Part II - Species Accounts

Aitken-Palmer, C., Hou, R., Burrell, C., et al. (2012). Protracted reproductive seasonality in the male giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) reflected by patterns in androgen profiles, ejaculate characteristics, and selected behaviors. Biology of Reproduction 86(6): 195.Google Scholar

Caro, T., Walker, H., Rossman, Z., Hendrix, M. & Stankowich, T. (2017). Why is the giant panda black and white? Behavioral Ecology 28(3): 657–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Charlton, B. D., Huang, Y. & Swaisgood, R. R. (2009). Vocal discrimination of potential mates by female giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Biology Letters 5: 597–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Charlton, B. D., Keating, J. L., Li, R., Huang, Y. & Swaisgood, R. R. (2010). Female giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) chirps advertise the caller’s fertile phase. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277: 1101–1106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Charlton, B. D., Keating, J. L., Kersey, D., et al. (2011). Vocal cues to male androgen levels in giant pandas. Biology Letters 7: 71–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Charlton, B. D., Martin-Wintle, M. S., Owen, M. A., Zhang, H. & Swaisgood, R. R. (2018a). Vocal behaviour predicts mating success in giant pandas. Royal Society Open Science 5(10): 181323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Charlton, B. D., Owen, M. A., Keating, J. L., et al. (2018b). Sound transmission in a bamboo forest and its implications for information transfer in giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) bleats. Scientific Reports 8(1): 12754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheng, W. Y., Zhao, G. H., Jia, Y. Q., et al. (2013). Characterization of Haemaphysalis flava (Acari: Ixodidae) from Qingling subspecies of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis) in Qinling Mountains (Central China) by morphology and molecular markers. PLoS ONE 8(7): e69793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Connor, T., Hull, V. & Liu, J. (2016). Telemetry research on elusive wildlife: a synthesis of studies on giant pandas. Integrative Zoology 11(4): 295–307.Google Scholar

Han, H., Wei, W., Hu, Y., et al. (2019). Diet evolution and habitat contraction of giant pandas via stable isotope analysis. Current Biology 29(4): 664–669.e662.Google Scholar

Hoffmann, M., Hilton-Taylor, C., Angulo, A., et al. (2010). The impact of conservation on the status of the world’s vertebrates. Science 330: 1503–1509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Huang, W. (1993). The skull, mandible and dentition of giant pandas (Ailuropoda): morphological characters and their evolutionary implications. Vertebrata Palasiatica 31: 191–207.Google Scholar

Hull, V., Roloff, G., Zhang, J., et al. (2014). A synthesis of giant panda habitat selection. Ursus 25(2): 148–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hull, V., Zhang, J., Zhou, S., et al. (2015). Space use by endangered giant pandas. Journal of Mammalogy 96(1): 230–236.Google Scholar

Hull, V., Zhang, J., Huang, J., et al. (2016). Habitat use and selection by giant pandas. PLoS ONE 11(9): e0162266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kang, D. & Li, J. (2016). Premature downgrade of panda’s status. Science 354: 295.Google Scholar

Keller, A. S., Snyder, R. J., Marr, M. J., et al. (2006). Color vision in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Learning and Behavior 3: 154–161.Google Scholar

Kersey, D. C., Wildt, D. E., Brown, J. L., et al. (2010). Unique biphasic progestagen profile in parturient and non-parturient giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) as determined by faecal hormone monitoring. Reproduction 140: 183–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kersey, D. C., Wildt, D. E., Brown, J. L., et al. (2011). Rising fecal glucocorticoid concentrations track reproductive activity in the female giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). General and Comparative Endocrinology 173(2): 364–370.Google Scholar

Li, B. V. & Pimm, S. L. (2016). China’s endemic vertebrates sheltering under the protective umbrella of the giant panda. Conservation Biology 30(2): 329–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Li, B. V., Pimm, S. L., Li, S., Zhao, L. & Luo, C. (2017a). Free-ranging livestock threaten the long-term survival of giant pandas. Biological Conservation 216: 18–25.Google Scholar

Li, D., Wintle, N. J. P., Zhang, G., et al. (2017b). Analyzing the past to understand the future: natural mating yields better reproductive rates than artificial insemination in the giant panda. Biological Conservation 216: 10–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Li, R., Fan, W., Tian, G., et al. (2010). The sequence and de nova assembly of the giant panda genome. Nature 463: 311–317.Google Scholar

Li, R., Xu, M., Wong, M. H. G., et al. (2015a). Climate change threatens giant panda protection in the 21st century. Biological Conservation 182: 93–101.Google Scholar

Li, X., Jiang, G., Tian, H., et al. (2015b). Human impact and climate cooling caused range contraction of large mammals in China over the past two millennia. Ecography 38(1): 74–82.Google Scholar

Li, Y., Swaisgood, R. R., Wei, W., et al. (2017c). Withered on the stem: is bamboo a seasonally limiting resource for giant pandas? Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24(11): 10,537–10,546.Google Scholar

Linderman, M., Bearer, S., An, L., et al. (2005). The effects of understory bamboo on broad-scale estimates of giant panda habitat. Biological Conservation 121: 383–390.Google Scholar

Liu, J., Hull, V., Yang, W., et al. (2016). Pandas and people: Coupling human and natural systems for sustainability. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ma, H., Wang, Z., Wang, C., et al. (2015). Fatal Toxoplasma gondii infection in the giant panda. Parasite 22: 30–30.Google Scholar

Martin-Wintle, M. S., Shepherdson, D., Zhang, G., et al. (2015). Free mate choice enhances conservation breeding in the endangered giant panda. Nature Communications 6: 10125.Google Scholar

Martin-Wintle, M. S., Shepherdson, D., Zhang, G., et al. (2017). Do opposites attract? Effects of personality matching in breeding pairs of captive giant pandas on reproductive success. Biological Conservation 207: 27–37.Google Scholar

Nie, Y., Swaisgood, R. R., Zhang, Z., et al. (2012a). Giant panda scent-marking strategies in the wild: role of season, sex and marking surface. Animal Behaviour 84(1): 39–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nie, Y., Swaisgood, R. R., Zhang, Z., Liu, X. & Wei, F. (2012b). Reproductive competition and fecal testosterone in wild male giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 66(5): 721–730.Google Scholar

Nie, Y.-G., Zhang, Z.-J., Swaisgood, R. R. & Wei, F.-W. (2012c). Effects of season and social interaction on fecal testosterone metabolites in wild male giant pandas: implications for energetics and mating strategies. European Journal of Wildlife Research 58(1): 235–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nie, Y., Speakman, J. R., Wu, Q., et al. (2015a). Exceptionally low daily energy expenditure in the bamboo-eating giant panda. Science 349(6244): 171–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nie, Y., Zhang, Z., Raubenheimer, D., et al. (2015b). Obligate herbivory in an ancestrally carnivorous lineage: the giant panda and bamboo from the perspective of nutritional geometry. Functional Ecology 29(1): 26–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O’Brien, S. J., Nash, W. G., Wildt, D. E., Bush, M. E. & Benveniste, R. E. (1985). A molecular solution to the riddle of the giant panda’s phylogeny. Nature 317(6033): 140–144.Google Scholar

Owen, M. A., Keating, J. L., Denes, S. K., et al. (2016). Hearing sensitivity in context: conservation implications for a highly vocal endangered species. Global Ecology and Conservation 6: 121–131.Google Scholar

Owen, M. A., Swaisgood, R. R. & Blumstein, D. T. (2016). Signalling behaviour is influenced by transient social context in a spontaneously ovulating mammal. Animal Behaviour 111: 157–165.Google Scholar

Pan, W. (2014). A chance for lasting survival: Ecology and behavior of wild giant pandas. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.Google Scholar

Roberts, B. M., Brown, J. L., Kersey, D. C., et al. (2018). Use of urinary 13,14, dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α (PGFM) concentrations to diagnose pregnancy and predict parturition in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanolecua). PLoS ONE 13(5): e0195599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schaller, G. B., Hu, J., Pan, W. & Zhu, J. (1985). The giant pandas of Wolong. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

SFA. (2015). Report of the Fourth National Giant Panda Survey. Beijing: Science Publishing House.Google Scholar

Snyder, R. J., Zhang, A. J., Zhang, Z. H., et al. (2003). Behavioral and developmental consequences of early rearing experience for captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Journal of Comparative Psychology 117: 235–245.Google Scholar

Snyder, R. J., Perdue, B. M., Zhang, Z., Maple, T. L. & Charlton, B. D. (2016). Giant panda maternal care: a test of the experience constraint hypothesis. Scientific Reports 6: 27509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Steinman, K. J., Monfort, S. L., McGeehan, L., et al. (2006). Endocrinology of the giant panda and application of hormone techology to species management. In: Wildt, D. E., Zhang, A. J., Zhang, H., Janssen, D. & Ellis, S. (Eds.), Giant pandas: Biology, veterinary medicine and management (pp. 198–230). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Swaisgood, R. R., Zhou, X., Zhang, G., Lindburg, D. G. & Zhang, H. (2003). Application of behavioral knowledge to giant panda conservation. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 16: 65–84.Google Scholar

Swaisgood, R. R., Lindburg, D., White, A. M., Zhang, H. & Zhou, X. (2004). Chemical communication in giant pandas: experimentation and application. In: Lindburg, D. & Baragona, K. (Eds.), Giant pandas: Biology and conservation (pp. 106–120). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Swaisgood, R. R., Zhang, G., Zhou, X. & Zhang, H. (2006). The science of behavioural management: creating biologically relevant living environments in captivity. In: Wildt, D. E., Zhang, A. J., Zhang, H., Janssen, D. & Ellis, S. (Eds.), Giant pandas: Biology, veterinary medicine and management (pp. 274–298). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Swaisgood, R. R., Wang, D. & Wei, F. (2016). Ailuropoda melanoleuca. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org/details/712/0.Google Scholar

Swaisgood, R. R., Wang, D. & Wei, F. (2017). Panda downlisted but not out of the woods. Conservation Letters 11: e12355.Google Scholar

Swaisgood, R. R., Martin-Wintle, M. S., Owen, M. A., Zhou, X. & Zhang, H. (2018). Developmental stability of foraging behavior: evaluating suitability of captive giant pandas for translocation. Animal Conservation 21: 474–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tuanmu, M.-N., Viña, A., Winkler, J. A., et al. (2013). Climate-change impacts on understorey bamboo species and giant pandas in China’s Qinling Mountains. Nature Climate Change 3(3): 249–253.Google Scholar

Vina, A., Bearer, S., Chen, X., et al. (2007). Temporal changes in giant panda habitat connectivity across boundaries of Wolong Nature Reserve, China. Ecological Applications 17(4): 1019–1030.Google Scholar

Wang, F., McShea, W. J., Wang, D., et al. (2014). Evaluating landscape options for corridor restoration between giant panda reserves. PLoS ONE 9(8): e105086.Google Scholar

Wang, F., McShea, W. J., Wang, D. & Li, S. (2015). Shared resources between giant panda and sympatric wild and domestic mammals. Biological Conservation 186: 319–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wang, F., Zhao, Q., McShea, W. J., et al. (2018). Incorporating biotic interactions reveals potential climate tolerance of giant pandas. Conservation Letters 11(6): e12592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wang, N., Li, D.-S., Zhou, X., et al. (2013). A sensitive and specific PCR assay for the detection of Baylisascaris schroederi eggs in giant panda feces. Parasitology International 62(5): 435–436.Google Scholar

Wang, S., Gu, X., Fu, Y., et al. (2012). Molecular taxonomic relationships of Psoroptes and Chorioptes mites from China based on COI and 18S rDNA gene sequences. Veterinary Parasitology 184(2): 392–397.Google Scholar

Wei, F. & Zhang, Z. (2009). Family Ailuridae (red panda). In: Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.), Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 1. Carnivores (pp. 498–503). Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.Google Scholar

Wei, F., Hu, Y., Zhu, L., et al. (2012). Black and white and read all over: the past, present and future of giant panda genetics. Molecular Ecology 21(23): 5660–5674.Google Scholar

Wei, F., Hu, Y., Yan, L., et al. (2015a). Giant pandas are not an evolutionary cul-de-sac: evidence from multidisciplinary research. Molecular Biology and Evolution 32(1): 4–12.Google Scholar

Wei, F., Swaisgood, R., Hu, Y., et al. (2015b). Progress in the ecology and conservation of giant pandas. Conservation Biology 29: 1497–1507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wei, F., Costanza, R., Dai, Q., et al. (2018). The value of ecosystem services from giant panda reserves. Current Biology 28: 2174–2180.Google Scholar

Wei, W., Nie, Y., Zhang, Z., et al. (2015). Hunting bamboo: foraging patch selection and utilization by giant pandas and implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 186: 260–267.Google Scholar

Wei, W., Swaisgood, R. R., Dai, Q., et al. (2018). Giant panda distributional and habitat‐use shifts in a changing landscape. Conservation Letters 11: e12575.Google Scholar

Wei, W., Swaisgood, R. R., Owen, M. A., et al. (2019). The role of den quality in giant panda conservation. Biological Conservation 231: 189–196.Google Scholar

White, A. M., Swaisgood, R. R. & Zhang, H. (2002). The highs and lows of chemical communication in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): effect of scent deposition height on signal discrimination. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 51: 519–529.Google Scholar

Wildt, D. E., Zhang, A. J., Zhang, H., Janssen, D. & Ellis, S. (2006). Giant pandas: Biology, veterinary medicine and management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Willis, E. L., Kersey, D. C., Durrant, B. S. & Kouba, A. J. (2011). The acute phase protein ceruloplasmin as a non-invasive marker of pseudopregnancy, pregnancy, and pregnancy loss in the giant panda. PLoS ONE 6(7): e21159.Google Scholar

Xu, W., Viña, A., Kong, L., et al. (2017). Reassessing the conservation status of the giant panda using remote sensing. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1: 1635–1638.Google Scholar

Yang, B., Busch, J., Zhang, L., et al. (2015). China’s collective forest tenure reform and the future of the giant panda. Conservation Letters 8(4): 251–261.Google Scholar

Yang, H., Viña, A., Tang, Y., et al. (2017). Range-wide evaluation of wildlife habitat change: a demonstration using giant pandas. Biological Conservation 213: 203–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yuan, H., Liu, D., Sun, L., et al. (2004). Anogenital gland secretions code for sex and age in the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82(10): 1596–1604.Google Scholar

Zhan, X., Li, M., Zhang, Z., et al. (2006). Molecular censusing doubles giant panda population estimate in a key nature reserve. Current Biology 16(12): 451–452.Google Scholar

Zhan, X., Zhang, Z., Wu, H., et al. (2007). Molecular analysis of dispersal in giant pandas. Molecular Ecology 16(18): 3792–3800.Google Scholar

Zhang, J., Hull, V., Huang, J., et al. (2015). Activity patterns of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Journal of Mammalogy 96(6): 1116–1127.Google Scholar

Zhang, J., Hull, V., Ouyang, Z., et al. (2017a). Modeling activity patterns of wildlife using time-series analysis. Ecology and Evolution 7(8): 2575–2584.Google Scholar

Zhang, J.-S., Daszak, P., Huang, H.-L., et al. (2008). Parasite threat to panda conservation. Ecohealth 5(1): 6–9.Google Scholar

Zhang, L., Luo, Z., Mallon, D., Li, C. & Jiang, Z. (2017b). Biodiversity conservation status in China’s growing protected areas. Biological Conservation 210: 89–100.Google Scholar

Zhang, Z., Swaisgood, R. R., Wu, H., et al. (2007). Factors predictiing den use by maternal giant pandas. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 2694–2698.Google Scholar

Zhang, Z., Swaisgood, R. R., Zhang, S., et al. (2011). Old-growth forest is what giant pandas really need. Biology Letters 7: 403–406.Google Scholar

Zhang, Z., Sheppard, J. K., Swaisgood, R. R., et al. (2014). Ecological scale and seasonal heterogeneity in the spatial behaviors of giant pandas. Integrative Zoology 9(1): 46–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zhao, S., Zheng, P., Dong, S., et al. (2013). Whole-genome sequencing of giant pandas provides insights into demographic history and local adaptation. Nature Genetics 45(1): 67–71.Google Scholar

Zheng, X., Owen, M. A., Nie, Y., et al. (2016). Individual identification of wild giant pandas from camera trap photos – a systematic and hierarchical approach. Journal of Zoology 300(4): 247–256.Google Scholar

Zhou, W., Nie, Y., Hu, Y., et al. (2019). Seasonal and reproductive variation in chemical constituents of scent signals in wild giant pandas. Science China Life Sciences 62: 648–660.Google Scholar

Zhu, L., Wu, Q., Dai, J., Zhang, S. & Wei, F. (2011). Evidence of cellulose metabolism by the giant panda gut microbiome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(43): 17,714–17,719.Google Scholar

Zhu, L., Hu, Y., Qi, D., et al. (2013). Genetic consequences of historical anthropogenic and ecological events on giant pandas. Ecology 94(10): 2346–2357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zhu, X., Lindburg, D. G., Pan, W., Forney, K. A. & Wang, D. (2001). The reproductive strategy of giant pandas: infant growth and development and mother–infant relationships. Journal of Zoology, London 253: 141–155.Google Scholar

Anonymous. (2009). Tremarctos ornatus. UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species. www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-common-result.cfm?source=animals anddisplaylanguage=engandCommon=25966Google Scholar

Appleton, R., Tobler, M. & Van Horn, R. (2013). A comparison of Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) densities using camera traps at waterholes and bear trails in the tropical dry forest of Northwestern Peru. Provo, UT: International Association for Bear Research and Management.Google Scholar

Beaumont, L. J., Pitman, A., Perkins, S., et al. (2011). Impacts of climate change on the world’s most exceptional ecoregions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(6): 2306–2311.Google Scholar

Cardozo-de-Almeida, M., Linardi, P. M. & Costa, J. (2003). The type specimens of chewing lice (Insecta, Mallophaga) deposited in the entomological collection of Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98(2): 233–240.Google Scholar

Castellanos, A. (2005). Preliminary results of the three-year telemetry study of Andean bear in the Intag Region, Ecuador. In 16th International Conference on Bear Research and Management. Trentino, Italy: International Association for Bear Research and Management.Google Scholar

Castellanos, A. (2008). Guía para la rehabilitación, liberación y seguimiento de oso andino, Tremarctos ornatus, en Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador: Fundación Espíritu del Bosque.Google Scholar

Castellanos, A. (2011). Home ranges of Andean bears in Intag region, Ecuador. Ursus 22: 65–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Castellanos, A. (2014). Co-occurrence of Andean bear and mountain tapir in the Papallacta region, Cayambe Coca National Park, Ecuador: A brief description. International Bear News Summer 23(2).Google Scholar

Castellanos, A. (2015). Maternal behaviour of a female Andean bear in the paramo of Cayambe Coca National Park, Ecuador. 10.13140/RG.2.1.4185.0405.Google Scholar

Castellanos, A. & Jackson, D. (2018). Biological Research: Does Rebecca, a seasoned Andean bear mother, show seasonal birthing patterns? International Bear News Fall 27(3).Google Scholar

Castellanos, A., Altamirano, M. & Tapia, G. (2001). Ecology and behaviour of reintroduced Andean bears in the Biological Reserve Maquipucuna, Ecuador: implications in conservation. Ukuku, Boletín Informativo sobre la Conservación del Oso Andino 3: 23–26.Google Scholar

Castellanos, A., Arias, L., Jackson, D. & Castellanos, R. (2010). Hematological and serum biochemical values of Andean bears in Ecuador. Ursus 21: 115–120.Google Scholar

Castellanos, A., Jackson, D. & Arias, L. (2016). Guidelines for the rescue, rehabilitation, release and post-release monitoring of Andean bears. Quito, Ecudador: Andean Bear Foundation.Google Scholar

Castellanos, A., Jackson, D. & Ascanta, M. (2019). Are reports of cub abandonment in Andean bears a result of increasing human encroachment? International Bear News Spring 28(1): 14–15.Google Scholar

Christiansen, P. (2007). Evolutionary implications of bite mechanics and feeding ecology in bears. Journal of Zoology 272: 423–443.Google Scholar

Christiansen, P. & Wroe, S. (2007). Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores. Ecology 88: 347–358.Google Scholar

Claro-Hergueta, F., Dollinger, P., Göltenboth, R., et al. (2007) EAZA Ursid husbandry guidelines. Köln, Germany: Kölner Zoo.Google Scholar

Colwell, R. K., Brehm, G., Cardelús, C. L., Gilman, A. C. & Longino, J. T. (2008). Global warming, elevational range shifts, and lowland biotic attrition in the wet tropics. Science 322(5899): 258–261.Google Scholar

Cosse, M., Fernando Del Moral Sachetti, J., Mannise, N. & Acosta, M. (2014). Genetic evidence confirms presence of Andean bears in Argentina. Ursus 25(2): 163–172.Google Scholar

Cuesta, F. & Suárez, L. (2001). Oso de anteojos (Tremarctos ornatus). Quito, Ecuador: SIMBIO/EcoCiencia/Ministerio del Ambiente/IUCN.Google Scholar

Cuvier, F. (1825). Ours des cordilières du chili. En: Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, Tomo V (Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, E. & Cuvier, F.G.). Paris: Belin Éditeur.Google Scholar

Drake, G. J., Nuttall, T., López, J., et al. (2017). Treatment success in three Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) with alopecia syndrome using oclacitinib maleate (Apoquel®). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 48(3): 818–828.Google Scholar

Domico, T. & Newman, M. (1988). Bears of the world. New York, NY: Facts on File.Google Scholar

Emmons, L. & Feer, F. (1997). Neotropical rainforest mammals: A field guide. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Enciso, M. A. & Guimarães, M. A. B. V. (2013). Knowing the reproductive endocrinology in the female Andean bear through non-invasive methods. International Bear News 22: 33–34.Google Scholar

Espinosa, S. & Jacobson, S. K. (2012). Human–wildlife conflict and environmental education: evaluating a community program to protect the Andean bear in Ecuador. The Journal of Environmental Education 43: 155–165.Google Scholar

Figueroa, J. (2015). New records of parasites in free-ranging Andean bears from Peru. Ursus 26: 21–27.Google Scholar

Figueroa, J. & Stucchi, M. (2009). El oso andino: alcance sobre su historia natural. Lima, Peru: Asociación para la Investigación y Conservación de la Biodiversidad.Google Scholar

García-Rangel, S. (2012). Andean bear Tremarctos ornatus natural history and conservation. Mammal Review 42(2): 85–119.Google Scholar

Garshelis, D. L. (2004). Variation in ursid life histories: is there an outlier? In: Lindburg, D. & Baragona, K. (Eds.), Giant pandas. Biology and conservation (pp. 53–73). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Garshelis, D. L. (2009). Family Ursidae. In: Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R. A. (Eds.), Handbook of the mammals of the world: Volume 1. Carnivores (pp. 448–497). Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.Google Scholar

Goldstein, I. (1989). Distribution, habitat use, and diet of spectacled bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in Venezuela. In Rosenthal, M. A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Spectacled Bear. Chicago, IL: Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens.Google Scholar

Goldstein, I. (1991). Spectacled bear predation and feeding behaviour on livestock in Venezuela. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 26: 231–235.Google Scholar

Goldstein, I. & Salas, L. (1993). Foraging pattern on Puya sp. (Bromeliaceae) by Tremarctos ornatus (Ursidae) at Páramo El Tambor, Venezuela. Ecotrópicos 6: 24–29.Google Scholar

Goldstein, I., Guerrero, V. & Moreno, R. (2008). Are there Andean bears in Panamá? Ursus 19: 185–189.Google Scholar

Hall, A. L. (2017). Spectacled bear studbook, Tremarctos ornatus. St Helier, Jersey: Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust.Google Scholar

Hershkovitz, P. (1957). On the possible occurrence of the spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus (F. Cuvier, 1825) in Panama. Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 5: 122–123.Google Scholar

Hoffman, D., Oetting, I., Arnillas, C. A. & Ulloa, R. (2011). Cambio climático y áreas protegidas en los Andes Tropicales. In: Herzog, S. K., Martínez, R., Jørgensen, P. M. & Tiessen, H. (Eds.), Climate change and biodiversity in the Tropical Andes. Säo José dos Campos: Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) and Paris, France: Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE).Google Scholar

IPCC. (2013). Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jackson, D., Castellanos, A. & Vasquez, D. (2017). Kinship relations in a multi-generational Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) family in north Ecuador. International Bear News Spring 26(1): 24.Google Scholar

Kattan, G., Hernandez, O. L., Goldstein, I., et al. (2004). Range fragmentation in the spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus in the northern Andes. Oryx 38: 155–163.Google Scholar

Kurten, B. (1966). Pleistocene bears of North America. 1. Genus Tremarctos, spectacled bear. Acta Zoologica Fennica 115: 1–120.Google Scholar

Laguna, A. (2013). Estudio del conflicto hombre-oso en el norte de Ecuador. Actas del I Simposio Latinoamericano de Tapires & II Congreso Ecuatoriano de Mastozoología, Puyo, Ecuador.Google Scholar

Laguna, A. & Jurrius, I. (2018). Manual de Atención y Prevención de Ataques por Oso Andino (Tremarctos ornatus) al Ganado en Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador: Ministerio del Ambiente.Google Scholar

Macdonald, D. (2001). The new encyclopedia of mammals. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Malcolm, J. R., Liu, C., Neilson, R. P., Hansen, L. & Hannah, L. (2006). Global warming and extinctions of endemic species from biodiversity hotspots. Conservation Biology 20: 538–548.Google Scholar

Mitchell, K. J., Bray, S. C., Bover, P., et al. (2016). Ancient mitochondrial DNA reveals convergent evolution of giant short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) in North and South America. Biology Letters 12: 1–4.Google Scholar

Mondolfi, E. (1989). Notes on the distribution, habitat, food habits, status and conservation of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in Venezuela. Mammalia 53: 525–544.Google Scholar

Morales-Vargas, A. M. (2003). Evaluación de Daños Causados por Vertebrados Silvestres en Maizales de Pajan, K’Apna y Wayrapata (ANMIN Apolobamba, La Paz – Bolivia). BSc dissertation, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia.Google Scholar

Moritz, C. (1994). Defining “evolutionarily significant units” for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 373–375.Google Scholar

Paisley, S. (2001). Andean bear and people in Apolobamba, Bolivia: culture, conflict and conservation. PhD thesis, University of Kent, Kent, UK.Google Scholar

Paisley, S. & Garshelis, D. L. (2006). Activity patterns and time budgets of Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in the Apolobamba Range of Bolivia. Journal of Zoology (London) 268: 25–34.Google Scholar

Peyton, B. (1986). A method for determining habitat components of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus). Vida Silvestre Neotropical 1: 68–78.Google Scholar

Peyton, B. (1999). Spectacled bear conservation action plan. In: Servheen, C., Herrero, S. & Peyton, B. (Eds.), Bears: Status survey and conservation action plan (pp. 157–198). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups.Google Scholar

Rodríguez-Clark, K. M. & Sánchez-Mercado, A. (2006). Population management of threatened taxa in captivity within their natural ranges: lessons from Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in Venezuela. Biological Conservation 129: 134–148.Google Scholar

Ruiz-García, M. (2003). Molecular population genetic analysis of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in the northern Andean area. Hereditas 138: 81–93.Google Scholar

Ruiz-García, M., Arias, J. Y., Castellanos, A., Kolter, L. & Shostell, J. M. (2018). Molecular evolution (mitochondrial and nuclear microsatellites markers) in the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus; Ursidae, Carnivora): How many ESUs are there? In: Ortega, J. & Maldonado, J. E. (Eds.), Conservation genetics in mammals. Cham: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar

Ruiz-García, M., Arias, J. Y., Restrepo, H., Cáceres-Martínez, C. & Shostell, J. M. (2019a). The genetic structure of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus; Ursidae, Carnivora) in Colombia by means of mitochondrial and microsatellite markers. Journal of Mammalogy (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ruiz-García, M., Castellanos, A., Arias, J.Y., Shostell, J.M. (2019b). Genetics of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus; Ursidae, Carnivora) in Ecuador: when the Andean Cordilleras are not an obstacle. Mammalian Biology (in press).Google Scholar

Rumiz, D. I., Brown, A. D., Perovic, P. G., et al. (2012). El Ucumar (Tremarctos ornatus), mito y realidad de su presencia en la Argentina. Mastozoología neotropical 19(2).Google Scholar

Sacco, T. & Van Valkenburgh, B. (2004). Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behaviour in the bears (Carnivora: Ursidae). Journal of Zoology 263: 41–54.Google Scholar

Salesa, M. J., Siliceo, G., Antón, M., et al. (2006). Anatomy of the ‘false thumb’ of Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora, Ursidae, Tremarctinae): phylogenetic and functional implications. Estudios Geológicos 62: 389–394.Google Scholar

Schaul, J. C. (2006). Baylisascaris transfuga in captive and free-ranging populations of bears (Family: Ursidae). Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Ohio, USA.Google Scholar

Servheen, C., Herrero, H. & Peyton, B. (1999). Bears: Status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar

Spady, T. J., Lindburg, D. G. & Durrant, B. S. (2007). Evolution of reproductive seasonality in bears. Mammal Review 42: 84–119.Google Scholar

Stirling, I. & Derocher, A. E. (1990). Factors affecting the evolution and behavioral ecology of the modern bears. In: Bears: Their biology and management (pp. 189–204). Missoula, MT: International Association for Bear Research and Management.Google Scholar

Surkin, J., Flores, M., Ledezma, J. C., et al. (2010). Integrating protected areas and landscapes: Lessons from the Vilcabamba–Amboró conservation corridor (Bolivia–Perú). In: Worboys, G. L., Francis, W. & Lockwood, M. (Eds.), Connectivity conservation management: A global guide (pp. 199–211). London, UK: Earthscan.Google Scholar

Thenius, E. (1976). Zur stammesgeschichtlichen Herkunft von Tremarctos (Ursidae, Mammalia). Z. Säugetierk 41: 109–114.Google Scholar

Torres, D. (2008). Caracterización de conflictos socio-espaciales entre la ganadería y los grandes mamíferos en el sector cuenca del río Nuestra Señora. Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada, Venezuela. Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.Google Scholar

Tovar, C., Arnillas, C. A., Cuesta, F. & Buytaert, W. (2013). Diverging responses of tropical Andean biomes under future climate conditions. PLoS ONE 8(5).Google Scholar

Van Horn, R. C., Zug, B., Appleton, R. D., et al. (2015). Photos provide information on age, but not kinship, of Andean bear. PeerJ 3: e1042.Google Scholar

Velez, X. (1999). Caracterización y uso de hábitat por el oso Andino en la cuenca alta del Río San Jacinto, Cochabamba. Thesis, Universidad de San Simón.Google Scholar

Velez-Liendo, X. (2010). Conservation of Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in a fragmented landscape – Habitat models, potential distribution and patch connectivity. Antwerp, Belgium: University of Antwerp.Google Scholar

Velez-Liendo, X. & García-Rangel, S. (2017). Tremarctos ornatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017.Google Scholar

Viteri Espinel, M. P. (2007). Conservation genetics of Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in northeastern Ecuador: molecular tools, genetic diversity and population size. MSc dissertation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.Google Scholar

Wolff, P. (1989). Selected medical aspects of the spectacled bear. In: Rosenthal, M. A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Spectacled Bear (pp. 313–318). Chicago, IL: Lincoln Park Zoological Garden.Google Scholar

Yerena, E. & García-Rangel, S. (2010). The implementation of an interconnected system of protected areas in the Venezuelan Andes. In: Worboys, G. L., Francis, W. & Lockwood, M. (Eds.), Connectivity conservation management: A global guide (pp. 233–244). London: Earthscan.Google Scholar

Allen, G. M. (1938). The mammals of China and Mongolia. Natural history of central Asia. New York, NY: The American Museum of Natural History.Google Scholar

Animals Asia. (2011). Bear farming industry in China. Chengdu, China: Animals Asia Foundation.Google Scholar

Augeri, D. M. (2005). On the biogeographic ecology of the Malayan Sun Bear. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge.Google Scholar

BANCA. (2017). The bear trade and the bear farms in cross-border regions in eastern Myanmar. Yangon, Myanmar: Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association.Google Scholar

Blake, C. N. & Collins, D. (2002). Captive ursids: results and selected findings of a multi-institutional study. In: Proceedings from the Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, October 5–10 (pp. 21–26). Schaumberg, IL: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.Google Scholar

Blanchard, B. M. & Knight, R .R. (1991). Movements of Yellowstone grizzly bears. Biological Conservation 58: 41–67.Google Scholar

Bourne, D. C., Cracknell, J. M. & Bacon, H. J. (2010). Veterinary issues related to bears (Ursidae). International Zoo Yearbook 44: 16–32.Google Scholar

Burgess, E. A., Stoner, S. S. & Foley, K. E. (2014). Brought to bear: An analysis of seizures across Asia (2000–2011). Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia.Google Scholar

Canfield, P., Bellamy, T., Blyde, D., et al. (1990). Pancreatic lesions and hepatobiliary neoplasia in captive bears. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 21: 471–475.Google Scholar

Chakraborty, R. (2003). A catalogue of mammalian exhibits of zoological gallaries of the Indian Museum. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Occasional Paper No. 219: 1–99.Google Scholar

Cheah, C. (2013). The ecology of Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) at the Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang, Malaysia and adjacent plantations. PhD dissertation, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.Google Scholar

Chien, Y. C., Lien, C. Y., Guo, J. C., et al. (2013). Meningothelial meningioma in a Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 25: 636–640.Google Scholar

Crudge, B., Lees, C., Hunt, M., et al. (2019). Sun bears: Global status review & conservation action plan, 2019–2028. IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group/IUCN SSC Conservation Planning Specialist Group/Free the Bears/TRAFFIC. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2019-041-En.pdfGoogle Scholar

Dathe, H. (1962). Breeding the Malayan bear Helarctos malayanus. International Zoo Yearbook 3: 92.Google Scholar

Dathe, H. (1970). A second generation birth of captive sun bears: at East Berlin Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 10: 79–79.Google Scholar

Dathe, H. (1975). Malayan sun bears. In: Grzimek’s animal life encyclopedia (pp. 141–142). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.Google Scholar

Domico, T. (1988). Bears of the world, 3rd edn. New York, NY: Facts on File.Google Scholar

Dutton, A. J., Hepburn, C. & Macdonald, D. W. (2011). A stated preference investigation into the Chinese demand for farmed vs. wild bear bile. PLoS ONE 6: e21243.Google Scholar

Education for Nature. (2017). Progress tackling wildlife crime illuminates challenges ahead. Wildlife Crime 1: 4.Google Scholar

Erdbrink, D. P. (1953). A review of the fossil and recent bears of the Old World with remarks on their philogenese based upon their dentition. Deventer: Drukkerij Jan de Lange.Google Scholar

Fetherstonhaugh, A. H. (1940). Some notes on Malayan bears. The Malayan Nature Journal 1: 15–19.Google Scholar

Fleming, M. & Burn, C. C. (2014). Behavioural assessment of dental pain in captive Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). Animal Welfare 23: 131–140.Google Scholar

Foley, K. E., Stengel, C. J. & Shepherd, C. R. (2011). Pills, powders, vials and flakes: The bear bile trade in Asia. Petaling Jaya; Cambridge: Traffic Southeast Asia.Google Scholar

Frederick, C. (2008). The reproductive biology and behavior of the sun bear (Ursus malayanus). Seattle, WA: University of Washington.Google Scholar

Frederick, C., Kyes, R., Hunt, K., et al. (2010). Methods of estrus detection and correlates of the reproductive cycle in the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). Theriogenology 74: 1121–1135.Google Scholar

Frederick, C., Hunt, K. E., Kyes, R., Collins, D. & Wasser, S. K. (2012). Reproductive timing and aseasonality in the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). Journal of Mammalogy 93: 522–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frederick, C., Hunt, K., Kyes, R., et al. (2013). Social influences on the estrous cycle of the captive sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). Zoo Biology 32: 581–591.Google Scholar

Fredriksson, G. (2005). Human–sun bear conflicts in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Ursus 16: 130–137.Google Scholar

Fredriksson, G. (2012). Effects of El Niño and large-scale forest fires on the ecology and conservation of Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) in East Kalimantan. Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics. PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.Google Scholar

Fredriksson, G. M., Wich, S. A. & Trisno, . (2006). Frugivory in sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) is linked to El Niño-related fluctuations in fruiting phenology, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89: 489–508.Google Scholar

Gai, J. J. & Marks, S. L. (2008). Salmon poisoning disease in two Malayan sun bears. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 232: 586–588.Google Scholar

Galbreath, G. J., Hunt, M., Clements, T. & Waits, L. P. (2008). An apparent hybrid wild bear from Cambodia. Ursus 19: 85–86.Google Scholar

Garshelis, D. L. (2004). Variation in ursid life histories: is there an outlier? In: Lindburg, D. & Baragona, K. (Eds.), Giant pandas: Biology and conservation (pp. 53–73). Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Garshelis, D. & Steinmetz, R. (2016). Ursus thibetanus, Asiatic black bear. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.orgGoogle Scholar

Goodnight, A. L. & Emanuelson, K. (2012). Two cases of canine adenovirus type 1 infection in Malayan sunbears (Helarctos malayanus) at the Oakland Zoo, California. In: Proceedings from the Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Oakland, California, October 21–26 (p. 77). Schaumberg, IL: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.Google Scholar

Goeritz, F., Hermes, R., Jewgenow, K., et al. (2006). High incidence of cysts of the cervix uteri in captive Malayan sun bears. In: Proceedings from the Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Tampa, Florida, September 19–24 (pp. 114–115). Schaumberg, IL: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.Google Scholar

Griffiths, M. & Schaik, C. P. (1993). The impact of human traffic on the abundance and activity periods of Sumatran rain forest wildlife. Conservation Biology 7: 623–626.Google Scholar

Groves, M. G. (1969). Griseofulvin treatment of Microsporum canis infection in Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 155: 1090–1092.Google Scholar

Hall, S. S. & Swaisgood, R. R. (2009). Maternal care and cub development in the sun bear. Ursus 20: 143–151.Google Scholar

Hesterman, H., Wasser, S. K. & Cockrem, J. F. (2005). Longitudinal monitoring of fecal testosterone in male Malayan sun bears (U. malayanus). Zoo Biology 24: 403–417.Google Scholar

Higgins, J. C. (1932). The Malay bear. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 35: 673–674.Google Scholar

Hughes, J. B., Round, P. D. & Woodruff, D. S. (2003). The Indochinese–Sundaic faunal transition at the Isthmus of Kra: an analysis of resident forest bird species distributions. Journal of Biogeography 30: 569–580.Google Scholar

Hwang, M. H. & Garshelis, D. L. (2007). Activity patterns of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in the Central Mountains of Taiwan. Journal of Zoology 271: 203–209.Google Scholar

IUCN. (2012). Resolutions and Recommendations World Conservation Congress. Jeju, Republic of Korea, September 6–15. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar

IUCN. (2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar

Jenantika, P. U., Fahrimal, Y. & Sayuti, A. (2019). Identifikasi parasit gastrointestinal pada beruang madu (Helarctos malayanus) di Taman Margasatwa medan [Identification of gastrointestinal parasites in sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) in Taman Margasatwa]. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Veteriner 3: 142–148.Google Scholar

Johnston, L. A., Donoghue, A. M., Igo, W., et al. (1994). Oocyte recovery and maturation in the American black bear (Ursus americanus): a model for endangered ursids. Journal of Experimental Zoology 269: 53–61.Google Scholar

Kitchener, A. C. (2004). The problems of old bears in zoos. International Zoo News 51: 282–293.Google Scholar

Kompanje, E. J. O., Klaver, P. S. J. & de Vries, G. Th. (2000). Spondyloarthropathy and osteoarthosis in three Indomalayan bears: Ursus ursinus Cuvier, 1823, Ursus thibetanus Raffles, 1821, and Ursus malayanus Shaw & Nodder, 1791 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ursidae). Contributions to Zoology 69: 259–269.Google Scholar

Krause, J., Unger, T., Noçon, A., et al. (2008). Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene–Pliocene boundary. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 220. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-220.Google Scholar

Kutschera, V. E., Bidon, T., Hailer, F., et al. (2017). Bears in a forest of gene trees: phylogenetic inference is complicated by incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31: 2004–2017.Google Scholar

Lam, L., Garner, M. M., Miller, C. L., et al. (2013). A novel gammaherpesvirus found in oral squamous cell carcinomas in sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 25: 99–106.Google Scholar

Lekagul, B. & McNeely, J. A. (1977). Mammals of Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Association for the Conservation of Wildlife.Google Scholar

Linkie, M., Dinata, Y., Nugroho, A. & Haidir, I.A. (2007). Estimating occupancy of a data deficient mammalian species living in tropical rainforests: sun bears in the Kerinci Seblat region, Sumatra. Biological Conservation 137: 20–27.Google Scholar

Livingstone, E. & Shepherd, C. R. (2014). Bear farms in Lao PDR expand illegally and fail to conserve wild bears. Oryx 50: 1–9.Google Scholar

Livingstone, E., Gomez, L. & Bouhuys, J. (2018). A review of bear farming and bear trade in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Global Ecology and Conservation 13: e00380.Google Scholar

Marti, K., Theis, M., Lindsey, S., et al. (2012). Mainland sun bear (Helarctos malayanus malayanus) and Bornean sun bear (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus). AZA Animal Program Population Viability Analysis Report. Chicago, IL: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.Google Scholar

McConkey, K. & Galetti, M. (1999). Seed dispersal by the sun bear Helarctos malayanus in Central Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecology 15: 237–241.Google Scholar

McLellan, B. & Reiner, D. C. (1994). A Review of Bear Evolution. Bears: Their Biology and Management. Vol. 9, Part 1: A Selection of Papers from the Ninth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Missoula, Montana, February 23–28 (pp. 85–96). Anchorage, AK: International Association for Bear Research and Management.Google Scholar

McLellan, B. N., Proctor, M. F., Huber, D. & Michel, S. (2017). Ursus arctos, Brown bear. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org.Google Scholar

Meijaard, E. (1999). Human-imposed threats to sun bears in Borneo. Ursus 11: 185–192.Google Scholar

Meijaard, E. (2004). Craniometric differences among Malayan sun bears (Ursus malayanus); evolutionary and taxonomic implications. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52: 665–672.Google Scholar

Miettinen, J., Shi, C. & Liew, S. C. (2011). Deforestation rates in insular Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2010. Global Change Biology 17: 2261–2270.Google Scholar

Montali, R. J., Hoopes, P. J. & Bush, M. (1981). Extrahepatic biliary carcinomas in Asiatic bears. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 66: 603–608.Google Scholar

Mylniczenko, N. D., Manharth, A. L., Clayton, L. A., Feinmehl, R. & Robbins, M. (2005). Successful treatment of mandibular squamous cell carcinoma in a Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36: 346–348.Google Scholar

Nooren, H. & Claridge, G. (2001). Wildlife trade in Laos: The end of the game. Netherlands: International Union for Conservation of Nature.Google Scholar

Normua, F., Higashi, S., Ambu, L. & Mohamed, M. (2004). Notes on oil palm plantation use and seasonal spatial relationships of sun bears in Sabah, Malaysia. Ursus 15: 227–231.Google Scholar

Nowak, R. M. (1991). Walker’s mammals of the world. Choice Reviews Online. Fifth edition. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Nunn, C. L., Rothschild, B. & Gittleman, J. L. (2007). Why are some species more commonly afflicted by arthritis than others? A comparative study of spondyloarthropathy in primates and carnivores. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20: 460–470.Google Scholar

Officer, K., Lan, N. T., Wicker, L., et al. (2014). Foot-and-mouth disease in Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 26: 705–713.Google Scholar

Onuma, M., Suzuki, M. & Ohtaishi, N. (2001). Reproductive pattern of the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) in Sarawak. Journal of Veterninary Medicine Science 63: 293–297.Google Scholar

Owen, M. A., Hall, S., Bryant, L. & Swaisgood, R. R. (2014). The influence of ambient noise on maternal behavior in a Bornean sun bear (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus). Zoo Biology 33: 49–53.Google Scholar

Payne, J., Francis, C. M. & Philipps, K. (1989). A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. Sabah, Malaysia: The Sabah Society with World Wildlife Fund Malaysia.Google Scholar

Pocock, R. (1917). A new genus of Ursidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8: 128–129.Google Scholar

Pocock, R. I. (1932). The black and brown bears of Europe and Asia. Part II. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 36: 101–138.Google Scholar

Pocock, R. I. (1941). The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. London, UK: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

Poglayen-Neuwell, I. (1986). An unusual method of transport of young sun bears by their mothers. Der Zoologische Garten 56, 437–438.Google Scholar

Rogers, L. L. & Rogers, S. M. (1976). Parasites of bears: a review. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Bears Paper 42: 411–430.Google Scholar

Sasaki, M., Endo, H., Wiig, Ø., et al. (2005). Adaptation of the hindlimbs for climbing in bears. Annals of Anatomy 187: 153–160.Google Scholar

Schwarzenberger, F., Schaller, K., Chaduc, Y., Pagan, O. & Kolter, L. (1998). Faecal steroid analysis for monitoring ovarian function and the effect of PZP (porcine zona pellucida protein) in the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). Proceedings of the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians 2: 387–395.Google Scholar

Schwarzenberger, F., Fredriksson, G., Schaller, K. & Kolter, L. (2004). Fecal steroid analysis for monitoring reproduction in the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). Theriogenology 62: 1677–1692.Google Scholar

Scotson, L. (2019). Exploring potential range connectivity of sun bear (Carnivora: Ursidae: Ursinae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 67–76.Google Scholar

Scotson, L. & Brocklehurst, M. (2013). Bear poaching in Lao PDR is exposed as an increasing threat to wild populations. International Bear News 22: 22–23.Google Scholar

Scotson, L., Vannachomchan, K. & Sharp, T. (2014). More valuable dead than deterred? Crop-raiding bears in Lao PDR. Wildlife Society Bulletin 38.Google Scholar

Scotson, L., Fredriksson, G., Augeri, D., et al. (2017a). Helarctos malayanus, sun bear. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.orgGoogle Scholar

Scotson, L., Fredriksson, G., Ngoprasert, D., Wong, W. M. & Fieberg, J. (2017b). Projecting range-wide sun bear population trends using tree cover and camera-trap bycatch data. PLoS ONE 12: doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185336.Google Scholar

Servheen, C., Herrero, S., Peyton, B., et al. (1999). Bears: Status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Goups.Google Scholar

Snyder, R. & Thompson, D. (2015). Bear TAG Regional Collection Plan, 4th edition. Maryland: Bear Taxon Advisory Group, Association of Zoos and Aquaria.Google Scholar

Sodhi, N. S., Posa, M. R. C., Lee, T. M., et al. (2010). The state and conservation of Southeast Asian biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 19: 317–328.Google Scholar

Spady, T. J., Lindburg, D. G. & Durrant, B. S. (2007). Evolution of reproductive seasonality in bears. Mammal Review 37: 21–53.Google Scholar

Steinmetz, R. (2011). Ecology and distribution of sympatric Asiatic black bears and sun bears in the seasonally dry forests of Southeast Asia. The ecology and conservation of seasonally dry forests in Asia. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.Google Scholar

Steinmetz, R., Garshelis, D. L., Chutipong, W. & Seuaturien, N. (2011). The shared preference niche of sympatric Asiatic black bears and sun bears in a tropical forest mosaic. PLoS ONE 6: e14509.Google Scholar

Steinmetz, R., Garshelis, D. L., Chutipong, W. & Seuaturien, N. (2013). Foraging ecology and coexistence of Asiatic black bears and sun bears in a seasonal tropical forest in Southeast Asia. Journal of Mammalogy 94: 1–18.Google Scholar

Stirling, I. & Derocher, A. E. (1990). Factors affecting the evolution and behavioral ecology of the modern bears. Bears: Their Biology and Management 8: 189–204.Google Scholar

Tumbelaka, L. & Fredriksson, G. M. (2006). The status of sun bears in Indonesia. In: Understanding Asian bears to secure their future (pp. 73–78). Ibaraki: Japan Bear Network.Google Scholar

Vang, S., Longley, K., Steer, C. J., et al. (2016). Assessing the illegal bear trade in Myanmar through conversations with poachers: topology, perceptions, and trade links to China. PLoS ONE 11: 1–4.Google Scholar

Weber, E. (1969). Notes on hand rearing a Malayan sun bear Helarctos malayanus at Melbourne Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 9: 163–163.Google Scholar

Wong, S. T., Servheen, C. W. & Ambu, L. (2004). Home range, movement and activity patterns, and bedding sites of Malayan sun bears Helarctos malayanus in the rainforest of Borneo. Biological Conservation 119: 169–181.Google Scholar

Wong, S. T., Servheen, C., Ambu, L. & Norhayati, A. (2005). Impacts of fruit production cycles on Malayan sun bears and bearded pigs in lowland tropical forest of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecology 21: 627–639.Google Scholar

Wong, W. M., Leader-Williams, N. & Linkie, M. (2013). Quantifying changes in sun bear distribution and their forest habitat in Sumatra. Animal Conservation 16: 216–223.Google Scholar

Wroughton, R. C. (1916). Bombay Natural History Society’s mammal survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 24: 773–782.Google Scholar

Zhang, Y. P. & Ryder, O. A. (1994). Phylogenetic relationships of bears (the Ursidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3: 351–359.Google Scholar

Abella, J., Alba, D. M., Robles, J. M., et al. (2012). Kretzoiarctos gen. nov., the oldest member of the giant panda clade. PLoS ONE 7(11): e48985. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048985Google Scholar

Akhtar, N. (2004). Habitat use and ranging pattern of sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) in North Bilaspur Forest Division, Madhya Pradesh. Doctorate Degree at Saurastra University Rajkot, Gujarat.Google Scholar

Akhtar, N., Bargali, H. S. & Chauhan, N. P. S. (2004). Sloth bear habitat use in disturbed and unprotected areas of Madhya Pradesh, India. Ursus 15: 203–211.Google Scholar

Akhtar, N., Bargali, H. S. & Chauhan, N. P. S. (2007). Characteristics of sloth bear day dens and use in disturbed and unprotected habitat of North Bilaspur Forest Division, Chhattisgarh, Central India. Ursus 18: 203–208.Google Scholar

Anderson, K., Garner, M. M. & Dennis, P. M. (2018). Causes of mortality in sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) housed in U.S. zoos. The Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research 6(1).Google Scholar

Anonymous. (2018a). Annual Inventory reports of zoo animals. http://cza.nic.in/page/en/inventory-of-animals-in-zoosGoogle Scholar

Anonymous. (2018b). International studbooks for rare species of wild animals in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook 52: 448–478. DOI:10.1111/izy.12194.Google Scholar

Arun, A. S., Sharp, T., Pillai, H., et al. (2017). Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) maternity denning at the Wildlife SOS Bannerghatta Bear Rescue Centre, India. International Zoo Yearbook 52: 1–10. DOI:10.1111/izy.12179.Google Scholar

Baneth, G., Aroch, I., Tai, N., et al. (1998). Hepatozoon species infection in domestic cats: a retrospective study. Veterinary Parasitology 79: 123–133.Google Scholar

Bargali, H. S. (2012). Distribution of different species of bears and status of human–bear conflict in the State of Uttarakhand, India. Advances in Biological Research 6(3): 121–127.Google Scholar

Bargali, H. S., Akhtar, N. & Chauhan, N. P. S. (2004). Feeding ecology of sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) in a disturbed area in central India. Ursus 15(2): 212–217.Google Scholar

Bargali, H. S., Akhtar, N. & Chauhan, N. P. S. (2005). Characteristics of sloth bear attacks and human casualties in North Bilaspur Forest Division, Chhattisgarh, India. Ursus 16(2): 263–267.Google Scholar

Baskaran, N. (1990). An ecological investigation on the dietary composition and habitat utilization of sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) at Mudumalai wildlife sanctuary, Tamil Nadu (South India). MPhil thesis, A.V.C. College, Mannambandal, Tamil Nadu, India.Google Scholar

Baskaran, N., Sivanagesan, N. & Krishnamoorthy, J. (1997). Food habits of the sloth bear at Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, South India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 94: 1–9.Google Scholar

Baskaran, N., Sivanagesan, N., Krishnamoorthy, J., et al. (2015). On the behavioural ecology of sloth bear (Melursus ursinus Shaw 1791) in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India. In Gupta, V. K. & Verma, A. K. (Eds.), Animal diversity, natural history and conservation (Vol. 5, pp. 313–333). New Delhi: Daya Publishing House.Google Scholar

Brander, A. A. D. (1982). Wild animals in central India. Dehradun: Natraj Publishers.Google Scholar

Choudhury, A. U. (2011). Records of sloth bear and Malayan sun bear in North East India. Final report to International Association for Bear Research & Management (IBA). Guwahati, Assam, India: The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India.Google Scholar

Corbet, G. B. & Hill, J. E. (1992). The mammals of the Indomalayan region: A systematic review. London: Natural History Museum Publications, and Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Cowan, I. McT. (1972). The status and conservation of bears (Ursidae) of the world –1970. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 2: 343–367.Google Scholar

D’Cruze, N., Sarma, U. K., Mookerjee, A., et al. (2011). Dancing bears in India: a sloth bear status report. Ursus 22(2): 99–105.Google Scholar

Debata, S., Swain, K. K., Sahu, H. K., et al. (2017). Human–sloth bear conflict in a human-dominated landscape of northern Odisha, India. Ursus 27(2):90–98.Google Scholar

Desai, A. A., Bhaskaran, N. & Ventaktesh, S. (1997). Behavioural ecology of the sloth bear in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park. Tamil Nadu and Bombay Natural History Society collaborative project. Mumbai, India.Google Scholar

Dhamorikar, A. H., Mehta, P., Bargali, H., et al. (2017). Characteristics of human–sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) encounters and the resulting human casualties in the Kanha–Pench corridor, Madhya Pradesh, India. PLoS ONE 12(4): e0176612. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176612Google Scholar

Dharaiya, N., Bargali, H. S. & Sharp, T. (2016). Melursus ursinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. e.T13143A45033815.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13143A45033815.enGoogle Scholar

Eisenberg, J. F. & Lockhart, M.C. (1972). An ecological reconnaissance of Wilpattu National Park, Ceylon. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 101: 1–119.Google Scholar

Erdbrink, D. P. (1953). A review of fossil and recent bears of the Old World. Deventer: Drukkerij Jan de Lange.Google Scholar

Garcia, K. C., Joshi, H. M. & Dharaiya, N. (2016). Assessment of human–sloth bear conflicts in North Gujarat, India. Ursus 27(1): 5–10.Google Scholar

Garshelis, D. L., Joshi, A. R., Smith, J. L. D., et al. (1999a). Sloth bear conservation action plan. In: Servheen, C., Herrero, S. & Peyton, B. (Eds.), Bears: Status survey and conservation action plan (pp. 225–240). Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups.Google Scholar

Garshelis, D., Joshi, A. & Smith, D. (1999b). Estimating density and relative abundance of sloth bears. Ursus 11: 87–98.Google Scholar

Garshelis, D. L., Dhariaya, N. A., Sharp, T. R., et al. (2015). Sloth bears at the northern edge of their range: Status of the transboundary population linking northeastern India to Bhutan. Final report to International Association for Bear Research and Management.Google Scholar

Gopal, R. (1991). Ethological observations on the sloth bear (Melursus ursinus). Indian Forester 117: 915–920.Google Scholar

Heath, D. C. & Mellen, J. D. (1983). Development of maternally reared sloth bear cubs in captivity. Unpublished Sixth International Conference on Bear Research and Management.Google Scholar

Islam, M. A., Uddin, M., Aziz, M. A., et al. (2013). Status of bears in Bangladesh: Going, going, gone? Ursus 24: 83–90.Google Scholar

Jacobi, E. F. (1975). Breeding sloth bears in Amsterdam zoo. In: Martin, R. D. (Ed.), Breeding endangered species in captivity (pp. 351–356). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Jhala, Y. V., Gopal, R. & Qureshi, Q. (Eds.). (2008). Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India. Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority, New Delhi, and Wildlife Institute of India.Google Scholar

Johnsingh, A. J. T. (2003). Bear conservation in India. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 100: 190–201.Google Scholar

Joshi, A. R., Garshelis, D. L. & Smith, J. L. D. (1995). Home ranges of sloth bears in Nepal: implications for conservation. Journal of Wildlife Management 59: 204–213.Google Scholar

Joshi, A. R., Garshelis, D. L. & Smith, J. L. D. (1997). Seasonal and habitat-related diets of sloth bears in Nepal. Journal of Mammalogy 78: 584–597.Google Scholar

Joshi, A. R., Smith, J. L. D. & Garshelis, D. L. (1999). Sociobiology of the myrmecophagous sloth bear in Nepal. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77: 1690–1704.Google Scholar

Kemf, E., Wilson, A. & Servheen, C. (1999). Bears in the Wild. 1999 WWF Species Status Report. Gland, Switzerland: World Wide Fund For Nature.Google Scholar

Kitchener, A. C. (2010). Taxonomic issues in bears: impacts on conservation in zoos and the wild, and gaps in current knowledge. International Zoo Yearbook, 44: 33–46.Google Scholar

Klos, H‐G. & Lang, E. M. (1982). Handbook of Zoo Medicine. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.Google Scholar

Krause, J., Unger, T., Nocon, A., et al. (2008). Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene–Pliocene boundary. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 220. DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-8-220.Google Scholar

Krishnan, M. (1972). An ecological survey of the large mammals of peninsular India. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 47–49.Google Scholar

Kumar, V., Lammers, F., Bidon, T., et al. (2017). The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species. Scientific Reports 7: 46487. DOI:10.1038/srep46487.Google Scholar

Kutschera, V. E., Bidon, T., Hailer, F., et al. (2014). Bears in a forest of gene trees: phylogenetic inference is complicated by incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 31(8): 2004–2017. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msu186Google Scholar

Laurie, A. & Seidensticker, J. (1977). Behavioural ecology of the sloth bear (Melursus ursinus). Journal of Zoology, London 182: 187–204.Google Scholar

Mardaraj, P. C. (2015). Identifying key issues for conservation of sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) in Rajnilgiri, Odisha, Eastern India. Report submitted to The Rufford Small Grant Foundation, United Kingdom.Google Scholar

Marti, K., Theis, M., Thompson, D., et al. (2012). Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) AZA Animal Program Population Viability Analysis Report. Chicago, IL: Lincoln Park Zoo.Google Scholar

McNab, B. K. (1992). Rate of metabolism in the termite eating sloth bear (Ursus ursinus). Journal of Mammalogy 73: 168–172.Google Scholar

Mewada, T. & Dharaiya, N. (2010). Seasonal dietary composition of sloth bear in the reserve forest of Vijaynagar forest, North Gujarat, India. Tigerpaper 37(2): 8–13.Google Scholar

Norris, T. (1969). Ceylon sloth bear. International Wildlife 12: 300–303.Google Scholar

Pages, M., Calvignac, S., Klein, C., et al. (2008). Combined analysis of fourteen nuclear genes refines the Ursidae phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47(1): 73–83. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.019.Google Scholar

Palita, S. K., Kar, T. & Debata, S. (2014). Human–sloth bear interactions: preliminary survey from Semiliguda range of Koraput Forest Division, Southern Odisha, India. Pranikee-Journal of Zoological Society of Orissa, XXVI: 13–21.Google Scholar

Pawar, R. M., Poornachandar, A. & Arun, A.S. (2018). Molecular prevalence and characterization of infection in Indian sloth bears (Melursus ursinus). Wildlife SOS Compendium of Publications 1: 195.Google Scholar

Phillips, W. W. A. (1984). Manual of the mammals of Sri Lanka. Part III, 2nd edition. Bataramulla: Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka.Google Scholar

Pocock, R. I. (1941a). The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. Vol II: Carnivora (suborders Aeluroidae (part) and Arctoidae). London: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar

Pocock, R. I. (1941b). The black and brown bears of Europe and Asia. Part II. The sloth bear (Melursus) and the Asian black bear (Selenarctos) and the Malayan sun bear (Helarctos). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 36: 101–138.Google Scholar

Prater, S. H. (1980). The book of Indian animals. Bombay: Bombay Natural History Society.Google Scholar

Puschmann, V. W., Schuppel, K. F. & Kronberger, H. (1977). Detection of blastocyst in uterine lumen of Indian bear (Melursus ursinus). In: Ippen, R. & Schrader, H. D. (Eds.), Sickness in zoos (pp. 389–391). Berlin: Akademie Verlag [in German with English abstract].Google Scholar

Rajpurohit, K. S. & Chauhan, N. P. S. (1996). Study of animal damage problems in and around protected areas and managed forest in India. Phase I: Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa. Dehradun: Wildlife Institute of India.Google Scholar

Rajpurohit, K. S. & Krausman, P. R. (2000). Human–sloth-bear conflicts in Madhya Pradesh, India. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28: 393–399.Google Scholar

Ramesh, T., Kalle, R., Sankar, K., et al. (2013). Activity pattern of sloth bear Melursusursinus (Mammalia: Ursidae) in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(5): 3989–3992. DOI:10.11609/JoTT.o3071.3989-92.Google Scholar

Ratnayeke, S., Wijeyamohan, S. & Santiapillai, C. ( 2006). The status of sloth bears in Sri Lanka. In: Oi, T., Mano, T., Yamazaki, K., et al. (Eds.), Understanding Asian bears to secure their future (pp. 35–40). Gifu: Japan Bear Network.Google Scholar

Ratnayeke, S., van Manen, F. T. & Padmalal, U. K. G. K. (2007). Landscape characteristics of sloth bear range in Sri Lanka. Ursus 18: 189–202.Google Scholar

Ratnayeke, S., Van Manen, F. T., Pieris, R., et al. (2014). Challenges of large carnivore conservation: sloth bear attacks in Sri Lanka. Human Ecology 42: 467–479.Google Scholar

Samad, K. S. A. & Hosetti, B. B. (2017). Sloth bear Melursus ursinus–human conflict: a case study of unprotected bear habitat in Kudligi taluk, Ballari district, Karnataka. International Journal of Zoology Studies 2(6): 255–260.Google Scholar

Santiapillai, A. & Santiapillai, C. (1990). Status, distribution and conservation of the sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) in Sri Lanka. Tiger Paper 17(1): 13–15.Google Scholar

Sathyakumar, S., Kaul, R., Ashraf, N. V. K., et al. (2012). National Bear Conservation and Welfare Action Plan. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Wildlife Institute of India, and Wildlife Trust of India.Google Scholar

Schaul, J. C. (2006). Baylisascaris transfuga in captive and free-ranging populations of bears (family: Ursidae). Dissertation, Ohio State University.Google Scholar

Servheen, C. (1990). The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Monograph Series 2: 1–32.Google Scholar

Seshamani, G. & Satyanarayan, K. (1997). The dancing bears of India. London, UK: The World Society for the Protection of Animals.Google Scholar

Sreekumar, P. G. & Balakrishnan, M. (2002). Seed dispersal by the sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) in South India. Biotropica 34: 474–477.Google Scholar

Sukhadiya, D., Joshi, J. V. & Dharaiya, N. (2013). Feeding ecology and habitat use of sloth bear in Jassore wildlife sanctuary, Gujarat, India. Indian Journal of Ecology 40(1): 14–18.Google Scholar

Swaminathan, S., Arun, A. S., Sharp, T., et al. (2017). Sloth bear pede-marking caught on video. International Bear News 26(2): 27–28.Google Scholar

Vineyard, T. (2013). North American regional studbook, sloth bear (Melursus ursinus). Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH, 1–20. https://issuu.com/vineyardt/docs/sloth_bear_studbook_2013Google Scholar

Ward, P. & Kynaston, S. (1995). Bears of the world. London, UK: Blandford.Google Scholar

Yoganand, K., Johnsingh, A. J. T. & Rice, C. G. (1999). Annual technical report (October 1998 to September 1999) of the project ‘Evaluating Panna National Park with special reference to the ecology of sloth bear’. Dehradun: Wildlife Institute of India.Google Scholar

Yoganand, K., Rice, C. G. & Johnsingh, A. J. T. (2005). Evaluating Panna National Park with special reference to the ecology of sloth bear. Final Project Report. Dehradun: Wildlife Institute of India.Google Scholar

Yoganand, K., Rice, C. G. & Johnsingh, A. J. T. (2006). Is the sloth bear in India secure? A preliminary report on distribution, threats and conservation requirements. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 103: 2–3.Google Scholar

Abbas, F., Bhatti, Z., Haider, J. & Mian, A. (2015). Bears in Pakistan: distribution, population biology and human conflicts. Journal of Bioresource Management 2(2): 1–13.Google Scholar

Ali, A., Waseem, M., Teng, M., et al. (2018). Human–Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) interactions in the Kaghan Valley, Pakistan. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 30(5): 399–415.Google Scholar

Almasieh, K., Kaboli, M. & Beier, P. (2016). Identifying habitat cores and corridors for the Iranian black bear in Iran. Ursus 27(1): 18–30.Google Scholar

Amano, M., Oi, T. & Hayano, A. (2004). Morphological differentiation between adjacent populations of Asiatic black bears, Ursus thibetanus japonicus, in northern Japan. Journal of Mammalogy 85(2): 311–315.Google Scholar

Aramilev, V. V. (2006). The conservation status of Asiatic black bears in the Russian Far East. In: Understanding Asian bears to secure their future (pp. 86–89). Ibaraki: Japan Bear Network.Google Scholar

Arimoto, I., Goto, Y., Nagai, C. & Furubayashi, K. (2011). Autumn food habits and home-range elevations of Japanese black bears in relation to hard mast production in the beech family in Toyama Prefecture. Mammal Study 36(4): 199–208.Google Scholar

Baryshnikov, G. F. (2010). Middle Pleistocene Ursus thibetanus (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Kudaro caves in the Caucasus. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 314(1): 67–79.Google Scholar

Baryshnikov, G. F. & Zakharov, D. S. (2013). Early Pliocene bear Ursus thibetanus (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Priozernoe locality in the Dniester basin (Moldova Republic). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 317(19): 3–10.Google Scholar

Bidon, T., Janke, A., Fain, S. R., et al. (2014). Brown and polar bear Y chromosomes reveal extensive male-biased gene flow within brother lineages. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31(6): 1353–1363.Google Scholar

Bista, R. & Aryal, A. (2013). Status of the Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus in the southeastern region of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Zoology and Ecology 23(1): 83–87.Google Scholar

Bista, M., Panthi, S. & Weiskopf, S. R. (2018). Habitat overlap between asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus and red panda Ailurus fulgens in Himalaya. PLoS ONE 13(9): 1–12.Google Scholar

Can, Ö. E., D’Cruze, N., Garshelis, D. L., Beecham, J. & Macdonald, D. W. (2014). Resolving human–bear conflict: a global survey of countries, experts, and key factors. Conservation Letters 7(6): 501–513.Google Scholar

Cantlay, J. C., Ingram, D. J. & Meredith, A. L. (2017). A review of zoonotic infection risks associated with the wild meat trade in Malaysia. EcoHealth 14(2): 361–388.Google Scholar

Chang, G.-R., Yang, C.-C., Hsu, S.-H. et al. (2011). Fecal reproductive steroid profiles for monitoring reproductive patterns in female formosan black bears (Ursus thibetanus formosanus). Annales Zoologici Fennici 48(5): 275–286.Google Scholar

Dasgupta, S., Choudhury, P., Ashraf, N. V. K., Bhattacharjee, P. C. & Kyarong, S. (2015). Food preference of rehabilitated Asiatic black bear cubs in lowland tropical forests of northeast India. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 4(1): 20–25.Google Scholar

Ejercito, C. L. A., Cai, L., Htwe, K. K. et al. (1993). Serological evidence of Coxiella burnetii infection in wild animals in Japan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29(3): 481–484.Google Scholar

Escobar, L. E., Awan, M. N. & Qiao, H. (2015). Anthropogenic disturbance and habitat loss for the red-listed Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus): using ecological niche modeling and nighttime light satellite imagery. Biological Conservation 191: 400–407.Google Scholar

Fahimi, H., Yusefi, G. H., Madjdzadeh, S. M., et al. (2011). Camera traps reveal use of caves by Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus) (Mammalia: Ursidae) in southeastern Iran. Journal of Natural History 45(37–38): 2363–2373.Google Scholar

Fujiwara, S., Koike, S., Yamazaki, K., Kozakai, C. & Kaji, K. (2013). Direct observation of bear myrmecophagy: relationship between bears’ feeding habits and ant phenology. Mammalian Biology 78: 34–40.Google Scholar

Furusaka, S., Kozakai, C., Nemoto, Y., et al. (2017). The selection by the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) of spring plant food items according to their nutritional values. ZooKeys 2017(672). doi:10.3897/zookeys.672.10078Google Scholar

Galbreath, G. J., Hean, S. & Montgomery, S. M. (2001). A new color phase of Ursus thibetanus (Mammalia: Ursidae) from Southeast Asia. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 49: 107–111.Google Scholar

Galbreath, G. J., Hunt, M., Clements, T. & Waits, L. P. (2008). An apparent hybrid wild bear from Cambodia. Ursus 19(1): 85–86.Google Scholar

Garshelis, D. L. (2009). Family Ursidae (bears). In: Wilson, D. & Mittermeier, R. (Eds.), Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 1. Carnivores (pp. 448–497). Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.Google Scholar

Garshelis, D. & Steinmetz, R. (2016). Ursus thibetanus (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22824A114252336.Google Scholar

Ghadirian, T., Qashqaei, A. T., Soofi, M., Abolghasemi, H. & Ghoddousi, A. (2017). Diet of Asiatic black bear in its westernmost distribution range, southern Iran. Ursus 28(1): 15–19.Google Scholar

Gray, T. N. E., Rattanak, O., Keavuth, H., Chanrattana, P. & Maxwell, A. L. (2012). The status of large mammals in eastern Cambodia: a review of camera trapping data 1999–2007. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 1: 42–55.Google Scholar

Hashimoto, Y. & Yasutake, A. (1999). Seasonal changes in body weight of female Asiatic black bears under captivity. Mammal Study 24(1): 1–6.Google Scholar

Higashide, D., Miura, S. & Miguchi, H. (2012). Are chest marks unique to Asiatic black bear individuals? Journal of Zoology, 288(3): 199–206.Google Scholar

Higashide, D., Miura, S. & Miguchi, H. (2013). Evaluation of camera-trap designs for photographing chest marks of the free-ranging Asiatic black bear, Ursus thibetanus. Mammal Study 38(1): 35–39.Google Scholar

Honda, T. (2009). Environmental factors affecting the distribution of the wild boar, sika deer, Asiatic black bear and Japanese macaque in central Japan, with implications for human–wildlife conflict. Mammal Study 34(2): 107–116.Google Scholar

Huygens, O. C. & Hayashi, H. (2001). Use of stone pine seeds and oak acorns by Asiatic black bears in central Japan. Ursus 12: 47–50.Google Scholar

Huygens, O., Goto, M., Izumiyama, S., Hayashi, H. & Yoshida, T. (2001). Denning ecology of two populations of Asiatic black bears in Nagano prefecture, Japan. Mammalia 65(4): 417–428.Google Scholar

Hwang, M. H. & Garshelis, D. L. (2007). Activity patterns of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in the central mountains of Taiwan. Journal of Zoology 271(2): 203–209.Google Scholar

Hwang, M. H., Garshelis, D. L., Wu, Y. H. & Wang, Y. (2010). Home ranges of Asiatic black bears in the central mountains of Taiwan: gauging whether a reserve is big enough. Ursus 21(1): 81–96.Google Scholar

Iibuchi, R., Nakano, N., Nakamura, T., et al. (2009). Change in body weight of mothers and neonates and in milk composition during denning period in captive Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus). Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 57(1): 13–22.Google Scholar

Ishibashi, Y. & Saitoh, T. (2004). Phylogenetic relationships among fragmented Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus) populations in Western Japan. Conservation Genetics 5(3): 311–323.Google Scholar