Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd4964975-pf4mj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2023-03-28T09:03:52.643Z Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { "useRatesEcommerce": false } hasContentIssue true

Part II - Bilingual Lexical Processing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2019

Roberto R. Heredia
Affiliation:
Texas A & M University
Anna B. Cieślicka
Affiliation:
Texas A & M University
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Further Reading

De Angelis, G. (2007). Third or additional language acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2018). Visual word recognition in multilinguals. In Rueschemeyer, S.-A. & Gaskell, M. G. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of psycholinguistics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grosjean, F., & Li, P. (2013). The psycholinguistics of bilingualism (1st ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
Otwinowska-Kasztelanic, A. (2015). Cognate vocabulary in language acquisition and use. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Tokowicz, N. (2014). Lexical processing and second language acquisition. New York: Routledge.

References

Acheson, D. J., Ganushchak, L. Y., Christoffels, I. K., & Hagoort, P. (2012). Conflict monitoring in speech production: Physiological evidence from bilingual picture naming. Brain and Language, 123(2), 131136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.08.008
Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2005). Covert bilingual language activation through cognate processing: An eye-tracking study. In Bara, B. G, Barsalou, L. W., and Bucciarelli, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the XXVII Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 286291). Mahwah, NJ: Psychology Press.
Bowers, J. S., Mimouni, Z., & Arguin, M. (2000). Orthography plays a critical role in cognate priming: Evidence from French/English and Arabic/French cognates. Memory and Cognition, 28(8), 12891296. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211829
Broersma, M. (2009). Triggered codeswitching between cognate languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(04), 447462. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990204
Broersma, M., Carter, D., & Acheson, D. J. (2016). Cognate costs in bilingual speech production: Evidence from language switching. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01461
Broersma, M., & De Bot, K. (2006). Triggered codeswitching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9(01), 113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728905002348
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. G. (2013). Cognate and word class ambiguity effects in noun and verb processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28(9), 13501377. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2012.718353
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. G. (2014). Cognate effects in sentence context depend on word class, L2 proficiency, and task. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(6), 12141241. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2013.853090
Christoffels, I., De Groot, A. M. B., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). Memory and language skills in simultaneous interpreters: The role of expertise and language proficiency. Journal of Memory and Language, 54(3), 324345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.12.004
Christoffels, I. K., Firk, C., & Schiller, N. O. (2007). Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study. Brain Research, 1147, 192208.
Clyne, M. (1980). Triggering and language processing. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 34(4), 400406. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0081102
Clyne, M. (2003). Dynamics of language contact: English and immigrant languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Colomé, À., & Miozzo, M. (2010). Which words are activated during bilingual word production? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(1), 96109. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017677
Comesaña, M., Coelho, R., Oliveira, H., & Paula Soares, A. (2018). How letter order is encoded in bilingual reading? The role of deviant-letter position in cognate word recognition. Speech, Language and Hearing, 21(2), 9093. https://doi.org/10.1080/2050571X.2017.1369049
Comesaña, M., Ferré, P., Romero, J., Guasch, M., Soares, A. P., & García-Chico, T. (2015). Facilitative effect of cognate words vanishes when reducing the orthographic overlap: The role of stimuli list composition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(3), 614635. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000065
Comesaña, M., Sánchez-Casas, R., Soares, A. P., Pinheiro, A. P., Rauber, A., Frade, S., & Fraga, I. (2012). The interplay of phonology and orthography in visual cognate word recognition: An ERP study. Neuroscience Letters, 529(1), 7579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.09.010
Comesaña, M., Soares, A. P., Sánchez-Casas, R., & Lima, C. (2012). Lexical and semantic representations in the acquisition of L2 cognate and non-cognate words: Evidence from two learning methods in children. British Journal of Psychology, 103(3), 378392. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02080.x
Cop, U., Dirix, N., van Assche, E., Drieghe, D., & Duyck, W. (2017). Reading a book in one or two languages? An eye movement study of cognate facilitation in L1 and L2 reading. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(04), 747769. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916000213
Costa, A., Caramazza, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 12831296.
Costa, A., Miozzo, M., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Lexical selection in bilinguals: Do words in the bilingual’s two lexicons compete for selection? Journal of Memory and Language, 41(3), 365397.
Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Caño, A. (2005). On the facilitatory effects of cognate words in bilingual speech production. Brain and Language, 94(1), 94103.
De Groot, A. M. B., & Keijzer, R. (2000). What is hard to learn is easy to forget: The roles of word concreteness, cognate status, and word frequency in foreign-language vocabulary learning and forgetting. Language Learning, 50(1), 156. https://doi.org/10.1111/0023–8333.00110
De Groot, A. M. B., & Nas, G. L. J. (1991). Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(1), 90123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(91)90012–9
Declerck, M., Koch, I., & Philipp, A. M. (2012). Digits vs. pictures: The influence of stimulus type on language switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(04), 896904. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728912000193
Degani, T., Prior, A., & Hajajra, W. (2018). Cross-language semantic influences in different script bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(4), 782804. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000311
Dijkstra, T., Grainger, J., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (1999). Recognition of cognates and interlingual homographs: The neglected role of phonology. Journal of Memory and Language, 41(4), 496518. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1999.2654
Dijkstra, T., Miwa, K., Brummelhuis, B., Sappelli, M., & Baayen, H. (2010). How cross-language similarity and task demands affect cognate recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 62(3), 284301.
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5(03), 175197. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728902003012
Duñabeitia, J. A., Dimitropoulou, M., Dowens, M. G., Molinaro, N., & Martin, C. (2016). The electrophysiology of the bilingual brain. In Heredia, R. R., Altarriba, J., & Cieślicka, A. B. (Eds.), Methods in bilingual reading comprehension research (pp. 265312). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978–1-4939–2993-1_11
Duyck, W., van Assche, E., & Hartsuiker, R. (2007). Visual word recognition by bilinguals in a sentence context: Evidence for nonselective lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(4), 663679.
Friel, B. M., & Kennison, S. M. (2001). Identifying German–English cognates, false cognates, and non-cognates: Methodological issues and descriptive norms. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4(03) 249-274. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728901000438
García, A. M., Ibanez, A., Huepe, D., Houck, A. L., Michon, M., Lezama, C. G., … & Rivera-Rei, A. (2014). Word reading and translation in bilinguals: the impact of formal and informal translation expertise. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01302
Gullifer, J. W., Kroll, J. F., & Dussias, P. E. (2013). When language switching has no apparent cost: Lexical access in sentence context. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00278
Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2008). Cognate effects in picture naming: Does cross-language activation survive a change of script? Cognition, 106(1), 501511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.02.001
Ivanova, I., & Costa, A. (2008). Does bilingualism hamper lexical access in speech production? Acta Psychologica, 127(2), 277288.
Kootstra, G. J., van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2012). Priming of code-switches in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and language proficiency. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(04), 797819. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672891100068X
Kroll, J. F., Dijkstra, T., Janssen, T., & Schriefers, H. (2000). Selecting the language in which to speak: Experiments on lexical access in bilingual production. Paper presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans, LA, November 16–19.
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(2), 149174. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1008
Lauro, J., & Schwartz, A. I. (2017). Bilingual non-selective lexical access in sentence contexts: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Memory and Language, 92, 217233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.06.010
Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., Baayen, R. H., Grainger, J., & Zwitserlood, P. (2008). Native language influences on word recognition in a second language: A megastudy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(1), 1231. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278–7393.34.1.12
Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., & Michel, M. C. (2004). Three languages, one ECHO: Cognate effects in trilingual word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 19(5), 585611. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960444000007
Lemhöfer, K., Huestegge, L., & Mulder, K. (2018). Another cup of TEE? The processing of second language near-cognates in first language reading. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33(8), 968991. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2018.1433863
Li, C., & Gollan, T. H. (2018a). Cognates facilitate switches and then confusion: Contrasting effects of cascade versus feedback on language selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(6), 974991. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000497
Li, C., & Gollan, T. H. (2018b). Cognates interfere with language selection but enhance monitoring in connected speech. Memory and Cognition, 46(6), 923939. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-018–0812–x
Libben, M. R., & Titone, D. A. (2009). Bilingual lexical access in context: Evidence from eye movements during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(2), 381390.
Lijewska, A., & Chmiel, A. (2015). Cognate facilitation in sentence context – translation production by interpreting trainees and non-interpreting trilinguals. International Journal of Multilingualism, 12(3), 358375. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2014.959961
Lotto, L., & De Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Effects of learning method and word type on acquiring vocabulary in an unfamiliar language. Language Learning, 48(1), 3169.
Mieszkowska, K., & Otwinowska-Kasztelanic, A. (2015). Is A2 in German better than B2 in French when reading Danish? The role of prior language knowledge when faced with an unknown language. In De Angelis, G., Jessner, U., & Kresic, M. (Eds.), Crosslinguistic influence and crosslinguistic interaction in multilingual language learning (pp. 213234). London: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474235884
Myers-Scotton, C. (2005). Multiple voices: An introduction to bilingualism (1st ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Nakayama, M., Verdonschot, R. G., Sears, C. R., & Lupker, S. J. (2014). The masked cognate translation priming effect for different-script bilinguals is modulated by the phonological similarity of cognate words: Further support for the phonological account. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26(7), 714724. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.953167
Otwinowska, A., & Szewczyk, J. M. (2017). The more similar the better? Factors in learning cognates, false cognates and non-cognate words. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2017.1325834
Otwinowska-Kasztelanic, A. (2009). Raising awareness of cognate vocabulary as a strategy in teaching English to Polish adults. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 3(2), 131147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501220802283186
Peeters, D., Dijkstra, T., & Grainger, J. (2013). The representation and processing of identical cognates by late bilinguals: RT and ERP effects. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(4), 315332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.12.003
Pivneva, I., Mercier, J., & Titone, D. (2014). Executive control modulates cross-language lexical activation during L2 reading: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(3), 787796. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035583
Poarch, G. J., & van Hell, J. G. (2012). Cross-language activation in children’s speech production: Evidence from second language learners, bilinguals, and trilinguals. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 111(3), 419438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.09.008
Poarch, G. J., & van Hell, J. G. (2014). Cross-language activation in same-script and different-script trilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(6), 693716.
Poort, E. D., & Rodd, J. M. (2017). The cognate facilitation effect in bilingual lexical decision is influenced by stimulus list composition. Acta Psychologica, 180, 5263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.08.008
Poort, E. D., Warren, J. E., & Rodd, J. M. (2016). Recent experience with cognates and interlingual homographs in one language affects subsequent processing in another language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(01), 206212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000395
Pureza, R., Soares, A. P., & Comesaña, M. (2016). Cognate status, syllable position and word length on bilingual Tip-Of-the-Tongue states induction and resolution. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(03), 533549. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000206
Santesteban, M., & Costa, A. (2016). Are cognate words “special”?: On the role of cognate words in language switching performance. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), Bilingual processing and acquisition, Vol. 2 (pp. 97126). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/bpa.2.05san
Schepens, J., Dijkstra, T., & Grootjen, F. (2012). Distributions of cognates in Europe as based on Levenshtein distance. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(01), 157166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728910000623
Schwartz, A. I., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). Bilingual lexical activation in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 55(2), 197212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.03.004
Starreveld, P. A., De Groot, A. M. B., Rossmark, B. M. M., & van Hell, J. G. (2014). Parallel language activation during word processing in bilinguals: Evidence from word production in sentence context. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(02), 258276. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728913000308
Strijkers, K., Costa, A., & Thierry, G. (2010). Tracking lexical access in speech production: electrophysiological correlates of word frequency and cognate effects. Cerebral Cortex, 20(4), 912928. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp153
Szubko-Sitarek, W. (2011). Cognate facilitation effects in trilingual word recognition. Studies in Second Language, 1(2), 189208.
Szubko-Sitarek, W. (2015). Multilingual lexical recognition in the mental lexicon of third language users. New York: Springer.
Tessel, C. A., Levy, E. S., Gitterman, M., & Shafer, V. L. (2018). Neurophysiological indices of the effect of cognates on vowel perception in late Spanish-English bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 68, 117137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.03.004
Titone, D., Libben, M., Mercier, J., Whitford, V., & Pivneva, I. (2011). Bilingual lexical access during L1 sentence reading: The effects of L2 knowledge, semantic constraint, and L1–L2 intermixing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(6), 14121431. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024492
Tokowicz, N., Kroll, J. F., De Groot, A. M. B., & van Hell, J. G. (2002). Number-of-translation norms for Dutch—English translation pairs: A new tool for examining language production. Behavior Research Methods, 34(3), 435451.
Tonzar, C., Lotto, L., & Job, R. (2009). L2 vocabulary acquisition in children: Effects of learning method and cognate status. Language Learning, 59(3), 623646.
van Assche, E., Drieghe, D., Duyck, W., Welvaert, M., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2011). The influence of semantic constraints on bilingual word recognition during sentence reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 64(1), 88107.
van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Brysbaert, M. (2013). Verb processing by bilinguals in sentence contexts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(02), 237259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263112000873
van Assche, E., Duyck, W., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Diependaele, K. (2009). Does bilingualism change native-language reading? Cognate effects in a sentence context. Psychological Science, 20(8), 923927. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–9280.2009.02389.x
van Hell, J. G., & De Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Conceptual representation in bilingual memory: Effects of concreteness and cognate status in word association. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(03), 193211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728998000352
van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2002). Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,9(4), 780789. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196335
van Orden, G. C. (1987). A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound, and reading. Memory and Cognition, 15(3), 181198. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197716
Verhoef, K. M. W., Roelofs, A., & Chwilla, D. J. (2010). Electrophysiological evidence for endogenous control of attention in switching between languages in overt picture naming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(8), 18321843. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21291
Voga, M., & Grainger, J. (2007). Cognate status and cross-script translation priming. Memory and Cognition, 35(5), 938952.
Zhou, H., Chen, B., Yang, M., & Dunlap, S. (2010). Language nonselective access to phonological representations: Evidence from Chinese–English bilinguals. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(10), 20512066. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470211003718705

Further Reading

Schwieter, J. W., & Ferreira, A. (Eds.). (2017). The handbook of translation and cognition. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Tokowicz, N. (2015). Lexical processing and second language acquisition. New York: Routledge.
Tokowicz, N., & Degani, T. (2010). Translation ambiguity: Consequences for learning and processing. In VanPatten, B. & Jegerski, J. (Eds.), Research on second language processing and parsing (pp.281293). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

References

Alario, F., Ferrand, L., Laganaro, M., New, B., Frauenfelder, U., & Segui, J. (2004). Predictors of picture naming speed. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36, 140155
Allen, D., & Conklin, K. (2013). Cross-linguistic similarity and task demands for Japanese-English bilingual processing. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e72631.
Allen, D., & Conklin, K. (2014). Cross-linguistic similarity norms for Japanese-English translation equivalents. Behavioral Research Methods, 46(2), 540563.
Altarriba, J., & Gianico, J. (2003). Lexical ambiguity resolution across languages: A theoretical and empirical review. Experimental Psychology, 50(3), 159170.
Arêas da Luz Fontes, A., & Schwartz, A. (2010). On a different plane: Cross-language effects on the conceptual representations of within-language homonyms. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25, 508532.
Basnight-Brown, D., Kazanas, S., & Altarriba, J. (2018). Translation ambiguity in Mandarin-English bilinguals: Translation production differences in concrete, abstract and emotion words. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.17037.bas
Boada, R., Sánchez-Casas, R., Gavilán, J., García-Albea, J., & Tokowicz, N. (2013). Effect of multiple translations and cognate status in translation recognition performance of balanced bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 183197.
Bowers, J. S., Mimouni, Z., & Arguin, M. (2000). Orthography plays a critical role in cognate priming: Evidence from French-English and Arabic-French cognate. Memory and Cognition, 28(8), 12891296.
Bracken, J., Degani, T., Eddington, C., & Tokowicz, N. (2017). Translation semantic variability: How semantic relatedness affects learning of translation-ambiguous words. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(4), 783794.
Brysbeart, M., & Duyck, W. (2010). Is it time to leave behind the Revised Hierarchical Model of bilingual language processing after fifteen years of service? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 359371.
Clifton, C., Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (Eds.). (1994). Perspectives on sentence processing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cristoffanini, P., Kirsner, K., & Milech, D. (1986). Bilingual lexical representation: The status of Spanish-English cognates. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(3), 367393.
De Groot, A. (1992). Determinants of word translation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(5), 10011018.
De Groot, A. M. B., & Keijzer, R. (2000). What is hard to learn is easy to forget: The roles of word concreteness, cognate status, and word frequency in foreign-language vocabulary learning and forgetting. Language Learning, 50(1), 156.
De Groot, A., & Nas, G. (1991). Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 90123.
Degani, T., & Goldberg, M. (2019). How individual differences affect learning of translation-ambiguous vocabulary. Language Learning, 69(3), 600651.
Degani, T., Prior, A., Eddingtion, C., Arêas da Luz Fontes, A., Tokowicz, N. (2016). Determinants of translation ambiguity: A within and cross-language comparison. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 6(3), 290307.
Degani, T., Prior, A., & Tokowicz, N. (2011). Bidirectional transfer: The effect of sharing a translation. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23, 1828.
Degani, T., & Tokowicz, N. (2010). Ambiguous words are hard to learn. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 399–314.
Degani, T., & Tokowicz, N. (2013). Cross-language influences: Translation status affects intraword sense relatedness. Memory and Cognition, 41(7), 10461064.
Degani, T., Tseng, A., & Tokowicz, N. (2014). Together or apart? Learning of ambiguous words. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(4), 749765.
Dijkstra, T., Grainger, J., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (1999). Recognition of cognates and interlingual homographs: The neglected role of phonology. Journal of Memory and Language, 41(4), 496518.
Eddington, C., Degani, T., & Tokowicz, N. (2019). English and German translation norms: Examining translation ambiguity across proficiency levels.
Eddington, C., & Tokowicz, N. (2013). Examining English-German translation ambiguity using primed translation recognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 442457.
Elston-Güttler, K., & Williams, J. (2008). L1 polysemy affects L2 meaning interpretation: Evidence for L1 concepts active during L2 reading. Second Language Research, 24, 167187.
Forster, K., & Chambers, S. (1973). Lexical access and naming time. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 627635.
Frenck-Mestre, C., & Prince, P. (1997). Second language autonomy. Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 481501.
Garthercole, V., & Moawad, R. (2010). Semantic interaction in early and late bilinguals: All words are not created equally. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 385408.
Gearailt, D. (2005). Dictionary characteristics in cross-language information retrieval. Technical report No. 616. University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-616.pdf
Gernsbacher, M., Robertson, R., & Werner, N. (2002). The costs and benefits of meaning. In Gorfein, D. & David, S. (Eds.), On the consequences of meaning selection: Perspectives on resolving lexical ambiguity: Decade of behavior (pp. 119137). Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
Gollan, T., Slattery, T., Goldenberg, D., van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Rayner, K. (2011). Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: The frequency lag hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140, 186209.
Gorfien, D. (Ed.) (2002). On the consequences of meaning selection: Perspectives on resolving lexical ambiguity. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Grainger, J., & Frenck-Mestre, C. (1998). Masked priming by translation equivalents in proficient bilinguals. Language and Cognitive Processes, 13(6), 601623.
Guo, T., Misra, M., Tam, J., & Kroll, J. (2012). On the time course of accessing meaning in a second language: An electrophysiological and behavioral investigation of translation recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38(5), 11651186.
Jiang, N. (2002). Form-meaning mapping in vocabulary acquisition in a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24, 617637.
Jiang, N. (2004). Semantic transfer and its implications for vocabulary teaching in a second language. The Modern Language Journal, 88(30), 416432.
Kambe, G., Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. (2001). Global context effects on processing lexically ambiguous words: Evidence from eye fixations. Memory and Cognition, 29, 363372.
Kellas, G., Ferraro, F., & Simpson, G. (1988). Lexical ambiguity and the timecourse of attentional allocation in word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14, 601609.
Kroll, J., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 149174.
Kroll, J., & Tokowicz, N. (2001). The development of conceptual representation for words in a second language. In Nicol, J. (Ed.), One mind, two languages: Bilingual language processing (pp. 4971). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Kroll, J., & Tokowicz, N. (2005). Models of bilingual representation and processing: Looking back and to the future. In Kroll, J. & De Groot, A. (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 531554). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kroll, J., van Hell, J., Tokowicz, N., & Green, D. (2010). The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 373381.
Lalor, E., & Kirsner, K. (2001). The representation of “false cognates” in the bilingual lexicon. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8(3), 552559.
Laxén, J., & Lavaur, J.-M. (2010). The role of semantics in translation recognition: Effects of number of translations, dominance of translations and semantic relatedness of multiple translations. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(2), 157183.
Lemhöfer, K., & Dijkstra, T. (2004). Recognizing cognates and interlingual homographs: Effects of code similarity in language-specific and generalized lexical decision. Memory and Cognition, 32, 533550.
Lemhöfer, K., Dijkstra, T., & Michel, M. C. (2004). Three languages, one ECHO: Cognate effects in trilingual word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 19, 585611.
Libben, M. (2017). Non-selective language activation and bilingualism as the default mental lexicon. In Libben, M., Goral, M., & Libben, G. (Eds.), Bilingualism: A framework for understanding the mental lexicon (pp. 103122). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Libben, M., Goral, M., & Libben, G. (2017). The dynamic lexicon: Complex words in bilingual minds. In Libben, M., Goral, M., & Libben, G. (Eds.), Bilingualism: A framework for understanding the mental lexicon (pp. 17). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Libben, G., & Schwieter, J. W. (2019). Lexical organization and reorganization in the multilingual mind. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The handbook of the neuroscience of multilingualism (pp. 297312). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Lotto, L., & De Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Effects of learning method and word type on acquiring vocabulary in an unfamiliar language. Language Learning, 48(1), 3169.
Lu, Y., Wu, J., Dunlap, S., & Chen, B. (2017). The inhibitory mechanism in learning ambiguous words in a second language. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(636).
Lyons, J. (1995). Linguistic semantics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Malt, B., & Sloman, S. (2003). Linguistic diversity and object naming by non-native speakers of English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 4767.
Michael, E., Tokowicz, N., Degani, T., & Smith, C. (2011). Individual differences in the ability to resolve translation ambiguity across languages. Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8, 7997.
Morford, J., Wilkinson, E., Villwock, A., Pinar, P., & Kroll, J. (2010). When deaf signers read English: Do written words activate their sign translation? Cognition, 118, 286292.
Nelson, D., McEvoy, C., & Dennis, S. (2000). What is free association and what does it measure? Memory and Cognition, 28, 887899.
Oldfield, R., & Wingfield, A. (1965). Response latencies in naming objects. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17, 273281.
Peterson, R., & Savoy, P. (1998). Lexical selection and phonological encoding during language production: Evidence for cascaded processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 539557.
Prior, A., Kroll, J., & MacWhinney, B. (2013). Translation ambiguity but not word class predicts translation performance. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(2), 458474.
Prior, A., MacWhinney, B., & Kroll, J. (2007). Translation norms for English and Spanish: The role of lexical variables, word class, and L2 proficiency in negotiating translation ambiguity. Behavior Research Methods, 39(4), 10291038.
Prior, A., Wintner, S., MacWhinney, B., & Lavie, A. (2011). Translation in and out of context. Applied Psycholinguistics, 32, 93111.
Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. (1986). Lexical complexity and fixation times in reading: Effects of word frequency, verb complexity, and lexical ambiguity. Memory and Cognition, 14, 191201.
Sánchez-Casas, R. M., Davis, C. W., & García-Albea, J. E. (1992). Bilingual lexical processing: Exploring the cognate/non-cognate distinction. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 4(4), 293310.
Sánchez-Casas, R., & García-Albea, J. (2005). The representation of cognate and noncognate words in bilingual memory: Can cognate status be characterized as a special kind of morphological relation? In Kroll, J. & De Groot, A. (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 226250). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schönpflug, U. (1997). Bilingualism and memory. Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium on Bilingualism, Newcastle, UK, April 9–12.
Schoonbaert, S., Duyck, W., Brysbaert, M., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2009). Semantic and translation priming from a first language to a second and back: Making sense of the findings. Memory and Cognition, 37(5), 569586.
Schwarz, A., & Kroll, J. (2006). Bilingual lexical activation in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 197212.
Smith, Y., Walters, J., & Prior, A. (2012). Translation norms for Hebrew and English. Edmond J. Safra Foundation Technical Report, No. 2012–1.
Tokowicz, N. (2014). Translation ambiguity affects language processing, learning, and representation. In Miller, R., Martin, K., Eddington, C., Henery, A., Marcos Miguel, N., Tseng, A., Tuninetti, A., & Walter, D. (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 2012 Second Language Research Forum (pp. 170180). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla.
Tokowicz, N., & Degani, T. (2010). Translation ambiguity: Consequences for learning and processing. In VanPatten, B. & Jegerski, J. (Eds.), Research on second language processing and parsing (pp. 281293). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Tokowicz, N., & Kroll, J. (2007). Number of meanings and concreteness: Consequences of ambiguity within and across languages. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22, 727779.
Tokowicz, N., Kroll, J., De Groot, A., & van Hell, J. (2002). Number-of-translation norms for Dutch-English translation pairs: A new tool for examining language production. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 34, 435451.
Tseng, A., Chang, L.-Y., & Tokowicz, N. (2014). Translation ambiguity between English and Mandarin Chinese: The roles of proficiency and word characteristics. In Schwieter, J. W. & Ferreira, A. (Eds.), The development of translation competence: Theories and methodologies from psycholinguistics and cognitive science (pp. 107165). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.
Twilley, L., Dixon, P., Taylor, D., & Clark, K. (1994). University of Alberta norms of relative meaning frequency for 566 homographs. Memory and Cognition, 22, 111126.
Vaid, J., & Meuter, R. (2017). Languages without borders: Reframing the study of the bilingual mental lexicon. In Libben, M., Goral, M., & Libben, G. (Eds.), Bilingualism: A framework for understanding the mental lexicon (pp. 839). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
van Hell, J., & De Groot, A. (1998). Conceptual representation in bilingual memory: Effects of concreteness and cognate status in word association. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 193211.
Voga, M., & Grainger, J. (2007). Cognate status and cross-script translation priming. Memory and Language, 35, 5, 938952.
Wen, Y., & van Heuven, W. (2016). Chinese translation norms for 1,429 English words. Behavior Research Methods.
Zhang, S. (1995). Semantic differentiation in the acquisition of English as a second language. Language Learning, 45, 225249.
Zhang, Y, Chen, B., Tang, Y., Yao, P., & Lu, Y. (2018). Semantic similarity to known second language words impacts learning of new meanings. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(2048).

Further Reading

Baus, C., Branzi, F. M., & Costa, A. (2015). On the mechanism and scope of language control in bilingual speech production. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of bilingual processing (pp. 508526). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bobb, S., & Wodniecka, Z. (2013). Language switching in picture naming: What asymmetric switch costs (do not) tell us about inhibition in bilingual speech planning. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 568585.
Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Caño, A. (2005). On the facilitatory effects of cognate words in bilingual speech production. Brain and Language, 94, 94103.
Costa, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2014). How does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 336345.
Kroll, J., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 497514.
Runnqvist, E., Strijkers, K., Sadat, J., & Costa, A. (2011). On the temporal and functional origin of L2 disadvantages in speech production: A critical review. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 379.

References

Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. (2008). Control mechanisms in bilingual language production: Neural evidence from language switching studies. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(4), 557582.
Andrews, S. (1997). The effect of orthographic similarity on lexical retrieval: Resolving neighborhood conflicts. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4(4), 439461.
Baus, C., Costa, A., & Carreiras, M. (2013). On the effects of second language immersion on first language production. Acta Psychologica, 142, 402409.
Bialystok, E. (2009). Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and the indifferent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 311.
Bialystok, E. (2015). Bilingualism and the development of executive function: The role of attention. Child Development Perspectives, 9(2), 117121.
Bialystok, E., & Craik, F. (2015). Cognitive consequences of bilingualism: Executive control and cognitive reserve. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of bilingual processing (pp. 571585). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Luk, G. (2008). Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 859873.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Ryan, J. (2006). Executive control in a modified antisaccade task: Effects of aging and bilingualism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32, 13411354.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., Green, D., & Gollan, T. (2009). Bilingual minds. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 10, 89129.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging, 19, 290303.
Bialystok, E., & Shapero, D. (2005). Ambiguous benefits: The effect of bilingualism on reversing ambiguous figures. Developmental Science, 8, 595604.
Blanco-Elorrieta, E., & Pylkkänen, L. (2018). Ecological validity in bilingualism research and the bilingual advantage. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(12), 11171126.
Blumenfeld, H., Bobb, S., & Marian, V. (2016). The role of language proficiency, cognate status and word frequency in the assessment of Spanish-English bilinguals’ verbal fluency. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(2), 190201.
Bobb, S., & Wodniecka, Z. (2013). Language switching in picture naming: What asymmetric switch costs (do not) tell us about inhibition in bilingual speech planning. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 568585.
Botvinick, M., Nystrom, L., Fissell, K., Carter, C., Cohen, J. (1999). Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex. Nature, 402, 179181.
Braver, T., Reynolds, J., & Donaldson, D. (2003). Neural mechanisms of transient and sustained cognitive control during task switching. Neuron, 39, 713726.
Broersma, M. (2009). Triggered codeswitching between cognate languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 447462.
Broersma, M. (2011). Triggered code-switching: Evidence from picture naming experiments. In Schmid, M. & Lowie, W. (Eds.), Modeling bilingualism from structure to chaos: In honor of Kees de Bot (pp. 3757). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Broersma, M., & de Bot, K. (2006). Triggered codeswitching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 113.
Broersma, M., Isurin, L., Bultena, S., & de Bot, K. (2009). Triggered code-switching: Evidence from Dutch-English and Russian-English bilinguals. In Isurin, L., Winford, D., & de Bot, K. (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to code switching (pp. 85102). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. (2015a). Language switch costs in sentence comprehension depend on language dominance: Evidence from self-paced reading. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18, 453469.
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & van Hell, J. (2015b). Switch cost modulations in bilingual sentence processing: Evidence from shadowing. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 30, 586605.
Calabria, M., Hernández, M., Branzi, F., & Costa, A. (2012). Qualitative differences between bilingual language control and executive control: Evidence from task-switching. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(399).
Caramazza, A. (1997). How many levels of processing are there in lexical access? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 14, 177208.
Christoffels, I., de Groot, A., & Waldorp, L. (2003). Basic skills in a complex task: A graphical model relating memory and lexical retrieval to simultaneous interpreting. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 201211.
Christoffels, I., Firk, C., & Schiller, N. (2007). Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study. Brain Research, 1147, 192208.
Clyne, M. (1967). Transference and triggering: Observations on the language assimilation of postwar German-speaking migrants in Australia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Clyne, M. (2003). Dynamics of language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Colomé, Á. (2001). Lexical activation in bilinguals’ speech production: Language-specific or language-independent. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 721736.
Colzato, L., Bajo, M., van den Wildenberg, W., Paolieri, D., Nieuwenhuis, S., La Heij, W., & Hommel, B. (2008). How does bilingualism improve executive control? A comparison of active and reactive inhibition mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 302312.
Costa, A., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Is lexical selection in bilingual speech production language-specific? Further evidence from Spanish-English and English-Spanish bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2, 231244.
Costa, A., & Santesteban, M. (2004). Lexical access in bilingual speech production: Evidence from language switching in highly proficient bilinguals and L2 learners. Journal of Memory and Language, 50, 491511.
Costa, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2014). How does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 336345.
Costa, A., Albareda, B., & Santesteban, M. (2008). Assessing the presence of lexical competition across languages: Evidence from the Stroop task. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11, 121131.
Costa, A., Calabria, M., Marne, P., Hernández, M., Juncadella, M., Gascón-Bayarri, J., et al. (2012). On the parallel deterioration of lexico-semantic processes in the bilinguals’ two languages: Evidence from Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 50, 740753.
Costa, A., Caramazza, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 12831296.
Costa, A., Colomé, A., Gomez, O., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2003). Another look at cross-language competition in bilingual speech production: Lexical and phonological factors. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 167179.
Costa, A., Miozzo, M., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Lexical selection in bilinguals: Do words in the bilinguals’ two lexicons compete for selection? Journal of Memory and Language, 41, 365397.
Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Caño, A. (2005). On the facilitatory effects of cognate words in bilingual speech production. Brain and Language, 94, 94103.
Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Ivanova, I. (2006). How do high-proficient bilinguals control their lexicalization process? Inhibitory and language-specific selection mechanisms are both functional. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 32, 10571074.
Crone, E., Wendelken, C., Donohue, S., & Bunge, S. (2006). Neural evidence for dissociable components of task-switching. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 475486.
De Bleser, R., Dupont, P., Postler, J., Borsmans, G., Speelman, D., Mortelmans, L., & Debrock, M. (2003). The organisation of the bilingual lexicon: A PET study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 16(4), 439456.
de Bruin, A., & Della Sala, S. (2019). In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The neuroscience of multilingualism (pp. 736753). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
de Bruin, A., Samuel, A. G., Duñabeitia, J. A. (2018). Voluntary language switching: When and why do bilinguals switch between their languages? Journal of Memory and Language, 103, 2843.
de Groot, A., & Christoffels, I. (2006). Language control in bilinguals: Monolingual tasks and simultaneous interpreting. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 189201.
de Groot, A., & Keijzer, R. (2000). What is hard to learn is easy to forget: The roles of word concreteness, cognate status, and word frequency in foreign-language vocabulary learning and forgetting. Language Learning, 50 (1), 156.
de Groot, A., & Nas, G. (1991). Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(1), 90123.
Dell, G. (1986). A spreading activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review, 93, 283321.
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5, 175197.
Engle, R. (2002). Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 1923.
Festman, J., & Mosca, M. (2016). Influence of preparation time on language control: A trilingual digit-naming study. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), Cognitive control and consequences of multilingualism (pp. 145171). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Festman, J., & Münte, T. (2012). Cognitive control in Russian-German bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 17.
Festman, J., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., & Münte, T. (2010). Individual differences in control of language interference in late bilinguals are mainly related to general executive abilities. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6(5).
Festman, J., & Schwieter, J. W. (2015). Behavioural measures of language control: Production and comprehension. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of bilingual processing (pp. 527547). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Filippi, R., Karaminis, T., & Thomas, M. (2014). Language switching in bilingual production: Empirical data and computational modelling. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(2), 294315.
García-Pentón, L., Yuriem, F., Costello, B., Duñabeitia, J., & Carreiras, M. (2016). The neuroanatomy of bilingualism: How to turn a hazy view into the full picture. Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, 31(3), 303327.
Gold, B., Kim, C., Johnson, N., Kryscio, R., & Smith, C. (2013). Lifelong bilingualism maintains neural efficiency for cognitive control in aging. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(2), 387396.
Goldrick, M. (2014). Phonological processing: The retrieval and encoding of word form information in speech production. In Goldrick, M., Ferreira, V., & Miozzo, M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language production (pp. 228244). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gollan, T., & Acenas, L. (2004). What is a TOT? Cognate and translation effects on tip-of-the-tongue states in Spanish-English and Tagalog-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 246269.
Gollan, T., Bonanni, M., & Montoya, R. (2005). Proper names get stuck on bilingual and monolingual speakers’ tip-of-the-tongue equally often. Neuropsychology, 19, 278287
Gollan, T., Fennema-Notestine, C., Montoya, R., & Jernigan, T. (2007). The bilingual effect on Boston Naming Test performance. The Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 197208.
Gollan, T., & Ferreira, V. (2009). Should I stay or should I switch? A cost-benefit analysis of voluntary language switching in young and aging bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 640665.
Gollan, T., & Kroll, J. (2001). Bilingual lexical access. In Rapp, B. (Ed.), The handbook of cognitive neuropsychology: What deficits reveal about the human mind (pp. 321345). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
Gollan, T., Montoya, R., Cera, C., & Sandoval, T. (2008). More use almost always means a smaller frequency effect: Aging, bilingualism, and the weaker links hypothesis. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 787814.
Gollan, T., Slattery, T., Goldenberg, D., van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Rayner, K. (2011). Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: The frequency-lag hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140, 186209.
Green, D. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 6781.
Green, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2013). Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 515530.
Green, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2016). Language control and the neuroanatomy of bilingualism: In praise of variety. Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, 31(3), 340344.
Guo, T., Liu, F., Chen, B., & Li., S. (2013). Inhibition of non-target languages in multilingual word production: Evidence from Uighur-Chinese-English trilinguals. Acta Psychologica, 143, 277283.
Hermans, D. (2000). Word production in a foreign language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nijmegen.
Hermans, D. (2004). Between-language identity effects in picture-word interference tasks: A challenge for language-nonspecific or language-specific models of lexical access? International Journal of Bilingualism, 8(2), 115125.
Hermans, D., Bongaerts, T., de Bot, K., & Schreuder, R. (1998). Producing words in a foreign language: Can speakers prevent interference from their first language? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(3), 213229.
Hernandez, A., Dapretto, M., Mazziotta, J., & Bookheimer, S. (2001). Language switching and language representation in Spanish-English Bilinguals: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 14, 510520.
Hernandez, A., Martinez, A., & Kohnert, K. (2000). In search of the language switch: An fMRI study of picture naming in Spanish-English bilinguals. Brain and Language, 73, 421431.
Hervais-Adelman, A., Moser-Mercer, B., & Golestani, N. (2011). Executive control of language in the bilingual brain: Integrating the evidence from neuroimaging to neuropsychology. Frontiers in Psychology, 2.
Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. (2008). Cognate effects in picture naming: Does cross-language activation survive a change of script? Cognition, 106, 501511.
Indefrey, P., & Levelt, W. (2004). The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components. Cognition, 92, 101144.
Ivanova, I., & Costa, A. (2008). Does bilingualism hamper lexical access in speech production? Acta Psychologica, 127, 277288.
Kambanaros, M., Michaelides, M., & Grohmann, K. (2017). Cross-linguistic transfer effects after phonologically based cognate therapy in a case of multilingual specific language impairment. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 52(3), 270284.
Kirsner, K., Lalor, E., & Hird, K. (1993). The bilingual lexicon: Exercise, meaning and morphology. In Schreuder, R. & Weltens, B. (Eds.), The bilingual lexicon (pp. 215246). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kleinman, D., & Gollan, T. H. (2016). Speaking two languages for the price of one: Bypassing language control mechanisms via accessibility-driven switches. Psychological Science, 27, 700714.
Koch, I., Gade, M., Schuch, S., & Philipp, A. (2010). The role of inhibition in task switching: An overview. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 17(1), 114.
Kohnert, K. (2004). Cognitive and cognate-based treatments for bilingual aphasia: A case study. Brain and Language, 91, 294302.
Kootstra, G., van Hell, J., & Dijkstra, T. (2012). Priming of code-switches in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and language proficiency. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 797819.
Kornblum, S., Hasbroucq, T., & Osman, A. (1990). Dimensional overlap: Cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility: A model and taxonomy. Psychological Review, 97, 253270.
Kroll, J., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 497514.
Kroll, J., Bobb, S., & Wodniecka, Z. (2006). Language selectivity is the exception, not the rule: Arguments against a fixed locus of language selection in bilingual speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 119135.
Kroll, J., Bobb, S., Misra, M., & Guo, T. (2008). Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for inhibitory processes. Acta Psychologica, 128, 416430.
Leacox, L., Wood., C., Sunderman, G., & Schatschneider, C. (2016). Young Spanish-English language learners’ cognate facilitation on picture naming. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 43, 115128.
Lehtonen, M., Soveri, A., Laine, A., Järvenpää, J., de Bruin, A., & Antfolk, J. (2018). Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 144(4), 394425.
Levelt, W. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Levelt, W. (2001). Spoken word production: A theory of lexical access. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 1346413471.
Levelt, W., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 175.
Levy, B., & Anderson, M. (2002). Inhibitory processes and the control of memory retrieval. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 299305.
Li, P., Legault, J., & Litcofsky, K. (2014). Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning: Anatomical changes in the human brain. Cortex, 58, 301324.
Linck, J., Kroll, J., & Sunderman, G. (2009). Losing access to the native language while immersed in a second language: Evidence for the role of inhibition in second language learning. Psychological Science, 20, 15071515.
Linck, J., Michael, E., Golonka, E., Twist, A., & Schwieter, J. W. (2015). Moving beyond two languages: The effects of multilingualism on language processing and language learning. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of bilingual processing (pp. 665694). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Linck, J., Schwieter, J. W., & Sunderman, G. (2012). Inhibitory control predicts language switching performance in trilingual speech production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 651662.
Macnamara, J., Krauthammer, M., & Bolgar, M. (1968). Language switching in bilinguals as a function of stimulus and response uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 78, 208215.
Martin, C., Strijkers, K., Santesteban, M., Escera, C., Hartsuiker, R., & Costa, A. (2013). The impact of early bilingualism on controlling a lately learnt language: An ERP study. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(815).
Meuter, R., & Allport, A. (1999). Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 2540.
Mosca, M., & Clahsen, H. (2016). Examining language switching in bilinguals: The role of preparation time. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(2), 415424.
Paap, K. (2019). The bilingual advantage debate: Quantity and quality of the evidence. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The neuroscience of multilingualism (pp. 701735). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Paap, K., Johnson, H., & Sawi, O. (2015). Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undetermined circumstances. Cortex, 69, 265278.
Philipp, A., Gade, M., & Koch, I. (2007). Inhibitory processes in language switching? Evidence from switching language-defined response sets. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 19, 395416.
Philipp, A., & Koch, I. (2009). Inhibition in language switching: What is inhibited when switching among languages in naming tasks? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 11871195.
Price, C., Green, D., & Von Studnitz, R. (1999). A functional imaging study of translation and language switching. Brain, 122, 22212235.
Prior, A., & Gollan, T. (2011). Good language-switchers are good task-switchers: Evidence from Spanish-English and Mandarin-English bilinguals. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 682691.
Prior, A., & MacWhinney, B. (2010). A bilingual advantage in task switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(2), 253262.
Roberts, P., & Deslauriers, L. (1999). Picture naming of cognate and non-cognate nouns in bilingual aphasia. Journal of Communication Disorders, 32, 123.
Runnqvist, E., Strijkers, K., Sadat, J., & Costa, A. (2011). On the temporal and functional origin of L2 disadvantages in speech production: A critical review. Frontiers in psychology, 2(379).
Salvatierra, J., & Rosselli, M. (2011). The effect of bilingualism and age on inhibitory control. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15, 2637.
Sandoval, T., Gollan, T., Ferreira, V., & Salmon, D. (2010). What causes the bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency? The dual-task analogy. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 231252.
Santesteban, M., & Costa, A. (2016). Are cognate words “special”? On the role of cognate words in language switching performance. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), Cognitive control and consequences of multilingualism (pp. 97126). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Schwieter, J. W. (2013). Lexical inhibition in trilingual speakers. In Tirkkonen, J. & Anttikoski, E. (Eds.), Proceedings of The 24th Conference of Scandinavian Linguistics. Publications of the University of Eastern Finland: Reports and Studies in Education, Humanities, and Theology (pp. 249260). Joensuu: University of Eastern Finland Press.
Schwieter, J. W., & Ferreira, A. (2016). Effects of cognitive control, lexical robustness, and frequency of codeswitching on language switching. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), Cognitive control and consequences of multilingualism (pp. 195218). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Schwieter, J. W., & Sunderman, G. (2008). Language switching in bilingual speech production: In search of the language-specific selection mechanism. The Mental Lexicon, 3(2), 214238.
Schwieter, J. W., & Sunderman, G. (2011). Inhibitory control processes and lexical access in trilingual speech production. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 1(4), 391412.
Shell, A., Linck, J., & Slevc, L. (2015). Examining the role of inhibitory control in bilingual language switching. Paper presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Pasadena, CA.
Snodgrass, J., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 174215.
Strijkers, K. (2016). A neural assembly-based view on word production: The bilingual test case. Language Learning, 66(S2), 92131.
Strijkers, K., & Costa, A. (2016). The cortical dynamics of speaking: Present shortcomings and future avenues. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 31(4), 484503.
Strijkers, K., Costa, A., & Thierry, G. (2010). Tracking lexical access in speech production: Electrophysiological correlates of word frequency and cognate effects. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 912928.
van Hell, J., & de Groot, A. M. B. (1998). Conceptual representation in bilingual memory: Effects of concreteness and cognate status in word association. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 193211.
Verhoef, K., Roelofs, A., & Chwilla, D. (2009). Electrophysiological evidence for endogenous control of attention in switching between languages in overt picture naming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 18321843.
Wang, Y., Kuhl, P., Chen, C., & Dong, Q. (2009). Sustained and transient language control in the bilingual brain. NeuroImage, 47, 414422.