Introduction

How did people perceive the landscapes in which they lived? That is an important question for a cognitive archaeology, but one which our source materials may seem poorly equipped to answer. The geographer considers the human experience of place through written sources: the ‘geographies of the mind’ collected by Lowenthal and Bowden consider the ‘habits of thought that condition what people learn about environment and environmental processes’, but the papers published under that title rely on ‘traces of human attitudes left in the form of diaries, letters, textbooks, scholarly articles, novels, poems and prayers’ (Lowenthal and Bowden 1976: 6; cf. Tuan 1977, Buttimer and Seamon 1980, Cox and Golledge 1981).

Prehistorians confront additional problems. Their most developed techniques for studying the ancient landscape form only part of an approach whose main concern is with human adaptation to resources. There is much to be learned from studies of food production, but they shed no light on the problems of cognition (Barker and Gamble 1985). The same is true of ‘landscape archaeology’. Detailed topographical survey can sometimes show how the landscape was organised, but although it may be possible to recognize changes in its development over time, it is rare for these to be studied alongside the broader changes in perception and practice that they must have entailed.