This chapter illustrates how the categories ‘migrant’, ‘repatriate’, and ‘refugee’ acquired meaning between diplomatic relations and physical displacement. It argues that departure and arrival reified the networks on which the Italian community had been founded in Egypt, as well as the categories of political membership that defined it. Between 1952 and 1956, the Italian government avoided repatriation out of fear that the displaced population would disrupt the postwar economy. The absence of state policy aimed to forestall the creation of a political community of ‘refugees’ or ‘repatriates’. State actors viewed intergovernmental institutions, instead, as opportunities to manage displaced Italians. When the pace of departures quickened after 1953, the Italian government housed ‘repatriates’ in temporary refugee camps and converted Emigration Centres. Seeking to locate themselves in this Cold War Mediterranean, Italians from Egypt institutionalised their associations in and around the camps and holding centres. Pressure from these groups culminated in the extension of refugee status to Italians from Egypt and the consolidation of a political community.

Chapter 15 starts with the identification of essential patterns by analyzing distributions of groups of variables (with similar patterns) among a large number of optimal-size biomarkers generated by parallel feature selection experiments. A similar approach leads to the identification of the essential variables of those essential patterns. As a result, the final multivariate biomarker identified via this method is most likely to represent a real population pattern associated with biological processes underlying changes in the investigated response variable. Furthermore, having the variables of the final biomarker associated with their respective essential patterns facilitates biological interpretation of the biomarker.

The metric tensor and the (pseudo-)Riemannian manifolds are defined. The results of the earlier chapters are specialised to this case, in particular the affine connection coefficients are shown to reduce to the Christoffel symbols. The signature of a metric, the timelike, null and spacelike vectors are defined and the notion of a light cone is introduced. It is shown that in two dimensions the notion of curvature agrees with intuition. It is also shown that geodesic lines extremise the interval (i.e. the ‘distance’). Mappings between Riemann spaces are discussed. Conformal curvature (= the Weyl tensor) is defined and it is shown that zero conformal curvature on a manifold of dimension >=4 implies that the metric is proportional to the flat one. Conformal flatness in three dimensions and the Cotton–York tensor are discussed. Embeddings of Riemannian manifolds in Riemannian manifolds of higher dimension are discussed and the Gauss–Codazzi equations derived. The Petrov classification of conformal curvature tensors in four dimensions with signature (+ - - -) is introduced at an elementary level.

In Chapter 12, the optimal properties of contests from a social perspective are outlined. It presents three main criteria for evaluating contests from a social welfare standpoint by considering the total effort, average effort, and effort of the contest winner. Additionally, the chapter delves into the discussion of how to organize different simultaneous contests and how free entry in several exclusive contests leads to social welfare maximization. Furthermore, the chapter examines the social optimality of aggregating local contests –limited to participants from specific areas, like EU countries – into a larger, open contest, such as one based in Brussels. Finally, the chapter provides a new perspective on two significant issues, compulsory education and affirmative action, by illustrating how active public policies can improve social welfare.

Particle nucleation in plasmas occurs under a wide range of conditions. In some cases, such as thermal plasma synthesis of metal nanoparticles, nucleation may follow the conventional scenarios of single-component homogeneous or ion-induced nucleation. In other cases, such as dust formation in nonthermal plasmas of the type used in semiconductor processing, the paths to nucleation are specific to the chemistry of the gases introduced into the processing chamber. In such cases, nucleation typically involves a mix of phenomena that combine chemical nucleation with plasma physics, with the chemistry being driven by electron impact, and the charging of small clusters by free electrons and ions playing an important role in cluster growth. The charging and transport of clusters and particles affect the electric field profile, causing the plasma and the aerosol phase to be strongly coupled. An example is considered of silicon particle nucleation in silane-containing plasmas, the most studied system because of its importance in semiconductor processing. Cluster growth in this system is dominated by reactions between anion clusters and neutral molecules.

Chapter 8 analyzes the rapid collapse of Japan’s Absolute National Defensive Sphere as the Pacific War progressed, shifting the struggle from the Salomon Islands to the Bismarck Sea and the Mariana Islands, culminating in the Battle of the Philippine Sea around Saipan. Yukikaze engaged in oiler escort duties and anti-submarine warfare during the battle.

This chapter begins by arguing that debates about whether a poem can be translated reflect debates about the nature of the poem itself. Those who assert that poetry is untranslatable, for example, tend to believe that every poem is a unique event in a specific language. Conversely, those who assert the importance of translation tend to see poems as existing, and as having their meanings, only in relation to other poems or art forms. Considering examples from Roy Fisher, Friedrich Hölderlin, Vittorio Sereni, Jean-Joseph Rabéarivelo, César Vallejo, Donald Justice, Elizabeth Bishop, and Frank O’Hara, the chapter demonstrates that in practice, both these conceptual positions are essential. It explores how the practice of translation generates networks of mutually referential identities over time, and it suggests that, more broadly, the emergence of the abstraction known as “the poem” depends on its relation to such interconnections between poems, poets, and translations, ones that may be shaped by imitation, parody, homage, and adaptation.

This chapter argues that the New York School of Poets occupy a complex transitional moment in relation to both the history of sexuality and the history of poetry and modern art. Their work is governed by both the epistemology of the closet that shapes high modernism from earlier in the twentieth century and, looking forward to Stonewall and Gay Liberation, also presents utopian potentialities in its experimental forms of sociability.

The WTO is founded on commitments that governments make to each other in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. These rules provide a structure for international trade in which governments are generally restricted in when they can raise tariffs on imports and whether they can discriminate among their trading partners. This chapter examines the contemporary framework for international trade and its main rules, including national treatment, bound tariffs, and most-favored nation, as well as the WTO’s dispute settlement process. The Shrimp-Turtle case provides an illustration of how these rules interact with international politics to create new political dynamics.

In Chapter 13, we provide a preliminary analysis of the policy orientation of the EU’s post-Covid-19 new economic governance (NEG) regime to give policymakers, unionists, and social-movement activists an idea about possible future trajectories of EU governance of employment relations and public services. We do that on the basis of not only the recently adopted EU laws in these two policy areas, such as the decommodifying Minimum Wage Directive, but also EU executives’ post-Covid-19 NEG prescriptions in two areas (employment relations, public services), three public sectors (transport services, water services, healthcare services), and four countries (Germany, Italy, Ireland, Romania). Vertical NEG interventions in national wage policies paradoxically cleared the way for the decommodifying EU Minimum Wage Directive by effectively making wage policy an EU policymaking issue, but, in the area of public services, we see an accentuation of the trend of NEG prescriptions in recent years: more public investments but also much more private sector involvement in the delivery of public services.

This chapter examines how a shared experience of isolation during the Second World War clouded a sense of the future for civilian internees. It focuses on how various historical processes collapsed into the spacetime of confinement for most working-age Italian men in Egypt. British authorities had planned a complete shutdown of the Italian community during Italy’s 1935 Ethiopia campaign, when they perceived the large-scale participation in fascist institutions as a ’fifth column’ threat to their authority in Egypt. After June 1940, Anglo-Egyptian authorities closed Italian institutions, froze bank accounts, restricted movement, and forbade the signing of contracts with Italian nationals. Italian institutional life, which had become central to the population during the after 1919 was abruptly brought to a halt. While the buttressing of the Italian population collapsed during the war, many of its political structures remained intact. In this chapter, the camp is seen as a temporal isolation chamber, one that delimited the horizons of the internees during the war and then moulded a shared experience that would inform their relationship with the post-fascist Italian state after the war.

Chapter 5 commences by retracing how, beginning in Nuremberg, the reasonable person entered the battlefield in the form of the reasonable military commander. Subsequently the chapter explores two challenges that confront the concept of the reasonable person on the battlefield and beyond. The first challenge consists in the fact that it is easier to empathise with people who are close to us. In the theatre of war, this raises the question whether the reasonable person, when acting as the reasonable military commander, can meaningfully balance the interests of civilians on opposite sides. The second challenge relates to the fact that it is more difficult for powerful people such as military commanders (or judges) to take the perspective of others and to empathise with them.