The concluding chapter summarizes the study and main arguments that the book demonstrates. Most importantly, this chapter puts the Armenian experience into a broader context of the dissolution of empires and the fate of minority groups. The reactions of Ottoman Armenians when the empire was transforming to a nation-state were similar to the political activities of other ethnic groups in Europe. Moreover, the chapter shows the importance of studying the history of minorities to critically approachstate-endorsed historical writing. It highlights how the book moves beyond the traditional state-endorsed and dominant monolithic approach that still exists in Ottoman Turkish historiography.