcinomas. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137: 197–206.Google Scholar

Garrett, G.L., Zargham, H., Schulman, J.M., et al. Merkel cell carcinoma in organ transplant recipients: case reports and review of the literature. JAAD Case Rep 2015; 1(6): S29–S32.Google Scholar

Hierro, I., Blanes, A., Matilla, A., et al. Merkel cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the vulva: a case report with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings and review of the literature. Pathol Res Pract 2000; 196(7): 503–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Li, N., Wolgamot, G., Argenyi, Z.. Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine cell carcinoma (Merkel cell carcinoma) with prominent microcystic features, mimicking eccrine carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2007; 34(5): 410–414.Google Scholar

Miner, A.G., Patel, R.M., Wilson, D.A., et al. Cytokeratin 20-negative Merkel cell carcinoma is infrequently associated with the Merkel cell polyomavirus. Mod Pathol 2015; 28(4): 498–504.Google Scholar

Fleming, K.E., Ly, T.Y., Pasternak, S., et al. Support for p63 expression as an adverse prognostic marker in Merkel cell carcinoma: report on a Canadian cohort. Hum Pathol 2014; 45(5): 952–960.Google Scholar

Reddi, D.M., Puri, P.K.. Expression of focal TTF-1 expression in a case of CK7/CK20-positive Merkel cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2013; 40(4): 431–433.Google Scholar

Mansouri, S., Glaria, L.A., Asmae, N., Flores, L.F.. Case of lung carcinoma revealed by vulvar metastasis associated with systemic scleroderma and literature review. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2013; 18(3): 182–188.Google Scholar

Iyer, J.G., Storer, B.E., Paulson, K.G., et al. Relationships among primary tumor size, number of involved nodes, and survival for 8044 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70(4): 637–643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Feldmeyer, L., Hudgens, C.W., Ray-Lyons, G., et al. Density, distribution, and composition of immune infiltrates correlate with survival in Merkel cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22: doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0392.Google Scholar

Hisamatsu, H., Sakai, H., Igawa, T., et al. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of Cowper’s gland. BJU Int 2003; 92(Suppl 3): e56–e57.Google Scholar

Cardosi, R.J., Speights, A., Fiorica, J.V., et al. Bartholin’s gland carcinoma: a 15-year experience. Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82(2): 247–251.Google Scholar

Kozakiewicz, B., Dmoch-Gajzlerska, E., Roszkowska-Purska, K.. Carcinomas and sarcomas of Bartholin gland: a report of nine cases and review of the literature. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2014; 35(3): 243–249.Google Scholar

Sosnik, H., Sosnik, K., Halon, A.. The pathomorphology of Bartholin’s gland: analysis of surgical data. Pol J Pathol 2007; 58(2): 99–103.Google Scholar

Balat, O., Edwards, C.L., Delclos, L.. Advanced primary carcinoma of the Bartholin gland: report of 18 patients. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22(1): 46–49.Google Scholar

Piura, B., Egan, M., Lopes, A., Monaghan, J.M.. Malignant melanoma of the vulva: a clinicopathologic study of 18 cases. J Surg Oncol 1992; 50(4): 234–240.Google Scholar

Sanchez, A., Rodriguez, D., Allard, C.B., et al. Primary genitourinary melanoma: epidemiology and disease-specific survival in a large population-based cohort. Urol Oncol 2016; 34(4): 166e7–166e14.Google Scholar

Sanchez-Ortiz, R., Huang, S.F., Tamboli, P., et al. Melanoma of the penis, scrotum and male urethra: a 40-year single institution experience. J Urol 2005; 173(6): 1958–1965.Google Scholar

Ragnarsson-Olding, B.K.. Spatial density of primary malignant melanoma in sun-shielded body sites: a potential guide to melanoma genesis. Acta Oncol 2011; 50(3): 323–328.Google Scholar

Ragnarsson-Olding, B.K.. Primary malignant melanoma of the vulva: an aggressive tumor for modeling the genesis of non-UV light-associated melanomas. Acta Oncol 2004; 43(5): 421–435.Google Scholar

Bechara, G.R., Schwindt, A.B., Ornellas, A.A., et al. Penile primary melanoma: analysis of 6 patients treated at Brazilian National Cancer Institute in the last eight years. Int Braz J Urol 2013; 39(6): 823–831.Google Scholar

Rouzbahman, M., Kamel-Reid, S., Al Habeeb, A., et al. Malignant melanoma of vulva and vagina: a histomorphological review and mutation analysis: a single-center study. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015; 19(4): 350–353.Google Scholar

Feldmeyer, L., Tetzlaff, M., Fox, P., et al. Prognostic implication of lymphovascular invasion detected by double immunostaining for D2-40 and MITF1 in primary cutaneous melanoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2016; 38(7): 484–491.Google Scholar

Verschraegen, C.F., Benjapibal, M., Supakarapongkul, W., et al. Vulvar melanoma at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center: 25 years later. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2001; 11(5): 359–364.Google Scholar

Nagarajan, P., Curry, J.L., Ning, J., et al. Tumor thickness and mitotic rate robustly predict melanoma-specific survival in patients with primary vulvar melanoma: a retrospective review of 100 cases. Clin Cancer Res 2017; doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2126.Google Scholar