Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-797576ffbb-gvrqt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2023-12-03T14:28:48.829Z Has data issue: false Feature Flags: { "corePageComponentGetUserInfoFromSharedSession": true, "coreDisableEcommerce": false, "useRatesEcommerce": true } hasContentIssue false

VI - Problems not confined to obstetrics

from Section 2 - Pregnancy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 April 2019

Róisín Monteiro ,
Marwa Salman ,
Surbhi Malhotra  and
Steve Yentis
Róisín Monteiro
Affiliation:
Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals’ NHS Trust
Marwa Salman
Affiliation:
Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust
Surbhi Malhotra
Affiliation:
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
Steve Yentis
Affiliation:
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Analgesia, Anaesthesia and Pregnancy
A Practical Guide
 , pp. 271
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Further reading

Adriaensens, I, Vercauteren, M, Soetens, F, et al. Allergic reactions during labour analgesia and caesarean section anaesthesia. Int J Obstet Anesth 2013; 22: 231–42.Google Scholar
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Management of a patient with suspected anaphylaxis during anaesthesia. London: AAGBI, 2009. www.aagbi.org/sites/default/files/ana_web_laminate_final.pdf (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Cook, TM, Harper, N. Anaesthesia, Surgery and Life-Threatening Allergic Reactions. Report and Findings of the Royal College of Anaesthetists’ 6th National Audit Project: Perioperative Anaphylaxis. London: RCoA, 2018. www.nationalauditprojects.org.uk/NAP6Report (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Hepner, DL, Castells, M, Mouton-Faivre, C, Dewachter, P. Anaphylaxis in the clinical setting of obstetric anesthesia: a literature review. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: 1357–67.Google Scholar
Soar, J, Perkins, GD, Abbas, G, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010, Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation 2010; 81: 1400–33.Google Scholar

Further reading

Curry, R, Swan, L, Steer, PJ. Cardiac disease in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2009; 21: 508–13.Google Scholar
European Society of Cardiology. ESC guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 3147–97.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Cardiac disease and pregnancy. Good Practice 13. London: RCOG, 2011. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/good-practice-13 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Ruys, TPE, Roos-Hesselink, JW, Hall, R, et al. Heart failure in pregnant women with cardiac disease: data from the ROPAC. Heart 2014; 100: 231–8.Google Scholar
Turnbull, J, Bell, R. Obstetric anaesthesia and peripartum management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 593–605.Google Scholar
Vause, S, Clarke, B, Thorne, S, James, R, on behalf of the MBRRACE-UK cardiovascular chapter writing group. Lessons on cardiovascular disease. In Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Surveillance of maternal deaths in the UK 2012–14 and lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–14. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2016, pp. 33–68.Google Scholar

Further reading

Laksman, Z, Harris, L, Silversides, C. Cardiac arrhythmias during pregnancy: a clinical approach. Fetal Maternal Med Rev 2011; 22: 123–43.Google Scholar
Metz, T, Khanna, A. Evaluation and management of maternal cardiac arrhythmias. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2016; 43: 729–45.Google Scholar
Salman, MM, Kemp, HI, Cauldwell, MR, Dob, DP, Sutton, R. Anaesthetic management of pregnant patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: case reports and review. Int J Obstet Anesth 2018; 33: 57–66.Google Scholar
Stone, ME, Salter, B, Fischer, A. Perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107 (Suppl 1): i16–26.Google Scholar

Further reading

Dennis, AT, Solnordal, CB. Acute pulmonary oedema in pregnant women. Anaesthesia 2012; 67: 646–59.Google Scholar
Sciscione, AC, Ivester, T, Largoza, M, et al. Acute pulmonary edema in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101: 511–15.Google Scholar

Further reading

Blauwet, LA, Cooper, LT. Diagnosis and management of peripartum cardiomyopathy. Heart 2011; 97: 1970–81.Google Scholar
Herrey, AS. Pregnancy in inherited and acquired cardiomyopathies. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 563–77.Google Scholar
Hilfiker-Kleiner, D, Haghikia, A, Nonhoff, J, et al. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: current management and future perspectives. Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 1090–7.Google Scholar
Lewey, J, Haythe, J. Cardiomyopathy in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 309–17.Google Scholar

Further reading

European Society of Cardiology. ESC guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 3147–97.Google Scholar
van Hagen, IM, Roos-Hesselink, JW. Aorta pathology and pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 537–50.Google Scholar

Further reading

Erbel, R, Aboyans, V, Boileau, C, et al.; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 2873–926.Google Scholar
European Society of Cardiology. ESC guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 3147–97.Google Scholar
Rajagopalan, S, Nwazota, N, Chandrasekhar, S. Outcomes in pregnant women with acute aortic dissections: a review of the literature from 2003 to 2013. Int J Obs Anes 2014; 23: 348–56.Google Scholar
Smok, D. Aortopathy in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 295–303.Google Scholar

Further reading

Dennis, AT. Valvular heart disease in pregnancy. Int J Obstet Anesth 2016; 25: 4–8.Google Scholar
European Society of Cardiology. ESC guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 3147–97.Google Scholar
Lawley, CM, Lain, SJ, Algert, CS, et al. Prosthetic heart valves in pregnancy, outcomes for women and their babies: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. BJOG 2015; 122: 1446–55.Google Scholar
McLintock, C. Thromboembolism in pregnancy: challenges and controversies in the prevention of pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism and management of anticoagulation in women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 519–36.Google Scholar
Thorne, S. Pregnancy and native heart valve disease. Heart 2016; 102: 1410–17.Google Scholar
van Hagen, IM, Roos-Hesselink, JW, Ruys, TP, et al.; ROPAC investigators. Pregnancy in women with a mechanical heart valve: data of the European Society of Cardiology Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC). Circulation 2015; 132: 132–42.Google Scholar
Vause, S, Clarke, B, Tower, CL, Hay, C, Knight, M; UKOSS. Pregnancy outcomes in women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves: a prospective descriptive population based study using the United Kingdom Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) data collection system. BJOG 2017; 124: 1411–19.Google Scholar
Windram, JD, Colman, JM, Wald, RM, et al. Valvular heart disease in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 507–18.Google Scholar

Further reading

Connolly, HM. Managing congenital heart disease in the obstetric patient. Semin Perinatol 2018; 42: 39–48.Google Scholar
European Society of Cardiology. ESC guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 3147–97.Google Scholar
Stout, K. Pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease: the importance of evaluation and counselling. Heart 2005; 91: 713–14.Google Scholar
Swan, L. Congenital heart disease in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 495–506.Google Scholar

Further reading

Curry, R, Swan, L, Steer, PJ. Cardiac disease in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2009; 21: 508–13.Google Scholar
Lane, CR, Trow, TK. Pregnancy and pulmonary hypertension. Clin Chest Med 2011; 32: 165–74.Google Scholar
Rex, S, Devroe, S. Anesthesia for pregnant women with pulmonary hypertension. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2016; 29: 273–81.Google Scholar
Sliwa, K, van Hagen, IM, Budts, W, et al.; ROPAC investigators. Pulmonary hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: data from the Registry Of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC) of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 18: 1119–28.Google Scholar

Further reading

Bush, N, Nelson-Piercy, C, Spark, P, et al. Myocardial infarction in pregnancy and postpartum in the UK. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013; 20: 12–20.Google Scholar
Fryearson, J, Adamson, DL. Heart disease in pregnancy: ischaemic heart disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 551–62.Google Scholar
Kealey, A. Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction in pregnancy: a review of epidemiology, diagnosis, and medical and surgical management. Can J Cardiol 2010; 26: 185–9.Google Scholar
Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Surveillance of maternal deaths in the UK 2012–14 and lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–14. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2016.Google Scholar
Roth, A, Elkayam, U. Acute myocardial infarction associated with pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 171–80.Google Scholar

Further reading

Biggar, MA, Lennard, TW. Systematic review of phaeochromocytoma in pregnancy. Br J Surg 2013; 100: 182–90.Google Scholar
Frise, CJ, Williamson, C. Endocrine disease in pregnancy. Clin Med (Lond) 2013; 13: 176–81.Google Scholar
Kennedy, RL, Malabu, UH, Jarrod, G, et al. Thyroid function and pregnancy: before, during and beyond. J Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 30: 774–83.Google Scholar

Further reading

Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Peri-operative management of the surgical patient with diabetes 2015. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 1427–40.Google Scholar
de Veciana, M. Diabetes ketoacidosis in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2013; 37: 267–73.Google Scholar
McCance, DR. Diabetes in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 29: 685–99.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management from Preconception to the Postnatal Period. NICE Guideline NG 3. London: NICE, 2015. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar

Further reading

Achebe, MM, Gafter-Gvili, A. How I treat anemia in pregnancy: iron, cobalamin, and folate. Blood 2017; 129: 940–9.Google Scholar
Annamraju, H, Pavord, S. Anaemia in pregnancy. Br J Hosp Med 2016; 77: 584–8.Google Scholar
Goonewardene, M, Shehata, M, Hamad, A. Anaemia in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26: 3–24.Google Scholar
Muñoz, M, Acheson, AG, Auerbach, M, et al. International consensus statement on the peri-operative management of anaemia and iron deficiency. Anaesthesia 2017; 72: 233–47.Google Scholar

Further reading

Durán-Mendicuti, A, Sodickson, A. Imaging evaluation of the pregnant patient with suspected pulmonary embolism. Int J Obstet Anesth 2011; 20: 51–9.Google Scholar
Guimicheva, B, Czuprynska, J, Arya, R. The prevention of pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism. Br J Haematol 2015; 168: 163–74.Google Scholar
Knight, M, Bunch, K, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2014–16. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2018.Google Scholar
Nelson-Piercy, C, on behalf of the MBRRACE-UK thrombosis and thromboembolism chapter writing group. Prevention and treatment of thrombosis and venous thromboembolism. In Knight, M, Tuffnell, D, Kenyon, S, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Surveillance of maternal deaths in the UK 2011–13 and lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–13. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2015, pp. 42–52.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Reducing the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism during Pregnancy and the Puerperium. Green-top Guideline 37a. London: RCOG, 2015. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg37a (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Thromboembolic Disease in Pregnancy and the Puerperium: Acute Management. Green-top Guideline 37b. London: RCOG, 2015.www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg37b (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar

Further reading

Bates, SM, Greer, IA, Middeldorp, S, et al. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th edn: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141 (2 Suppl): e691S–736S.Google Scholar
Danza, A, Ruiz-Irastorza, G, Khamashta, M. Antiphospholipid syndrome in obstetrics. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26: 65–76.Google Scholar
Gray, G, Nelson-Piercy, C. Thromboembolic disorders in obstetrics. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26: 53–64.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Reducing the Risk of Thromboembolism During Pregnancy and the Puerperium. Green-top Guideline 37a. London: RCOG, 2015. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg37a (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar

Further reading

Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland; Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association; Regional Anaesthesia UK. Regional anaesthesia and patients with abnormalities of coagulation. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 966–72.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Fiol, A, Eisenberger, A. Anesthesia implications of coagulation and anticoagulation during pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 370–7.Google Scholar
Katz, D, Beilin, Y. Disorders of coagulation in pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115: ii75–88.Google Scholar
Pacheco, LD, Costantine, MM, Saade, GR, et al. von Willebrand disease and pregnancy: a practical approach for the diagnosis and treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203: 194–200.Google Scholar

Further reading

Chi, C, Kadir, RA. Inherited bleeding disorders in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26: 103–17.Google Scholar
Katz, D, Beilin, Y. Disorders of coagulation in pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115: ii75–88.Google Scholar
Pavord, S, Rayment, R, Madan, B, et al.; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of inherited bleeding disorders in pregnancy. Green-top Guideline 71. BJOG 2017; 124: e193–263.Google Scholar
Peyvandi, F, Garagiola, I, Young, G. The past and future of haemophilia: diagnosis, treatments, and its complications. Lancet 2016; 388: 187–97.Google Scholar

Further reading

Erez, O. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy: clinical phenotypes and diagnostic scores. Thromb Res 2017; 151: S56–60.Google Scholar
Erez, O, Mastrolia, SA, Thachil, J. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy: insights in pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213: 452–63.Google Scholar
Martí-Carvajal, AJ, Comunián-Carrasco, G, Peña-Martí, GE. Haematological interventions for treating disseminated intravascular coagulation during pregnancy and postpartum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (3): CD008577.Google Scholar
Squizzato, A, Hunt, BJ, Kinasewitz, GT, et al. Supportive management strategies for disseminated intravascular coagulation: an international consensus. Thromb Haemost 2016; 215: 896–904.Google Scholar

Further reading

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Bulletin No. 166: Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 128: e43–53.Google Scholar
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland; Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association; Regional Anaesthesia UK. Regional anaesthesia and patients with abnormalities of coagulation. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 966–72.Google Scholar
Cines, DB, Levine, LD. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Blood 2017; 130: 2271–7.Google Scholar
Myers, B. Diagnosis and management of maternal thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Br J Haematol 2012; 158: 3–15.Google Scholar

Further reading

Amit, O, Barzilai, M, Avivi, I. Management of hematologic malignancies: special considerations in pregnant women. Drugs 2015; 75: 1725–38.Google Scholar
Elterman, KG, Meserve, JR, Wadleigh, M, Farber, MK, Tsen, LC. Management of labor analgesia in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. A A Case Rep 2014; 3: 104–6.Google Scholar
Lishner, M, Avivi, I, Apperley, JF, et al. Hematologic malignancies in pregnancy: management guidelines from an international consensus meeting. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34: 501–8.Google Scholar
Owsiak, JN, Bullough, AS. Chronic myeloid leukemia in pregnancy: an absolute contraindication to neuraxial anesthesia? Int J Obstet Anesth 2016; 25: 85–8.Google Scholar

Further reading

Boga, C, Ozdogu, H. Pregnancy and sickle cell disease: a review of the current literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 98: 364–74.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of Sickle Cell Disease in Pregnancy. Green-top Guideline 61. London: RCOG, 2011. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg61 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of Beta Thalassaemia in Pregnancy. Green-top Guideline 66. London: RCOG, 2014. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg66 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar

Further reading

Clowse, ME, Jamison, M, Myers, E, James, AH. A national study of the complications of lupus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199: 127:e1–6.Google Scholar
Marder, W, Littlejohn, EA, Somers, EC. Pregnancy and autoimmune connective tissue diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2016; 30: 63–80.Google Scholar
Märker-Hermann, E, Fischer-Betz, R. Rheumatic diseases and pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 22: 458–65.Google Scholar
Saar, P, Hermann, W, Muller-Ladner, U. Connective tissue diseases and pregnancy. Rheumatology 2006; 45: 30–2.Google Scholar

Further reading

Elliott, AB, Chakravarty, EF. Management of rheumatic diseases during pregnancy. Postgrad Med 2010; 122: 213–21.Google Scholar
Märker-Hermann, E, Fischer-Betz, R. Rheumatic diseases and pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 22: 458–65.Google Scholar
Samanta, R, Shoukrey, K, Griffiths, R. Rheumatoid arthritis and anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 1146–59.Google Scholar
Smolen, JS, Aletaha, D, McInnes, IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2016; 388: 2023–38.Google Scholar

Further reading

Ko, JY, Leffert, L. Clinical implications of neuraxial anesthesia in the parturient with scoliosis. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 1930–4.Google Scholar
Smith, PS, Wilson, RC, Robinson, AP, Lyons, GR. Regional blockade for delivery in women with scoliosis or previous spinal surgery. Int J Obstet Anesth 2003; 12: 17–22.Google Scholar

Further reading

Liddle, SD, Pennick, V. Interventions for preventing and treating low-back and pelvic pain during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (9): CD001139Google Scholar
Orlikowski, CE, Dickinson, JE, Paech, MJ, McDonald, SJ, Nathan, E. Intrapartum analgesia and its association with post-partum back pain and headache in nulliparous women. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 46: 395–401.Google Scholar
Vermani, E, Mittal, R, Weeks, A. Pelvic girdle pain and low back pain in pregnancy: a review. Pain Pract 2010; 10: 60–71.Google Scholar

Further reading

Sommerfield, D, Hu, P, O’Keeffe, D, McKeating, K. Caesarean section in a parturient with a spinal cord stimulator. Int J Obstet Anesth 2010; 19: 114–17.Google Scholar
Souzdalnitski, D, Snegovskikh, D. Analgesia for the parturient with chronic nonmalignant pain. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag 2014; 18: 166–71.Google Scholar
Young, AC, Lubenow, TR, Buvanendran, A. The parturient with implanted spinal cord stimulator: management and review of the literature. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2015; 40: 276–83.Google Scholar
Young, JL, Lockhart, EM, Baysinger, CL. Anesthetic and obstetric management of the opioid-dependent parturient. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2014: 52: 67–85.Google Scholar

Further reading

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric Practice. Opinion no. 656. Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 127: e75–80.Google Scholar
Hopkins, AN, Alshaeri, T, Akst, SA, Berger, JS. Neurologic disease with pregnancy and considerations for the obstetric anesthesiologist. Semin Perinatol 2014: 38: 359–69.Google Scholar
Ng, J, Kitchen, N. Neurosurgery and pregnancy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 745–52.Google Scholar

Further reading

American Society of Anesthesiologists, American Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine. Practice advisory for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of infection complications associated with neuraxial techniques: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on infectious complications associated with neuraxial techniques and the American Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine. Anesthesiology 2017; 126: 585–601.Google Scholar
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association, Regional Anaesthesia UK, Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Safety guideline: skin antisepsis for central neuraxial blockade. Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 1279–86.Google Scholar
Horlocker, TT, Wedel, DJ. Infectious complications of regional anesthesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2008; 22: 451–75.Google Scholar
McGill, F, Heyderman, RS, Michael, BD, et al. The UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent adults. J Infect 2016; 72: 405–38.Google Scholar

Further reading

Pacheco, LD, Saad, AF, Hankins, GDV, Chiosi, G, Saade, G. Guillain–Barré syndrome in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 128: 1105–10.Google Scholar
Willison, HJ, Jacobs, BC, van Doom, PA. Guillain–Barré syndrome. Lancet 2016; 388: 717–27.Google Scholar

Further reading

Vercauteren, M, Waets, P, Pitkänen, M. Neuraxial techniques in patients with pre-existing back impairment or prior spine interventions: a topical review with special reference to obstetrics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011; 55: 910–17.Google Scholar

Further reading

Anson, JA, Vaida, S, Giampetro, DM, McQuillan, PM. Anesthetic management of labor and delivery in patients with elevated intracranial pressure. Int J Obstet Anesth 2015; 24: 147–60.Google Scholar
Hopkins, AN, Alshaeri, T, Akst, SA, Berger, JS. Neurologic disease with pregnancy and considerations for the obstetric anesthesiologist. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 359–69.Google Scholar

Further reading

Anson, JA, Vaida, S, Giampetro, DM, McQuillan, PM. Anesthetic management of labor and delivery in patients with elevated intracranial pressure. Int J Obstet Anesth 2015; 24: 147–60.Google Scholar
Leffert, LR, Schwamm, LH. Neuraxial anesthesia in parturients with intracranial pathology: a comprehensive review and reassessment of risk. Anesthesiology 2013; 119: 703–18.Google Scholar
Verheecke, M, Halasaka, MJ, Lok, CA, et al. Primary brain tumours, meningiomas and brain metastases in pregnancy: report on 27 cases and review of literature. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 1462–71.Google Scholar
Wang, LP, Paech, MJ. Neuroanesthesia for the pregnant woman. Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 193–200.Google Scholar

Further reading

Fox, CJ, Tomajian, S, Kaye, AJ, et al. Perioperative management of neurofibromatosis type 1. Ochsner J 2012; 12: 111–21.Google Scholar
Hirbe, AC, Gutmann, DH. Neurofibromatosis type 1: a multidisciplinary approach to care. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13: 834–43.Google Scholar
Sakai, T, Vallejo, MC, Shannon, KT. A parturient with neurofibromatosis type 2: anesthetic and obstetric considerations for delivery. Int J Obstet Anesth 2005; 14: 332–5.Google Scholar

Further reading

Edlow, JA, Caplan, LR, O’Brien, K, Tibbles, CD. Diagnosis of acute neurological emergencies in pregnant and post-partum women. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12: 175–85.Google Scholar
Frontera, JA, Ahmed, W. Neurocritical care complications of pregnancy and puerperum. J Crit Care 2014; 29: 1069–81.Google Scholar
Scott, CA, Bewley, S, Rudd, A, et al. Incidence, risk factors, management, and outcomes of stroke in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120: 318–24.Google Scholar
Shainker, SA, Edlow, JA, O’Brien, K. Cerebrovascular emergencies in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 29: 721–31.Google Scholar

Further reading

Hart, LA, Sibai, BM. Seizures in pregnancy: epilepsy, eclampsia and stroke. Semin Perinatol 2013; 37: 207–24.Google Scholar
Kelso, A, Wills, A, on behalf of the MBRRACE-UK neurology chapter writing group. Learning from neurological complications. In Knight, M, Kenyon, S, Brocklehurst, P, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform future maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–12. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2014, pp. 73–9.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Epilepsy in Pregnancy. Green-top Guideline 68. London: RCOG, 2016. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg68 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar

Further reading

Hart, LA, Sibai, BM. Seizures in pregnancy: epilepsy, eclampsia and stroke. Semin Perinatol 2013; 37: 207–24.Google Scholar

Further reading

Contag, SA, Bushnell, C. Contemporary management of migrainous disorders in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 22: 437–45.Google Scholar
Goadsby, PJ, Goldberg, J, Silberstein, SD. Migraine in pregnancy. BMJ 2008; 336: 1502–4.Google Scholar
Klein, AM, Loder, E. Postpartum headache. Int J Obstet Anesth 2010; 19: 422–30.Google Scholar
Pearce, CF, Hansen, WF. Headache and neurological disease in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2012; 55: 810–28.Google Scholar

Further reading

Hopkins, AN, Alshaeri, T, Akst, SA, Berger, JS. Neurologic disease with pregnancy and considerations for the obstetric anesthesiologist. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 359–69.Google Scholar
Tsui, A, Lee, MA. Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2011; 23: 435–9.Google Scholar

Further reading

Gilhus, NE. Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 2570–81.Google Scholar
Norwood, F, Dhanjal, M, Hill, M, et al. Myasthenia in pregnancy: best practice guidelines from a U.K. multispecialty working group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85: 538–43.Google Scholar
Sussman, J, Farrugia, ME, Maddison, P, et al. Myasthenia gravis: Association of British Neurologists’ management guidelines. Pract Neurol 2015; 15: 199–206.Google Scholar

Further reading

Griffiths, S, Durbridge, J. Anaesthetic implications of neurological disease in pregnancy. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 2011; 11: 157–61.Google Scholar
May, AE, Fombon, FN, Francis, S. UK registry of high-risk obstetric anaesthesia: report on neurological disease. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008; 17: 31–6.Google Scholar
Murphy, CJ, Stanley, E, Kavanagh, E, Lenane, PE, McCaul, CL. Spinal dysraphisms in the parturient: implications for perioperative anaesthetic care and labour analgesia. Int J Obstet Anesth 2015; 24: 252–63.Google Scholar

Further reading

Bonham, CA, Patterson, KC, Strek, ME. Asthma: outcomes and management during pregnancy. Chest 2018; 153: 515–27.Google Scholar
Knight, M, Kenyon, S, Brocklehurst, P, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform future maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–12. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2014.Google Scholar
Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2013–15. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2017.Google Scholar

Further reading

Bonham, CA, Patterson, KC, Strek, ME. Asthma outcomes and management during pregnancy. Chest 2018; 153: 515–27.Google Scholar
British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British Guideline on the Management of Asthma: a National Clinical Guideline. London: BTS; Edinburgh: SIGN, 2016. www.sign.ac.uk/assets/sign153.pdf (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar

Further reading

Edenborough, FP, Borgo, G, Knoop, C, et al.; European Cystic Fibrosis Society. Guidelines for the management of pregnancy in women with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2008; 7 (Suppl 1): S2–32.Google Scholar
Huffmyer, JL, Littlewood, KE, Nemergut, EC. Perioperative management of the adult with cystic fibrosis. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 1949–61.Google Scholar
McArdle, J. Pregnancy in cystic fibrosis. Clin Chest Med 2011; 32: 111–20.Google Scholar

Further reading

Budev, MM, Arroliga, AC, Emery, S. Exacerbation of underlying pulmonary disease in pregnancy. Crit Care Med 2005; 33 (10 Suppl): S313–18.Google Scholar
Wexler, ID, Johannesson, M, Edenborough, FP, Sufian, BS, Kerem, E. Pregnancy and chronic progressive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 300–5.Google Scholar

Further reading

Freymond, N, Cottin, V, Cordier, JF. Infiltrative lung diseases in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med 2011; 32: 133–46.Google Scholar
Sanders, D, Rowland, R, Howell, T. Sarcoidosis and anaesthesia. BJA Educ 2016; 16: 173–7.Google Scholar

Further reading

Duarte, AG. ARDS in pregnancy. Clin Obst Gynecol 2014; 57: 862–70.Google Scholar
Schwaiberger, D, Marcz, M, Menk, M et al. Respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation in the pregnant patient. Crit Care Clin 2016; 32: 85–95.Google Scholar

Further reading

Brito, V, Niederman, MS. Pneumonia complicating pregnancy. Clin Chest Med 2011; 32: 121–32.Google Scholar
Knight, M, Kenyon, S, Brocklehurst, P, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform future maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–12. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2014.Google Scholar
Lamont, RF, Sobel, JD, Carrington, D, et al. Varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox) infection in pregnancy. BJOG 2011; 118: 1155–62.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, S, Jamieson, D. 2009 H1N1 influenza and pregnancy: 5 years later. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1373–5.Google Scholar

Further reading

Galvagno, SM, Camann, W. Sepsis and acute renal failure in pregnancy. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 572–5.Google Scholar
Knight, M, Bunch, K, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2014–16. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2018.Google Scholar
Levy, MM, Dellinger, RP, Townsend, SR, et al.; Surviving Sepsis Campaign. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 367–74.Google Scholar
Lucas, DN, Robinson, N, Nel, MR. Sepsis in obstetrics and the role of the anaesthetist. Int J Obstet Anesth 2012; 21: 56–67.Google Scholar
Paruk, F. Infection in obstetric critical care. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 22: 865–83.Google Scholar

Further reading

Tran, TT. Hepatitis B in pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62 (Suppl 4): S314–17.Google Scholar
Westbrook, RH, Dusheiko, G, Williamson, C. Pregnancy and liver disease. J Hepatol 2016; 64: 933–45.Google Scholar

Further reading

Chen, YH, Rau, RH, Keller, JJ, Lin, HC. Possible effects of anaesthetic management on the 1 yr followed-up risk of herpes zoster after caesarean deliveries. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108: 278–82.Google Scholar
Corey, L, Wald, A. Maternal and neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1376–85.Google Scholar
Foley, E, Clarke, E, Beckett, VA, et al.; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of Genital Herpes in Pregnancy. London: RCOG, 2014. https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/management-genital-herpes.pdf (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Lee, R, Nair, M. Diagnosis and treatment of herpes simplex 1 virus infection in pregnancy. Obstet Med 2017; 10: 58–60.Google Scholar

Further reading

Bull, L, Khan, AW, Barton, S. Management of HIV infection in pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2015; 25: 273–8.Google Scholar
Hignett, R, Fernando, R. Anesthesia for the pregnant HIV patient. Anesthesiol Clin 2008; 26: 127–43.Google Scholar
de Ruiter, A, Taylor, GP, Clayden, P, et al.; British HIV Association. British HIV Association guidelines for the management of HIV in pregnant women. HIV Med 2014; 15 (Suppl 4): 1–77.Google Scholar

Further reading

Lalloo, DG, Shingadia, D, Bell, DJ, et al.; PHE Advisory Committee on Malaria Prevention in UK Travellers. UK malaria treatment guidelines. J Infect 2016; 72: 635–49.Google Scholar
Mathew, DC, Loveridge, R, Solomon, AW. Anaesthetic management of caesarean delivery in a parturient with malaria. Int J Obstet Anesth 2011; 20: 341–4.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Malaria in Pregnancy: Prevention. Green-top Guideline 54A. London: RCOG, 2010 (updated 2017). www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg54a (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Malaria in Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Treatment. Green-top Guideline 54B. London: RCOG, 2010 (updated 2017). www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg54b (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Soltanifar, D, Carvalho, B, Sultan P. Perioperative considerations of the patient with malaria. Can J Anesth 2015; 62: 304–18.Google Scholar
Tarning, J. Treatment of malaria in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2016; 374: 981–2.Google Scholar

Further reading

Riley, LE, Celi, AC, Onderdonk, AB, et al. Association of epidural-related fever and noninfectious inflammation in term labor. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 588–95.Google Scholar
Segal, S. Labor epidural analgesia and maternal fever. Anesth Analg 2010; 111: 1467–75.Google Scholar
Sultan, P, David, AL, Fernando, R, Ackland, GL. Inflammation and epidural-related maternal fever: proposed mechanisms. Anesth Analg 2016; 122: 1546–53.Google Scholar

Further reading

Husarova, V, Macdarby, L, Dicker, P, Malone, FD, McCaul, CL. The use of pain relief during labor among migrant obstetric populations. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016; 135: 200–4.Google Scholar
Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Surveillance of maternal deaths in the UK 2012–14 and lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–14. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2016.Google Scholar
Lindquist, A, Knight, M, Kurinczuk, JJ. Variation in severe maternal morbidity according to socioeconomic position: a UK national case–control study. BMJ Open 2013; 3: e002742.Google Scholar
Nair, M, Kurinczuk, JJ, Knight, M. Ethnic variations in severe maternal morbidity in the UK: a case–control study. PLoS One 2014; 9: e95086.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Female Genital Mutilation and its Management. Green-top Guideline 53. London: RCOG, 2015. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg53 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar

Further reading

Cantwell, R, Knight, M, Oates, M, Shakespeare, J, on behalf of the MBRRACE-UK mental health chapter writing group. Lessons on maternal mental health. In Knight, M, Tuffnell, D, Kenyon, S, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Surveillance of maternal deaths in the UK 2011–13 and lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–13. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2015, pp. 22–41.Google Scholar
Gadot, Y, Koren, G. The use of antidepressants in pregnancy: focus on maternal risks. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2015; 37: 56–63.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and Postnatal Mental Health: Clinical Management and Service Guidance. Clinical Guideline 192. London: NICE, 2014 (updated April 2018). www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of women with mental health issues during pregnancy and the postnatal period. Good Practice 14. London: RCOG, 2011. www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/good-practice-14 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar

Further reading

Jones, HE, Deppen, K, Hudak, ML, et al. Clinical care for opioid-using pregnant and postpartum women: the role of obstetric providers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 210: 302–10.Google Scholar
Louw, KA. Substance use in pregnancy: the medical challenge. Obstet Med 2018; 11: 54–66.Google Scholar
Scott, K, Lust, K. Illicit substance use in pregnancy. Obstet Med 2010; 3: 94–100.Google Scholar
Wong, S, Ordean, A, Kahan, M; Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. SOGC clinical practice guidelines: Substance use in pregnancy, no. 256. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 114: 190–202.Google Scholar
Young, JL, Lockhart, EM, Baysinger, CL. Anesthetic and obstetric management of the opioid-dependent parturient. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2014; 52: 67–85.Google Scholar

Further reading

Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of Women with Obesity in Pregnancy. London: CMACE/RCOG, 2010. www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/clinical-guidance/management-women-obesity-pregnancy (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Ellinas, EH. Labor analgesia for the obese parturient. Anesth Analg 2012; 115: 899–903.Google Scholar
Lim, CC, Mahmood, T. Obesity in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 29: 309–19.Google Scholar
Mace, HS, Paech, MJ, McDonnell, NJ. Obesity and obstetric anaesthesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 2011; 39: 559–70.Google Scholar
Uzoma, A, Keriakos, R. Pregnancy management following bariatric surgery. J Obstet Gynaecol 2013; 33: 109–14.Google Scholar

Further reading

Acharya, A. Management of acute kidney injury in pregnancy for the obstetrician. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2016; 43: 747–65.Google Scholar
Chinnappa, V, Ankichetty, S, Angle, P, Halpern, SH. Chronic kidney disease in pregnancy. Int J Obstet Anesth 2013; 22: 223–30.Google Scholar
Galvagno, SM, Camann, W. Sepsis and acute renal failure in pregnancy. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 572–5.Google Scholar
Liu, Y, Ma, X, Zheng, J, Liu, X, Yan, T. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with acute kidney injury during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17: 235.Google Scholar
Webster, P, Lightstone, L, McKay, DB, Josephson, MA. Pregnancy in chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 2017; 91: 1047–56.Google Scholar

Further reading

Kemp, MW, Newnham, JP, Challis, JG, Jobe, AH, Stock, SJ. The clinical use of corticosteroids in pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 22: 240–59.Google Scholar
Lebbe, M, Arlt, W. What is the best diagnostic and therapeutic management strategy for an Addison patient during pregnancy? Clin Endocrinol 2013; 78: 497–502.Google Scholar
McDonald, SD. Antenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm delivery. BMJ 2017; 356: j1467.Google Scholar

Further reading

Battaloglu, E, Porter, K. Management of pregnancy and obstetric complications in prehospital trauma care: faculty of prehospital care consensus guidelines. Emerg Med J 2017; 34: 318–25.Google Scholar
Huls, CK, Detlefs, C. Trauma in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2018; 42: 13–20.Google Scholar
Mendez-Figueroa, H, Dahlke, JD, Vrees, RA, Rouse, DJ. Trauma in pregnancy: an updated systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209: 1–10.Google Scholar

Further reading

Jehovah’s Witnesses. Official website. www.jw.org/en (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Lawson, T, Ralph, C. Perioperative Jehovah’s Witnesses: a review. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115: 676–87.Google Scholar
Mason, CL, Tran, CK. Caring for the Jehovah’s Witness parturient. Anesth Analg 2015; 121: 1564–9.Google Scholar

Further reading

Basta, P, Bak, A, Roszkowski, K. Cancer treatment in pregnant women. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2015; 19: 354–60.Google Scholar
Morice, P, Uzan, C, Gouy, S. Gynaecological cancers in pregnancy. Lancet 2012; 379: 558–69.Google Scholar
Salani, R, Billingsley, C, Crafton, SM. Cancer and pregnancy: an overview for obstetricians and gynecologists. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211: 7–14.Google Scholar

Further reading

Bramham, K, Nelson-Piercy, C, Gao, H, et al. Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients: a UK national cohort study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8: 290–8.Google Scholar
Chittka, D, Hutchinson, J. Pregnancy after renal transplantation. Transplantation 2017; 101: 675–8.Google Scholar
Moaveni, DM, Cohn, JH, Hoctor, KG, Longman, RE, Ranasinghe, JS. Anesthetic considerations for the parturient after solid organ transplantation. Anesth Analg 2016; 123: 402–10.Google Scholar
Mohamed-Ahmed, O, Nelson-Piercy, C, Bramham, K, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in liver and cardiothoracic transplant recipients: a UK national cohort study. PLoS One 2014; 9 (2): e89151.Google Scholar
Vos, R, Ruttens, D, Verleden, SE, et al. Pregnancy after heart and lung transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 28: 1146–62.Google Scholar

Further reading

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Bulletin No. 158: Critical care in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 127: e21–8.Google Scholar
Gaffney, A. Critical care in pregnancy: is it different? Semin Perinatol 2014; 38: 329–40.Google Scholar
Guntupalli, KK, Hall, N, Karnad, DR, et al. Critical illness in pregnancy: part I: an approach to a pregnant patient in the ICU and common obstetric disorders. Chest 2015; 148: 1093–104.Google Scholar
Guntupalli, KK, Karnad, DR, Bandi, V, et al. Critical illness in pregnancy: part II: common medical conditions complicating pregnancy and puerperium. Chest 2015; 148: 1333–45.Google Scholar
Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre. Female admissions (aged 16–50 years) to adult, general critical care units in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, reported as ‘currently pregnant’ or ‘recently pregnant’, 1 January 2009 – 31 December 2012. London: ICNARC, 2013. www.icnarc.org/Our-Audit/Audits/Cmp/Our-National-Analyses/Obstetrics (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar
Plaat, F, Wray, S. Role of the anaesthetist in obstetric critical care. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 22: 917–35.Google Scholar
Royal College of Anaesthetists, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Royal College of Midwives, et al. Care of the Critically Ill Woman in Childbirth: Enhanced Maternal Care. London: RCoA, 2018. www.rcoa.ac.uk/document-store/enhanced-maternal-care-2018 (accessed December 2018).Google Scholar

Further reading

Carle, C, Alexander, P, Columb, M, Johal, J. Design and internal validation of an obstetric early warning score: secondary analysis of the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre Case Mix Programme database. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 354–67.Google Scholar
Isaacs, RA, Wee, MY, Bick, DE, et al.; Modified Obstetric Early Warning Systems Research Group. A national survey of obstetric early warning systems in the United Kingdom: five years on. Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 687–92.Google Scholar
McGlennan, AP, Sherratt, K. Charting change on the labour ward. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 338–42.Google Scholar
Quinn, AC, Meek, T, Waldmann, C. Obstetric early warning systems to prevent bad outcome. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2016; 29: 268–72.Google Scholar
Singh, S, McGlennan, A, England, A, Simons, R. A validation study of the CEMACH recommended modified early obstetric warning system (MEOWS). Anaesthesia 2012; 67: 12–18.Google Scholar

Further reading

Armstrong, S, Fernando, R, Columb, M. Minimally- and non-invasive assessment of maternal cardiac output: go with the flow! Int J Obstet Anesth 2011; 20: 330–40.Google Scholar
Dennis, AT, Dyer, RA. Cardiac output monitoring in obstetric anaesthesia. Int J Obstet Anesth 2014; 23: 1–3.Google Scholar
Fujitani, S, Baldisseri, MR. Hemodynamic assessment in a pregnant and peripartum patient. Crit Care Med 2005; 33 (10 Suppl): S354–61.Google Scholar
Paech, M, James, M. Maternal hemodynamic monitoring in obstetric anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2008; 109: 765–7.Google Scholar