Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of Maps, Figures, and Tables
- List of Acronyms
- Map: The Scope of Human Trafficking Policies in Eurasia
- Note on Transliterations, Place Names, and Permissions
- Acknowledgements
- Preface
- Introduction: Diffusing the Politics of Human Trafficking from Europe to Asia
- 1 Contrasting Policy Approaches to Human Trafficking in Eurasia
- 2 Diffusing Human Trafficking Policy Adoption
- 3 Tracing the Development of Anti-Trafficking Institutions
- 4 Linkages Among Actors in Anti-Trafficking Networks
- 5 Uneven Implementation of Human Trafficking Policies
- 6 Empirical Comparisons of Human Trafficking Policy Across Eurasia
- Conclusion: The Implications of Human Trafficking Policies
- Methodological Appendix: Peeling Back the Research Process
- Appendix 1 Semi-Structured Interview Questions
- Appendix 2 Human Trafficking Policies in Eurasia
- Appendix 3 Typology of Human Trafficking Policies in Eurasia
- Appendix 4 Code Book for Content Analysis of Laws and Policies
- Appendix 5 Code Book for Content Analysis of Interviews
- Appendix 6 Quantitative Variable Coding and Sources
- Appendix 7 Scores for Human Trafficking Policy Index
- Bibliography
- Index
4 - Linkages Among Actors in Anti-Trafficking Networks
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 March 2021
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of Maps, Figures, and Tables
- List of Acronyms
- Map: The Scope of Human Trafficking Policies in Eurasia
- Note on Transliterations, Place Names, and Permissions
- Acknowledgements
- Preface
- Introduction: Diffusing the Politics of Human Trafficking from Europe to Asia
- 1 Contrasting Policy Approaches to Human Trafficking in Eurasia
- 2 Diffusing Human Trafficking Policy Adoption
- 3 Tracing the Development of Anti-Trafficking Institutions
- 4 Linkages Among Actors in Anti-Trafficking Networks
- 5 Uneven Implementation of Human Trafficking Policies
- 6 Empirical Comparisons of Human Trafficking Policy Across Eurasia
- Conclusion: The Implications of Human Trafficking Policies
- Methodological Appendix: Peeling Back the Research Process
- Appendix 1 Semi-Structured Interview Questions
- Appendix 2 Human Trafficking Policies in Eurasia
- Appendix 3 Typology of Human Trafficking Policies in Eurasia
- Appendix 4 Code Book for Content Analysis of Laws and Policies
- Appendix 5 Code Book for Content Analysis of Interviews
- Appendix 6 Quantitative Variable Coding and Sources
- Appendix 7 Scores for Human Trafficking Policy Index
- Bibliography
- Index
Summary
Miroslav, a Ukrainian national, was the ringleader of a trafficking network spanning from Ukraine to Poland, Lithuania, and finally the United Kingdom. Before his arrest he exploited over 200 Ukrainians in a forced labour network through work on farms and as builders, labourers, housekeepers, and waiters. His criminal group consisted of more than 11 people and operated for almost four years before his network of Polish and Lithuanian transporters was caught in the Šiauliai and Mazeiki regions of Lithuania. During the searches of his properties the police found eight ‘illegal immigrants’ from Ukraine who were getting ready to be taken abroad for forced labour. The criminal network used debt bondage and illegal immigration statuses to keep their victims in perpetual indebtedness (Big Mir, 2017). Although this transnational criminal network operated with impunity for years, it was finally thwarted by another type of network, a transnational anti-trafficking network. The anti-trafficking network which stopped the channel of trafficking in human beings included the Ukrainian Department for Combating Trafficking in Persons, National Police in Ivano-Frankivsk, State Border Guard of Ukraine with assistance from the Border Guard of the Republic of Poland, United Kingdom Anti-Crime Agency, State Border Guard of Lithuania, and Western Union Financial Intelligence Service (State Police, Ukraine, 2017). The investigation was initiated under Article 149 Trafficking in Human Beings of the Ukrainian Criminal Code.
This story demonstrates the power of human trafficking networks to initiate and recruit victims, facilitating trafficking, while also enabling the investigation of human trafficking as a crime. Traffickers use crossborder networks to expedite trafficking across borders and through numerous countries, hoping to evade police. Police aim to trace these networks with their own contacts among police, border guards, and businesses and to hold traffickers accountable. This chapter focuses on how these anti-trafficking networks are used in Ukraine, Latvia, and Russia to combat human trafficking and implement human trafficking policy. It looks more closely at the connections among the different anti-trafficking institutions in the human trafficking policy subsystem of each country. These institutions discussed in Chapter 3 come together to form different anti-trafficking networks that are used to investigate crimes and assist victims. A network analysis is used to examine implementation networks, investigating how different actors in the human trafficking policy subsystem come together and the ties that bind them.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Diffusing Human Trafficking Policy in Eurasia , pp. 99 - 120Publisher: Bristol University PressPrint publication year: 2020