Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-g7rbq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-29T02:32:07.868Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - Aircraft Noise: Propagation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2013

Antonio Filippone
Antonio Filippone
Affiliation:
University of Manchester
Get access

Summary

Overview

Noise propagation involves all of the physical events that take place between the noise source and the receiver. Due to the relatively large distance between source and receiver (from a minimum of ∼100 m to several kilometers), atmospheric absorption is particularly important – no less important than the determination of the noise sources themselves. If propagation takes place over an unbounded medium, the use of the atmospheric absorption model would be sufficient to estimate the effect at the receiver. However, there are cases where the topography of the terrain and the short distance between the airplane and the ground cause effects such as reflection and scattering to become important. We begin by considering briefly the airframe noise shielding (§ 17.1); we continue with the standard absorption model in the atmosphere (§ 17.2). We describe ground-reflection problems in § 17.3. We finally discuss the combination of wind shear and temperature gradients in the propagation of aircraft noise over long distances (§ 17.4).

KEY CONCEPTS: Airframe Noise Shielding, Wing Scattering, Ground Effect, Atmospheric Absorption, Wind Effects, Turbulence Effects.

Airframe Noise Shielding

A number of interference effects take place around the airframe due to the reciprocal position between noise sources and solid surfaces. The effect is frequency-dependent. The investigation of new blended airframes, which actually benefit from the noise shielding, has increased the interest in this acoustic effect.

One method is called the equivalent source method, which uses a finite number of sources to satisfy the boundary condition on the airframe to simulate the acoustic scattering.

Type
Chapter
Information
Advanced Aircraft Flight Performance , pp. 533 - 552
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

[1] Rawlins, AD. The engine over wing noise problem. J. Sound & Vibration, 50(4):553–569, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[2] Gerhold, CH. Investigation of acoustical shielding by a wedge-shaped airframe. J. Sound & Vibration, 294(1):49–63, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[3] Agrawal, A and Dowling, A. The calculation of acoustic shielding of engine noise by the silent aircraft airframe. In 11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conf., Monterey, CA, May 2005.Google Scholar
[4] Ochmann, M. The source simulation technique for acoustic radiation problems. Acustica, 81:512–527, 1995.Google Scholar
[5] Dunn, MH and Tinetti, AF. Aeroacoustic scattering via the equivalent source method. In 10th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, AIAA Paper 2004-2937, May 2004.Google Scholar
[6] Dunn, MH and Tinetti, AF. Application of fast multipole methods to the NASAx fast scattering code. In 14th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, AIAA Paper 2008-2875, Vancouver, BC, May 2008.Google Scholar
[7] Pinho, MEV. On the use of the equivalent source method for nearfield acoustic holography. ABCM Symposium Series in Mechatronics, pages 590–599, 2004.Google Scholar
[8] Schroeder, H, Gabillet, Y, Daigle, GA, and L'Experance, A. Application of the Gaussian beam approach to sound propagation in the atmosphere: Theory and experiments. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 93(6):3105–3116, 1993.Google Scholar
[9] Lui, WK and Li, KM. The scattering of sound by a long cylinder above an impedance boundary. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 127(2):664–674, 2010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
[10] Zuckerwar, AJ and Meredith, RW. Low-frequency sound absorption measurements in air. Technical Report R-1128, NASA, Nov. 1984.
[11] Anon. Method for the calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere. Technical Report S1.26-1978, American National Standards Institute, June 1978.
[12] Anon. Attenuation of s ound during propagation outdoors – Part I: Calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere. Technical Report ISO-9613-1, International Standards Organisation, Geneve, CH, 1993.
[13] ESDU. Prediction of Sound Attenuation in a Refracting Turbulent Atmosphere with a Fast Field Program. Data item 04011. ESDU International, London, May 2004.
[14] Morfey, CL and Howell, GP. Nonlinear propagation of aircraft noise in the atmosphere. AIAA J., 19(8):986–992, Aug. 1981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[15] Rudnick, I. The propagation of an acoustic wave along a boundary. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 19:348–356, 1947.Google Scholar
[16] Ingard, U. On the reflecton of as pherical sound wave from an infinite plane. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 23:329–335, 1951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[17] Attenborough, K. Review of ground effects on outdoor sound propagation from continuous broadband sources. Applied Acoustics, 24:289–319, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[18] Attenborough, K. Sound propagation close to the ground. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 34:51–82, Jan. 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[19] Anon. Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors – Part II: General method of calculation. Technical Report ISO-9613-2, International Standards Organisation, Geneve, CH, 1996.
[20] Attenborough, K. Propagation of sound above a porous half-space. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 68:1493, 1980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[21] Poppe, GPM and Wijers, CMJ. More efficient computation of the complex error function. ACM Trans Math. Software, 16, 1990.Google Scholar
[22] Daigle, GA, Piercy, JE, and Embleton, TFW. Line-of-sight propagation through atmospheric turbulence near the ground. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 74:1505–1513, 1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[23] Chessel, CI. Propagation of noise along a finite impedance boundary. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 62:825–834, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[24] Delaney, M and Bazley, E. Acoustical properties of fibrous absorbent materials. Appl. Acoustics, 3:105–116, 1970.Google Scholar
[25] Attenborough, K. Ground parameter information for propagation modeling. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 92(1):418–427, Jan. 1992.Google Scholar
[26] Rasmussen, KB. Sound propagation over grass covered ground. J. Sound & Vibration, 78(2):247–255, 1981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[27] Rasmussen, KB. Outdoor sound propagation under the influence of wind and temperature gradients. J. Sound & Vibration, 104:321–335, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[28] Pierce, AD. Acoustics: An Introduction to Its Physical Principles and Applications. A coust. Soc. America, 1989.Google Scholar
[29] Hazewinkiel, M. Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, chapter Airy Functions, page 65. Kluwer Academic, 1995.Google Scholar
[30] Parkin, PH and Scholes, WE. The horizontal propagation of sound from a jet engine close to the ground, at Hatfield. J. Sound & Vibration, 2, 1965.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×