Medical and industrial applications of endoscopy

Endoscopy is a medical technique whereby a narrow tube is introduced through one of the natural orifices of the body or through a small incision in the chest, abdominal wall, or knee joint. The aim is to allow the doctor to see structures that cannot normally be examined and allow parts of these structures to be removed by biopsy for subsequent examination under the microscope.

One of the most common areas to be examined by endoscopy is the stomach, in cases in which it is suspected that an ulcer is present. Indeed, there are many instances in which endoscopy can be used as an alternative to major surgery. For example, by viewing the ulcer through the endoscope, the medical investigator can often identify whether or not the ulcer is malignant, and if part of the ulcer is then removed for histological examination, a firm diagnosis can usually be made. If the ulcer is not malignant, it can be treated medically, thus avoiding the need for major surgical intervention. Similar examinations of the rectum and colon are made via the anus; another common surgical procedure involves passing the endoscope through the urethra and into the bladder during the investigation of symptoms arising in the urinary tract.

Currently, the endoscope is used extensively in ‘keyhole surgery,’ and removal of the appendix, gall bladder treatments, female sterilisation, and repairs to ligaments in the knee are regular procedures.