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Characterization and distribution of clay minerals in the soils of Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island (King George Island, Maritime Antarctica)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 January 2023

Marta Pelayo Open the ORCID record for Marta Pelayo [Opens in a new window] ,
Thomas Schmid Open the ORCID record for Thomas Schmid [Opens in a new window] ,
Francisco Javier Díaz-Puente Open the ORCID record for Francisco Javier Díaz-Puente [Opens in a new window]  and
Jerónimo López-Martínez Open the ORCID record for Jerónimo López-Martínez [Opens in a new window]
Marta Pelayo*
Affiliation:
CIEMAT – Department of Environment, Avda. Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Thomas Schmid
Affiliation:
CIEMAT – Department of Environment, Avda. Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Francisco Javier Díaz-Puente
Affiliation:
CIEMAT – Department of Environment, Avda. Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Jerónimo López-Martínez
Affiliation:
Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
*
*Email: m.pelayo@ciemat.es
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Abstract

The environmental conditions in Maritime Antarctica are more favorable to soil development than in continental areas, which is reflected in the content and type of clay minerals present. In this context, soil clay minerals of Fildes Peninsula, South Shetland Islands were studied with the aim of relating them to periglacial and paraglacial processes as possible indicators of initial pedogenic processes. In this work, textural, mineralogical and crystallochemical characterization of clay minerals as well as chemical and physical soil analyses were carried out. The soil samples represented various surface cover types present on Fildes Peninsula. All samples were composed mainly of clay minerals, plagioclase, quartz and minor zeolites and pyroxene. The clay mineral content was very variable and reached up to 63% w/w. The clay minerals present are mainly smectite, vermiculite, chlorite and minor kaolinite, mica, corrensite and interstratified illite–smectite, with smectite and vermiculite dominating in almost all of the samples. The primary minerals display chemical alteration, and smectite formed by alteration of plagioclase. The clay mineral types were related to the parent material, which was affected by low-grade metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration that transformed biotite and chlorite into vermiculite via interstratified chlorite–vermiculite. Furthermore, this process and/or ongoing surface weathering transformed vermiculite into smectite. The genetic relationship observed between vermiculite and smectite suggests progressive alteration and transformation into a phase with intermediate composition between vermiculite and smectite. Therefore, vermiculite could be at least in part the smectite precursor. Samples closer to the current Collins Glacier front are composed mainly of vermiculite, with the greatest chemical variation occurring where the soils were developed from a mixture of initially glacially transported volcanic rocks through periglacial and fluvial processes. The clay minerals from the centre and south of Fildes Peninsula are mixtures of montmorillonite and vermiculite, as well as of chlorite and corrensite in various proportions. The clay minerals in soils developed on the west coast are a mixture of Fe-rich montmorillonite and vermiculite.

Keywords

Antarctic Peninsula regionchloriteice-free areaspedogenesissmectiteSouth Shetland Islands
Type
Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 57 , Issue 3-4 , September 2022 , pp. 264 - 284
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: J. Cuadros

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