Element contents
Series: Elements in Contentious Politics
The Anarchist Turn in Twenty-First Century Leftwing Activism
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2024
Summary
Leftwing activism of recent decades exhibits an anarchist turn evident in quantitative indicators like mentions of anarchists in news reports and by activists adopting anarchist modes of organization, tactics, and social goals-whether or not they claim that label. The authors of this Element argue that the very crises that generated radical mobilizations since the turn of the millennium have both led activists to reject other strategies for social transformation and to see anarchist practices as appropriate to the challenges of our time. This turn is clearly apparent in the Americas and Europe, and has reverberations on an even broader transnational, perhaps global, scale. This suggests the need for research on social movements to consider anarchists and other marginalized radical traditions more fully, not just as objects of study, but as important sources of theory.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Series: Elements in Contentious PoliticsOnline ISBN: 9781009495219Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 11 April 2024
References
Abbas, T. and Yigit, I. H. 2015. Scenes from Gezi Park: Localisation, nationalism and globalisation in Turkey. City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action 19(1), 61–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abellán, J., Sequera, J., and Janoschka, M. 2012. Occupying the #Hotelmadrid: A laboratory for urban resistance. Social Movement Studies 11(3–4), 320–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aberg-Riger, A. 2020. “Solidarity, not charity”: A visual history of mutual aid. Bloomberg News: CityLab, December 22, 2020. www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020–12-22/a-visual-history-of-mutual-aid.Google Scholar
Adams, M. and Lennon, M. J. 1992. Canadians, too, fault their political institutions and leaders. Public Perspective 3, 19–21.Google Scholar
Afary, J. and Anderson, K. B. 2022. Woman, life, freedom. The origins of the uprising in Iran. Dissent. Winter. www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/women-life-freedom-iran-uprising-origins. Accessed March 6, 2023.Google Scholar
Ainger, K. 2002. Mujeres Creando: Bolivian anarcha-feminist street activists. In Collective, Dark Star, ed., Quiet Rumors: An Anarcha-Feminist Reader. Oakland: AK Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Akuno, K. and Meyer, M. 2023. Jackson Rising Redux: Lessons on Building the Future in the Present. Oakland: PM Press.Google Scholar
Almeida, P. D. 2014. Mobilizing Democracy: Globalization and Citizen Protest. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almeida, P. D. and Pérez Martín, A. 2022. Collective Resistance to Neoliberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anonymous. 2019. Lasers in the tear gas: A guide to tactics in Hong Kong. It’s Going Down. August 13. https://itsgoingdown.org/lasers-in-the-tear-gas/. Accessed November 11, 2023.Google Scholar
Apoifis, N . 2016. Anarchy in Athens: An Ethnography of Militancy, Emotions and Violence. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Barometer, Arab. 2019. Tunisia Country Report. www.arabbarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/ABV_Tunisia_Report_Public-Opinion_2018-2019.pdf. Accessed November 12, 2023.Google Scholar
Auyero, J. 2003. Contentious Lives: Two Argentine Women, Two Protests, and the Quest for Recognition. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Bamyeh, M. 2010. Anarchy as Order: The History and Future of Civic Humanity. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Bamyeh, M. 2013. Anarchist method, liberal intention, authoritarian lesson: The Arab Spring between three enlightenments. Constellations 20(2), 188–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamyeh, M. 2023. The rise and fall of postcolonial charisma. Arab Studies Quarterly 45(1), 61–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrón-López, L. 2020. Why the Black Lives Matter Movement doesn’t want a singular leader. Politico. www.politico.com/news/2020/07/22/black-lives-matter-movement-leader-377369. Accessed January 31, 2021.Google Scholar
Bayat, A. 2017. Revolution Without Revolutionaries: Making Sense of the Arab Spring. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bayat, A. 2021. Revolutionary Life: The Everyday of the Arab Spring. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Benski, T., Langman, L., Perugorría, I., and Tejerina, B. 2013. From the streets and squares to social movement studies: What have we learned? Current Sociology 61(4), 541–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berglund, O. and Schmidt, D. 2020. Extinction Rebellion and Climate Change Activism: Breaking the Law to Change the World. Cham, CH: Palgrave MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom, J. and Martin, W. E. Jr 2016. Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Blumenfeld, J., Bottici, C., and Critchley, S. 2013. The Anarchist Turn. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Bookchin, M. 1995. Social anarchism or lifestyle anarchism: An unbridgeable chasm. Oakland: AK Press. https://libcom.org/library/social-anarchism–lifestyle-anarchism-murray-bookchin.Google Scholar
Bookchin, M. and Biehl, J. 1998. The Politics of Social Ecology: Libertarian Municipalism. Montreal: Black Rose Books.Google Scholar
Bob, C. 2005. The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bob, C. 2012. The Global Right Wing and the Clash of World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boggs, C. 1977. Marxism, prefigurative communism, and the problem of workers’ control. Radical America 11(6), 99–122.Google Scholar
Brannigan, J. 2005. Direct action gets the goods. Organise! Working Class Resistance 10. https://libcom.org/library/direct-action-gets-goods.Google Scholar
Bray, M. 2013. Translating Anarchy: The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street. London: Zero Books.Google Scholar
Breines, W. 1989. Community and Organization in the New Left, 1962-1968: The Great Refusal. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, J. 2020. Party-base linkages and contestatory mobilization in Bolivia’s El Alto. Latin American Perspectives 47(4), 40–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, L., Bui, Q., and Patel, J. K. 2020. Black Lives Matter may be the largest movement in US history. New York Times, July 3. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html.Google Scholar
Burley, S., ed. 2022. No Pasarán! Antifascist Dispatches from a World in Crisis. Chico: AK Press.Google Scholar
Burridge, D. and Markoff, J. 2023 Social movements and globalization in Latin America. In Rossi, F., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Latin American Social Movements. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 249–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callahan, M. 2004. Zapatismo beyond Chiapas. In Solnit, D., ed. Globalize Liberation: How to Uproot the System and Build a Better World. San Francisco: City Lights Books, pp. 217–228.Google Scholar
Cappelletti, A. 1995. Anarchism in Latin America. Translated by Gabriel Palmer-Fernández. Oakland: AK Press.Google Scholar
Case, B. 2022. Street Rebellion: Resistance Beyond Violence and Nonviolence. Chico: AK Press.Google Scholar
Case, B. and Stribling-Uss, J.. 2023. The revolution will be encrypted: A strategy of leaks and ciphers. Berkeley Journal of Sociology 64. https://berkeleyjournal.org/2023/09/21/encrypted-revolution/. Accessed November 23, 2023.Google Scholar
Castañeda, E. 2012. The Indignados of Spain: A precedent to Occupy Wall Street. Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest 11(3–4), 309–319.Google Scholar
Castells, M. 2012. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Chandler, J. 2021. Broadcasting from Bolivia, Aymara voices will not be silenced. NACLA Report on the Americas, 53(4), 380–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase-Dunn, C. Aldecoa, J., Breckenridge-Jackson, I., and Herrera, J. S. 2019. Anarchism in the web of transnational social movements. Journal of World-System Research 25(2), 373–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase-Dunn, C. and Almeida, P. 2020. Global Struggles and Social Change. From Prehistory to World Revolution in the Twenty-First Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Chenoweth, E. and Stephan, M. 2011. Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Chouhy, G. 2019. Rethinking neoliberalism, rethinking social movements. Social Movement Studies 20(4), 426–446.Google Scholar
Chouhy, G. 2022. Explaining the Chile-Uruguay divergence in democratic inclusion: Left parties and the political articulation hypothesis. Social Science History 46(2), 401–430. https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, H., Jenson, J., Leduc, L., and Pammett, J. 1995. Absent Mandate: Canadian Electoral Politics in an Age of Restructuring. Toronto: Gage.Google Scholar
Collins, P. H. 2019. Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Cornell, A. 2011. A new anarchism emerges. Journal for the Study of Radicalism 5(1), 105–132.Google Scholar
Cornell, A. 2016. Unruly Equality: U.S. Anarchism in the Twentieth Century. Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craib, R. and Maxwell, B. 2015. No Gods, No Masters, No Peripheries: Global Anarchisms. Oakland: PM Press.Google Scholar
Creasap, K. 2015. Sweden Ends Here?: Social Movement Scenes and the Right to the City. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. 1989. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum 1, 139–167.Google Scholar
CrimethInc. 2012. The 2012 Strike in Québec: Full Report. August 14. https://crimethinc.com/2012/08/14/the-2012-strike-in-quebec-full-report. Accessed February 18, 2023.Google Scholar
CrimethInc. 2018. The Yellow Vest Movement in France: Between “ecological” neoliberalism and “political” movements. November 27. https://crimethinc.com/2018/11/27/the-yellow-vest-movement-in-france-between-ecological-neoliberalism-and-apolitical-movements. Accessed February 18, 2023.Google Scholar
CrimethInc. 2019. Hong Kong: Anarchists in the resistance to the extradition bill. June 22. https://crimethinc.com/2019/06/22/hong-kong-anarchists-in-the-resistance-to-the-extradition-bill-an-interview. Accessed February 18, 2023.Google Scholar
CrimethInc. 2022. Addicted to the tear gas of the Gezi resistance. June 20. https://crimethinc.com/2022/06/20/addicted-to-tear-gas-the-gezi-resistance-june-2013-looking-back-on-a-high-point-of-resistance-in-turkey. Accessed February 18, 2023.Google Scholar
Crow, S. 2014. Black Flags and Windmills: Hope, Anarchy, and the Common Ground Collective, 2nd ed. Oakland: PM Press.Google Scholar
Dalton, R. J. 2004. Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices. The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dangl, B. 2010. Dancing with Dynamite: States and Social Movements in Latin America. Oakland, CA: AK Press.Google Scholar
Davenport, C. 2010. Media Bias, Perspective, and State Repression: The Black Panther Party. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, J. 1997. “Anarchy in the UK”? Anarchism and popular culture in 1990s’ Britain. In Purkis, J. and Bowen, J., eds., Twenty-first Century Anarchism: Unorthodox Ideas for a New Millennium. London: Cassell Press, pp. 62–82.Google Scholar
della Porta, D. 2022. Contentious Politics in Emergency Critical Junctures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
della Porta, D., Andretta, M., Fernandes, T. et al. eds. 2017. Late Neoliberalism and Its Discontents in the Economic Crisis: Comparing Social Movements in the European Periphery. Cham, CH: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, L. 2019. Ill Winds: Saving Democracy from Russian Rage, Chinese Ambition, and American Complacency. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Dixon, C. 2014. Another Politics: Talking across Today’s Transformative Movements. Oakland: AK Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupuis-Déri, F. 2014. Who’s Afraid of the Black Blocs? Anarchy in Action around the World. Oakland, CA: PM Press.Google Scholar
Dupuis-Déri, F. 2019. From the Zapatistas to Seattle: The “New Anarchists”. In Levy, C. and Adams, M. S., eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Cham, CH: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 471–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elbaum, M. 2018 [2002]. Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao, and Che. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Eley, G. 2002. Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850-2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, B. 1991. Political Protest and Cultural Revolution: Nonviolent Direct Action in the 1970s and 1980s. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Epstein, B. 2001. Anarchism and the anti-globalization movement. Monthly Review 53(4), 1–14.Google Scholar
Ethnologue. Languages of the World. 2022. www-ethnologue-com.pitt.idm.oclc.org/browse/names. Accessed April 21, 2022.Google Scholar
Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2010. Domestic terrorism: Anarchist extremism: A primer. November 16. https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2010/november/anarchist_111610. Accessed November 23, 2022.Google Scholar
Federación Comunista Libertaria. 2011. Founding of the federación Comunista Libertaria in Chile. Anarkismo.net. January 12, 2011. www.anarkismo.net/article/18487. Accessed February 18, 2023.Google Scholar
Federación Libertaria de Argentina. 2023. Nuestra historia. www.federacionlibertariaargentina.org. Accessed February 18, 2023.Google Scholar
Feixa, C., Perondi, M., Nofre, J. et al. 2012. The #spanishrevolution and beyond. Cultural Anthropology [online, August 2012]. www.culanth.org.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Sujatha. 2010. Who Can Stop the Drums? Urban Social Movements in Chavez’s Venezuela. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Filiu, J.-P. 2022. Woman, life, freedom: The origins of Iran’s rallying cry. Le Monde. October 10. www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/10/10/woman-life-freedom-the-origins-of-iran-s-rallying-cry_5999763_4.html. Accessed March 6, 2023.Google Scholar
Firth, R. 2020. Mutual aid, anarchist preparedness and COVID-19. In Preston, J. and Firth, R., eds., Coronavirus, Class and Mutual Aid in the United Kingdom. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 57–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flesher Fominaya, C. 2014. Movement culture as habit(us): Resistance to change in the routinized practice of resistance. In Baumgarten, B., Daphi, P., and Ullrich, P., eds., Conceptualizing Culture in Social Movement Research. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 186–205.Google Scholar
Flesher Fominaya, C. 2020. Democracy Reloaded: Inside Spain’s Political Laboratory from 15-M to Podemos. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foa, R. S. and Mounk, Y. 2016. The danger of deconsolidation: The democratic disconnect. Journal of Democracy 27(3), 5–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foa, R. S., Klassen, A., Wenger, D., Rand, A., and Slade, M. 2020. Youth and Satisfaction with Democracy: Reversing the Democratic Disconnect? Cambridge: Centre for the Future of Democracy.Google Scholar
Foran, J., ed. 2003. The Future of Revolutions: Rethinking Radical Change in the Age of Globalization. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Fórum do Anarquismo Organizado. 2010. Declaration of the aims and principles of the Fórum do Anarquismo Organizado (FAO). https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/forum-of-organized-anarchism-declaration-of-the-aims-and-principles-of-the-forum-do-anarquismo. Accessed February 18, 2023.Google Scholar
Foster, M. 2003. Globalization gives anarchists a stage. www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/01/19/globalization-gives-anarchists-a-stage/bb5933bb-7bbb-4c23-961e-97edb9f2275a/. Accessed January 31, 2022.Google Scholar
Franzosi, R. 1987. The press as a source of socio-historical data: Issues in the methodology of data collection from newspapers. Historical Methods 20(1), 5–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallie, W. B. 1956. Essentially contested concepts. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 105(n.s.), 167–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelderloos, P. 2022. The invasion of Ukraine: Anarchist interventions and geopolitical changes. March 14. It’s Going Down. https://itsgoingdown.org/the-invasion-of-ukraine-anarchist-interventions-and-geopolitical-changes/. Accessed February 19, 2023.Google Scholar
Gibson, D.-M. 2012. A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom. Santa Barbara: Praeger.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Google N-Grams and pre-modern Chinese. 2015. Digital Sinology. https://digitalsinology.org/google-ngrams-pre-modern-chinese/. Accessed November 26, 2019.Google Scholar
Gordon, U. 2010. Against the wall: Anarchist mobilization in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Peace & Change 35(3), 412–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graeber, D. 2002. The new anarchists. New Left Review 13(January-February). https://newleftreview.org/issues/II13/articles/david-graeber-the-new-anarchists. Accessed November 11, 2023.Google Scholar
Graeber, D. 2013. The Democracy Project: A History, A Crisis, A Movement. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Graeber, D. 2014. Why is the world ignoring the revolutionary Kurds in Syria? www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/08/why-world-ignoring-revolutionary-kurds-syria-isis. Accessed October 23, 2021.Google Scholar
Grubačić, A. and Graeber, D. 2004. Anarchism, or the revolutionary movement of the twenty-first century. Zmag. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/andrej-grubacic-david-graeber-anarchism-or-the-revolutionary-movement-of-the-twenty-first-centu. Accessed February 17, 2023Google Scholar
Grubačić, A. and O’Hearn, D. 2016. Living at the Edges of Capitalism: Adventures in Exile and Mutual Aid. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guardian Nigeria. 2020. #EndSARS: We will not allow Anarchy in Nigeria. October 18. https://guardian.ng/news/endsars-we-will-not-allow-anarchy-in-nigeria-fg/. Accessed November 11, 2023.Google Scholar
Haberman, M. and McKinley, J. 2020. Trump moves to cut federal funding from Democratic cities. New York Times, September 2. www.nytimes.com/2020/09/02/us/politics/trump-funding-cities.html. Accessed November 11, 2023.Google Scholar
Hammond, J. 2015. The anarchism of Occupy Wall Street. Science and Society 79(2), 288–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halvorsen, S. 2012. Beyond the network? Occupy London and the global movement. Social Movement Studies 11(3–4), 427–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrington, M. 2021 [1981]. Marxism and democracy. Socialist Forum. https://socialistforum.dsausa.org/issues/fall-2021/marxism-and-democracy/. Accessed April 19, 2023.Google Scholar
Heidemann, K. 2018. Crisis, protest and democratization from below: The rise of a community-based schooling movement in Argentina. In Clothey, R. and Heidemann, K., eds., Another Way: Decentralization, Democratization and the Global Politics of Community-based Schooling. Rotterdam: Brill, pp. 31–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, N. and Pratt-Boyden, K. 2013. Occupy London as prefigurative political action. Development in Practice 23(5–6), 729–741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, G. 2021. Examining extremism: U.S. militant anarchists. Center for Strategic and International Studies. www.csis.org/blogs/examining-extremism/examining-extremism-us-militant-anarchists. Accessed November 23, 2022.Google Scholar
Hylton, F. and Thompson, S. 2007. Revolutionary Horizons: Past and Present in Bolivian Politics. Verso: London.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. F. 2016.The danger of deconsolidation: How much should we worry? Journal of Democracy 27(3), 18–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Internet Ciudadana. 2021. The inclusion of digital rights in Chile’s new constitution. Agencia Latinoamericana de Información (ALAI). www.alainet.org/es/node/214539. Accessed November 11, 2023.Google Scholar
Jackson, I. 2016. How Palestinian protesters helped Black Lives Matter. USA Today. July 1. www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/policing/spotlight/2016/07/01/how-palestinian-protesters-helped-black-lives-matter/85160266/. Accessed November 11, 2023.Google Scholar
Jaleel, R. 2013. Into the storm: Occupy Sandy and the new sociality of debt. The Social Text Collective, October 8. http://what-democracy-looks-like.com/into-the-storm-occupy-sandy-and-the-new-sociality-of-debt/. Accessed November 11, 2023.Google Scholar
Juris, J. 2008. Networking Futures: The Movements against Corporate Globalization. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Juris, J. 2012. Reflections on #occupy everywhere: Social media, public space, and emerging logics of aggregation. American Ethnologist 39(2), 259–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karyotis, G. and Rüdig, W. 2013. Beyond the usual suspects? New participants in anti-austerity protests in Greece. Mobilization 18(3), 313–330.Google Scholar
Katsiaficas, G. 2006. Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life. Oakland: AK Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, K. 2020. Anarchy: What it is and why pop culture loves it. Teen Vogue. June 3. www.teenvogue.com/story/anarchy-explained-what-it-is-why-pop-culture-loves-it. Accessed January 31, 2022.Google Scholar
Kerl, E. 2010. Contemporary anarchism. International Socialist Review. https://isreview.org/issue/72/contemporary-anarchism. Accessed January 24, 2021.Google Scholar
King, M. 2020. Black Lives Matter power grab sets off internal revolt. Politico. www.politico.com/news/2020/12/10/black-lives-matter-organization-biden-444097). Accessed January 31, 2021.Google Scholar
Kinna, R. 2020. The Government of No One: The Theory and Practice of Anarchism. Oakland: AK Press.Google Scholar
Knapp, M., Ayboğa, E., and Flach, A. 2016. Revolution in Rojava: Democratic Autonomy and Women’s Liberation in the Syrian Kurdistan. Oakland: PM Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konieczny, P. 2009. Governance, organization, and democracy on the internet: The iron law and the evolution of Wikipedia. Sociological Forum 24(1), 162–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konieczny, P. 2017. Wikipedia in the anti-SOPA protests as a case study of direct, deliberative democracy in cyberspace. Information, Communication & Society 20(2), 167–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krastev, I. and Holmes, S. 2019. The Light that Failed: Why the West is Losing the Fight for Democracy. London: Pegasus Books.Google Scholar
Kropotkin, P. 1892. Revolutionary government. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-revolutionary-government. Accessed March 1, 2023.Google Scholar
Kropotkin, P. 2005 [1902]. Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Peacework.Google Scholar
LaFrance, A. 2023. The New Anarchy: American faces a type of extremist violence it does not know how to stop. The Atlantic April, 22–37.Google Scholar
Langman, L. 2013. Occupy: A new social movement. Current Sociology 61(4), 510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazar, H. 2018. Intersections. In Franks, B., Jun, N., and Williams, L., eds., Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach. New York: Routledge, pp. 157–176.Google Scholar
Lazar, H. 2023. Collective care and mutual aid as community self-defense. In Coquard, C., ed., Kropotkin Now! Life, Freedom & Ethics. Montreal: Black Rose Books, pp. 93–105.Google Scholar
Leverink, J. 2015. Murray Bookchin and the Kurdish resistance. Roar Magazine. https://roarmag.org/essays/bookchin-kurdish-struggle-ocalan-rojava/.Google Scholar
Lipset, S. M. and Schneider, W. 1983. The Confidence Gap. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Loadenthal, M. 2020. Now that was a riot!: Social control in felonious times. Global Society 34(1), 128–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maeckelbergh, M. 2011. Doing is believing: Prefiguration as strategic practice in the alterglobalization movement. Social Movement Studies 10(1), 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maeckelbergh, M. 2012. Horizontal democracy now: From alterglobalization to occupation. Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements 4(1), 207–234.Google Scholar
Mahdawi, A. 2020. Black Lives Matter’s Alicia Garza: Leadership today doesn’t look like Martin Luther King. The Guardian. October 17. www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/17/black-lives-matter-alicia-garza-leadership-today-doesnt-look-like-martin-luther-king. Accessed January 31, 2021.Google Scholar
Malsin, J. 2013. Ultras, Anarchists, and street fighting in Egypt. Vice. January 26. www.vice.com/read/ultras-anarchists-and-street-fighting-in-egypt. Accessed March 17, 2023.Google Scholar
Maltz, J. 2023. Why Netanyahu Slurs Israel’s pro-democracy protesters as “Anarchists.” Haaretz. March 10. www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-03-10/ty-article-magazine/.premium/why-netanyahu-slurs-israels-pro-democracy-protesters-as-anarchists/00000186-c637-d069-a3df-c63ffad90000. Accessed March 11, 2023.Google Scholar
Manski, B., Lazar, H., and Moodliar, S. 2020. The millennial turns and the new period: An introduction. Socialism and Democracy 34(1), 1–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manski, B. and Smith, J. 2019. Introduction: The dynamics and terrains of local democracy and corporate power in the 21st century. Journal of World-System Research 25(1), 6–14. https://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/jwsr/article/view/919/1270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markoff, J. 2001. The Internet and electronic communications. In Cayton, M. K. and Williams, P. W., eds., Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, pp. 387–395. http://pitt.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galeacih/the_internet_and_electronic_communications/0?institutionId=1425.Google Scholar
Markoff, J. 2011. A moving target: Democracy. Archives Européennes de Sociologie/European Journal of Sociology 52(2), 239–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markoff, J. 2015. Waves of Democracy. Social Movements and Political Change. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markoff, J. 2019. Overflowing channels: How democracy didn’t work as planned (and perhaps a good thing it didn’t). Sociological Theory 37(2), 184–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markoff, J., Lazar, H., and Smith, J. 2021. Creative disappointment: How movements for democracy spawn movements for even more democracy. Research in Political Sociology 28, 237–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, P. 2009. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. Oakland: PM Press.Google Scholar
Martínez, E. and García, A. 2004. Zapatismo – what is Zapatismo? A brief definition for activists. In Solnit, D., ed., Globalize Liberation: How to Uproot the System and Build a Better World. San Francisco: City Lights Books, pp. 213–216.Google Scholar
Marx, K. and Engels, F. 1848. Manifesto of the Communist Party. www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/.Google Scholar
Mbah, S. and Igariwey, I. E. 1997. African Anarchism: The History of a Movement. Tucson: See Sharp Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, D. and Staggenborg, S. 1996. Movements, countermovements, and the structure of political opportunity. American Journal of Sociology 101(6), 1628–1660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, J. M., Krücken, G., and Drori, G. 2009. World Society: The Writings of John W. Meyer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Michel, J.-B., Shen, Y. K., Aiden, A. P., et al. 2011. Quantitative analysis of culture using millions of digitized books. Science 331(6014), 176–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michels, R. 1962 [1911]. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Milkman, R. 2017. A new political generation: Millennials and the post-2008 wave of protest. American Sociological Review 82(1), 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milkman, R., Bamyeh, M., Wilson, W. J., Williams, D., and Gould, D. 2012. Understanding “Occupy”. Contexts 11(2), 12–21.Google Scholar
Milstein, C., ed. 2020. Collective care is our best weapon against COVID and other disasters. https://mutualaiddisasterrelief.org/collective-care/. Accessed November 11, 2023.Google Scholar
Mishra, P. 2019. From Chile to India a global anarchy revival. Business Standard. December 19, 2019. www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/from-chile-to-india-a-global-anarchy-revival-could-outdo-the-1960s-119121900268_1.html. Accessed November 11, 2023.Google Scholar
Mitchell, M. 2022. Building resilient organizations: Toward joy and durable power in a time of crisis. Convergence. https://convergencemag.com/articles/building-resilient-organizations-toward-joy-and-durable-power-in-a-time-of-crisis/. Accessed November 11, 2023.Google Scholar
Mounk, Y. 2018. The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mudge, S. 2018. Leftism Reinvented: Western Parties from Socialism to Neoliberalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Norris, P., ed. 1999. Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, P. 2011. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, P. and Inglehart, R. 2019. Cultural Backlash. Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Northrup, D. 2013. How English Became the Global Language. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunberg, G. 2010. Humanities research with the Google Books Corpus. Language Log. https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=2847. Accessed November 26, 2019.Google Scholar
Nye, J. Jr, Zelikow, P., and King, D. 1997. Why People Don’t Trust Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oikonomakis, L. and Espinoza, F. 2014. Bolivia: MAS and the movements that brought it to state power. In Stahler-Sholk, R., Vanden, H., and Beeker, M. eds., Rethinking Latin American Social Movements: Radical Action from Below. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 285–307.Google Scholar
Olivera, O. and Lewis, T. 2004. Cochabamba!: Water War in Bolivia. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar
Ortiz, I., Burke, S., Berrada, M., and Cortés, H. S. 2021. World Protests: A Study of Key Protest Issues in the 21st Century. Cham, CH: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Pechenick, E. A., Danforth, C. M., and Dodds, P. S. 2015. Characterizing the Google Books Corpus: Strong limits to inferences of socio-cultural and linguistic evolution. PLoS ONE 10(10). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0137041. Accessed November 26, 2019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Research Center, Pew. 2021. Public trust in government: 1958–2020. May 17. www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/05/17/public-trust-in-government-1958-2021/. Accessed January 31, 2022.Google Scholar
Pharr, S. J. and Putnam, R. eds. 2000. Disaffected Democracies. What’s Troubling the Trilateral Countries? Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piketty, T. 2017. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Polletta, F. 2004. Freedom Is an Endless Meeting: Democracy in American Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Potiker, S. L. 2019. Obstacles to insurrection: Militarized border crossing hindering the Rojava liberation struggle. Anarchist Studies 27(2), 1–19.Google Scholar
Potiker, S. L., Williams, D., and Alimahomed-Wilson, J. (2022). Anarchist and anarchistic anti-systemic movements in world-systems perspective: A qualitative comparative analysis of non-state spaces. Journal of World-Systems Research 28(2), 188–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prokosch, M. and Raymond, L., eds. 2002. The Global Activist’s Manual: Local Ways to Change the World. New York: Thunder’s Mountain Press.Google Scholar
ProQuest Historical Newspapers. The New York Times with Index. 1851–2015. https://search-proquest-com.pitt.idm.oclc.org/hnpnewyorktimes/advanced?accountid=14709. Accessed October 6, 2019.Google Scholar
ProQuest Historical Newspapers. The Times of India. 1870–2010. https://search-proquest-com.pitt.idm.oclc.org/publication/54644/citation/8D51D44CBF7048EDPQ/2?accountid=14709. Accessed September 27, 2019.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A. 2010. Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, A. 2019. Crises of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M. E., Cheibub, J. A., and Limongi, F. 2000. Democracy and Development. Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A. and Sprague, J. 1986. Paper Stones: A History of Electoral Socialism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, R. D. 2020. The Upswing. How America Came Together a Century Ago and How We Can Do It Again. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Ramnath, M. 2019. Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism. In Levy, C. and Adams, M. S., eds., The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 677–695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Repucci, S. 2020. Freedom in the world 2020: A leaderless struggle for democracy. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2020/leaderless-struggle-democracy. Accessed November 11, 2023.Google Scholar
Rivera Cusicanqui, S. 2015. Mito y desarrollo en Bolivia: El giro colonial del gobierno del MAS. La Paz, Bolivia: Plural Editores.Google Scholar
Roberts, S. 2020. David Graeber, caustic critic of inequality, is dead at 59. New York Times, September, 9. www.nytimes.com/2020/09/04/books/david-graeber-dead.html.Google Scholar
Robinson, W. I. 2008. Latin America and Global Capitalism: A Critical Globalization Perspective. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romanos, E. 2016. De Tahrir a Wall Street por la Puerta del Sol: La difusión transnacional de los movimientos sociales en perspectiva comparada. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas 154, 103–118.Google Scholar
Rossi, F. 2017. The Poor’s Struggle for Political Participation: The Piquetero Movement in Argentina. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sánchez, M. and Osorio Mercado, H. 2020. Abril 2018, Nicaragua: El desafío de la democracia frente al autoritarismo. In UCA Editores. Nicaragua 2018: La insurrección cívica de abril. Managua: UCA Publicaciones, Universidad Centroamericana.Google Scholar
Sassoon, D. 1996. One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century. New York: The New Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, N. 2013. Thank You, Anarchy: Notes from the Occupy Apocalypse. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneirov, M. and Schneirov, R. 2016. Capitalism as a social movement: The corporate and neoliberal reconstruction of the American political economy in the twentieth century. Social Movement Studies 15(6), 561–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, J. C. 2009. The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Schroering, C. 2021. The Global Economy, Resource Conflicts, and Transnational Social Movements: Dimensions of Resistance to Water Privatization. Doctoral dissertation. University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Shaffner, K. 2019. Anarchist Cuba: Countercultural Politics in the Early Twentieth Century. Oakland: PM Press.Google Scholar
Shantz, J. 2010. Understanding anarchy: Contemporary anarchism and social movement theory. Resistance Studies 3(1), 42–56.Google Scholar
Should We Allow Google NGrams to be Presented as Statistical Evidence without Qualification? Should We Define a Set of Standards for their Usage? 2012. English Language and Usage: Meta. https://english.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2469/should-we-allow-google-ngrams-to-be-presented-as-statistical-evidence-without-qu. Accessed November 11, 2023Google Scholar
Sitrin, M. 2012. Horizontalism and the Occupy Movements. Dissent 59(2), 74–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sitrin, M. 2014a. Postcards from a horizontal world. OpenDemocracy. www.resilience.org/stories/2014-01-13/postcards-from-a-horizontal-world/. Accessed January 28, 2022.Google Scholar
Sitrin, M. 2014b. Argentina: Against and beyond the state. In Stahler-Sholk, R., Vanden, H. I., and Becker, M., eds., Rethinking Latin American Social Movements: Radical Action from Below. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 209–232.Google Scholar
Sitrin, M. 2020. DNA in movement: Reflections on a new form of movements. Socialism and Democracy 34(1), 166–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sitrin, M. and Colectiva Sembrar, 2020. Pandemic Solidarity: Mutual Aid During the COVID-19 Crisis. London: Pluto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sklair, L. 2011. Social movements for global capitalism: The transnational capitalist class in action. Review of International Political Economy 4(3), 514–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skoczylas, M. 2016. Anarchism and Prefigurative Politics in the Occupy Movement: A Study of Occupied Space, Horizontal Structure, and Anarchist Theory in Practice. Doctoral dissertation, University of PittsburghGoogle Scholar
Smith, J., Goodhart, M., Manning, P., and Markoff, J., eds. 2017. Social Movements and World-System Transformation. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Smith, J. and Wiest, D. 2012. Social Movements in the World-System: The Politics of Crisis and Transformation. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Solnit, D., ed. 2004. Globalize Liberation: How to Uproot the System and Build a Better World. San Francisco: City Lights Books.Google Scholar
Solnit, D. 2010. A Paradise Build in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities that Arise in Disaster. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Spade, D. 2020a. Solidarity not charity: Mutual aid for mobilization and survival. Social Text 38(1), 131–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spade, D. 2020b. Mutual Aid: Building Solidarity During This Crisis (and the Next). New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Spalding, R. 2014. El Salvador: Horizontalism and the anti-mining movement. In Stahler-Sholk, R., Vanden, H., and Becker, M., eds., Rethinking Latin American Social Movements: Radical Action from Below. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 311–330.Google Scholar
Sperber, E. 2018. The emergency brake. Counterpunch. October 9. www.counterpunch.org/2018/10/09/the-emergency-brake/. Accessed June 20, 2021.Google Scholar
Stahler-Sholk, R., Vanden, H., and Becker, M., eds. 2014. Rethinking Latin American Social Movements: Radical Action from Below. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Staggenborg, S. 2002. The “Meso” in social movement research. In Meyer, D., Whittier, N., and Robnett, B., eds., Social Movements: Identity, Culture, and the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 124–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness, eds. 2015. A Small Key Can Open a Large Door: The Rojava Revolution. Oakland: AK Press.Google Scholar
Sunshine, S. 2013. Post-1960 U.S. Anarchism and Social Theory. New York: CUNY Graduate Center. Unpublished dissertation.Google Scholar
Swann, J. 2017. How democratic socialists are building on Bernie’s momentum. Rolling Stone. www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/how-democratic-socialists-are-building-on-bernies-momentum-120080/. Accessed January 29, 2021.Google Scholar
Libertario Alfredo López, Taller. 2021. Cuban Anarchists on the Protests of July 11. CrimethInc. https://crimethinc.com/2021/07/22/cuban-anarchists-on-the-protests-of-july-11#cuba-the-end-of-the-social-spell-of-the-revolution.Google Scholar
Tejerina, B., Benski, T., Langman, L., and Perugorría, I. 2013. Special Issue: From indignation to occupation: A new wave of global mobilization. Current Sociology 61(4), 377–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, A. K. 2010. Black Bloc, White Riot: Anti-Globalization and the Genealogy of Dissent. Oakland, CA: AK Press.Google Scholar
Thwaites Rey, M. 2011. La autonomía: Entre el mito y la potencia emancipadora. In Adamovsky, E., Albertani, C., Arditi, B. et al. eds., Pensar Las Autonomías. Mexico, DF: Bajo Tierra Ediciones, pp. 143–207.Google Scholar
Times of London Digital Archive. 1870–2014. https://go-gale-com.pitt.idm.oclc.org/ps/dispAdvSearch.do?userGroupName=uptt_main&prodid=TTDA. Accessed October 6, 2020.Google Scholar
Uzcategui, R. 2017. Cuba and the demonization of anarchists: A lesson for our times. Black Rose. https://blackrosefed.org/cuba-demonization-of-anarchists/. Accessed November 12, 2023.Google Scholar
van de Sande, M. 2013. The prefigurative politics of Tahrir Square: An alternative perspective on the 2011 revolutions. Res Publica 19(3), 223–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villanueva, P. 2018. From Rojava to the Mapuche struggle. The Kurdish revolutionary seed spreads in Latin America. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/pilar-villanueva-from-rojava-to-the-mapuche-struggle. Accessed October 23, 2021.Google Scholar
Walker, T. W., and Wade, C. 2016. Nicaragua: Emerging from the Shadow of the Eagle. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, I. 2004. World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. 1968. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, Roth, G. and Wittich, C., eds., New York: Bedminister Press.Google Scholar
Wigger, A. 2014. A critical appraisal of what could be an anarchist political economy. Ephemera Journal 14(4), 739–751.Google Scholar
Williams, D. 2012. The anarchist DNA of occupy. Contexts 11(2), 19–20. www.academia.edu/1640056/The_Anarchist_DNA_of_Occupy.Google Scholar
Williams, D. 2015. Black Panther radical factionalization and the development of black anarchism. Journal of Black Studies, 46(7), 678–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, D. 2017. Black Flags and Social Movements: A Sociological Analysis of Movement Anarchism. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, D. 2018. Contemporary anarchist and anarchistic movements. Sociology Compass 12(6), 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, D. and Lee, M. 2008. “We are everywhere”: An ecological analysis of organizations in the Anarchist Yellow Pages. Humanity and Society 2008(32), 45–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, D. and Lee, M. 2012. Aiming to overthrow the state (without using the state): Political opportunities for anarchist movements. The Anarchist Library. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/dana-m-williams-and-matthew-t-lee-aiming-to-overthrow-the-state-without-using-the-state. Accessed November 30, 2022.Google Scholar
Wood, L. 2012. Direct Action, Deliberation, and Diffusion: Collective Action after the WTO Protests in Seattle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wordsworth, A. 2022. Ukrainian lessons at the train station. New York Review of Books. December 8. www.nybooks.com/articles/2022/12/08/ukrainian-lessons-at-the-train-station-ada-wordsworth. Accessed November 12, 2023.Google Scholar
Yates, L. 2015. Rethinking prefiguration: Alternatives, micropolitics and goals in social movements. Social Movement Studies 14(1), 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yee, V. 2021. Tunisians recall revolution reluctantly, if at all: “it just faded away”. www.nytimes.com/2021/10/17/world/middleeast/tunisia-revolution-memoro-monuments.html. Accessed October 23, 2021.Google Scholar
Younes, N. and Reips, U.-D. 2019. Guideline for improving the reliability of Google Ngram studies: Evidence from religious terms. PLOS ONE 14(3). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0213554. Accessed November 12, 2023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, S. 2015. The pitfalls of using Google Ngram to study language. Wired. www.wired.com/2015/10/pitfalls-of-studying-language-with-google-ngram/. Accessed November 26, 2019.Google Scholar
Zibechi, R. 2010. Dispersing Power: Social Movements as Anti-State Forces. Oakland, CA: AK Press.Google Scholar