In anesthesiology and critical care medicine, specific arterial blood pressure targets should be attained, depending on the setting. For instance, a growing body of evidence indicates that perioperative blood pressure should not markedly deviate from its usual level. This underscores the importance of blood pressure measurement, ideally non-invasively, and has therefore spurred intense research efforts . Recent advances in non-invasive blood pressure monitoring are noteworthy. They involve not only innovative technologies such as the automatic finger cuff but also the widely used automatic upper arm cuff. The present chapter aims at providing a state of the art of non-invasive blood pressure monitoring in adult patients in acute care settings with emphasis on recent advances. This chapter addresses several key issues such as “are non-invasive measurements of blood pressure true and accurate?”, “can non-invasive monitoring detect changes in blood pressure? ” and “what if the patient is obese and / or has cardiac arrhythmia?”

The answer lay in my case outside formal philosophy. As almost everyone does before theory or dogma crowds in, I knew the notion of need intimately. I had even had to think about it, because, early in my working life, it had been a part of my duty as a civil servant, when working as an assistant principal in a section of the Colonial Office that was dedicated to ‘Colonial Welfare and Development’, to apply the notion. But there, as in the colonial territories where various schemes were conceived and proposed to us as falling under these heads, everyone knew in practice what need meant, knew a need from a mere desire, and knew a vital need from a need that was less than that.

Péter Lautner’s chapter ‘Concepts in the Neoplatonist Tradition’ expands the scope of the enquiry by discussing Platonist theories of concept formation in Late Antiquity. Generally speaking, the philosophers belonging to the so-called schools of Athens and Alexandria believe that the articulation of our rational capacity and the acquisition of knowledge somehow derives from the senses as well as the intellect, and they mostly agree that some elements of concept formation, notably generalisation, occur on the basis of sense-perception. They disagree, however, as to whether or not such generalisations are full-blown concepts. While all the philosophers under consideration endorse some version of the view that the main source of concepts is our intellect, which essentially contains fully fledged concepts, their accounts vary in respect of the intellect’s ability to project concepts onto the lower cognitive faculties. The problem of how the two kinds of concepts mentioned above are related to each other occupies the Platonists through the entire period under examination and constitutes the focus of Lautner’s analysis.

Chapter 7 is the last of three chapters concerned with the institutional development of the gacaca courts, their formation and deformation. In conjunction, these chapters chart the transition from legalism to lawfare in post-genocide Rwanda, one of two explanatory pathways traced in the book. By carefully dissecting the temporally and spatially embedded mechanisms and processes by which elites of the Rwandan Patriotic Front maneuvered to create modified arrangements of things past, these chapters excavate the microfoundations of the authoritarian rule of law in Rwanda. This chapter foregrounds the bureaucratic dimensions of the gacaca project. Along with the previous chapter, it gives a detailed account of the economy and ingenuity with which Rwanda’s new rulers devised and waged the strategy of lawfare. It also makes clear, however, that the deformation of Rwandas gacaca courts – their decentralized despotism – was not an inevitable outcome.

The opening chapter provides the necessary context for both the development of British prize law and how law has, or has not, been treated in maritime strategic thinking. It provides a conceptual analysis of how and why law should be incorporated into maritime strategic thought. The conceptual part of the chapter argues that law and sea power cannot be divorced for two principal reasons. First, sea power is the vehicle through which a state is able to transform domestic maritime law into international maritime law. Second, the maritime strategic considerations of a nation drive negotiations over international maritime law in an attempt to either constrain, or expand, the rights of a sea power. The extent to which maritime nations are able to influence those negotiations depends on the relative qualities of their sea power.

Chapter 2 demonstrates how the recognition of the societal value of domestic service affected some aspects of domestic workers’ rights but not others. It analyzes debates around the 1926 law on domestic service and the effects it had on the domestic workers’ ability to resolve conflicts with employers in court or mediation. Domestic workers’ labor rights were limited by the new law to make their labor more accessible to employers: written labor agreements were no longer mandatory and there was no compensation for overtime work. Yet, the state was reluctant to limit domestic workers’ access to their employers housing after termination of contract because female homelessness was closely associated with prostitution. The new law put domestic workers at a disadvantage compared to other workers, which, together with continuing valorization of “productive” labor, made domestics seek employment opportunities outside domestic service. This chapter contributes to our understanding of the effects labor laws have on paid domestic labor and testifies to the importance of government regulations and protection.

After the official transition to socialism in the mid-1930s, the state continued to rely on urban women’s labor outside the home. With socialization of household tasks still a distant dream, domestic service was reimagined as an integral part of the socialist economy, signaling a major change in the understanding of housework’s place in Soviet society. The domestic worker became a reliable house manager, responsible for the maintenance of the Soviet housing stock, a dedicated nanny who raised Soviet children, and a professional caregiver who indirectly contributed to her employers’ productivity by taking care of their needs at home. Yet, the recognition of domestic workers as equal builders of socialism only solidified the gendered hierarchy of labor. Urban men and women working outside the home had the privilege of transferring the responsibility for housework to peasant migrants or women from other marginalized categories. As a result, many Soviet citizens continued to view domestic labor as degrading.

Advances in biomarker science are transforming the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. First, clinicians can now identify Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology in situ, years, or even decades, before the onset of cognitive and functional impairment using biomarkers, particularly measures of amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration. Second, there is growing evidence that other digital markers – for instance, changes in banking and driving patterns – can be used to identify older adults at increased risk of cognitive decline. As a result of these two advances, there is growing interest in monitoring older adults for incipient changes in cognition that might affect their wellbeing. This monitoring can be no-tech, such as when an older adult asks a friend or family member to let them know if they start repeating questions or retelling stories. Or it can be high-tech, such as installing a device in one’s car that tracks sudden accelerations and decelerations and the distance traveled from home. While there is great enthusiasm for this kind of monitoring among clinicians and researchers, and even, as our own research shows, among some older adults and their family members, other older adults deem monitoring to be an unwanted intrusion on their privacy. This chapter discusses the changing understanding of Alzheimer’s disease risk; presents data on the desire for monitoring, highlighting the potential for intrafamilial conflict; considers the ethical obligations of non-health businesses to collect or disclose information about Alzheimer’s disease risk; and, finally, identifies potential ethical and legal challenges – such as privacy, stigma, and discrimination – with possible solutions.

What will the climate of the twenty-first century be like? If we knew the answer to that question, this chapter would be much simpler. But we don’t, because we have little or no idea what decisions humans, and in particular our leaders in politics, business, finance, technology and science, will make. In the absence of the necessary knowledge, we really only have two options: pack up and go home; or make some ‘educated’ guesses. So that – the educated guesses, known as scenarios – will form the first part of this chapter. After that we will take you through the conclusions that the IPCC has been able to draw, based on CMIP6 simulations of those educated guesses, focusing on the AR6 indicators of Chapter 18. We will also look at any implications for policy decisions our leaders may (or may not) make on our behalf.

There are two major paradigms of the market: the neoclassical static equilibrium theory and the Austrian School (and Schumpeterian) dynamic non-equilibrium theory. The most important difference between the two is their different understandings of the entrepreneur’s status and function in the market. The market in neoclassical economics is a market without entrepreneurs. On the contrary, entrepreneurs are central to the market in Austrian School economics and Schumpeterian economics. The neoclassical model is not a good market theory and its market failure theory is wrong. By placing entrepreneurs at the center of the market, the Austrian School of economics provides a better understanding of the market. This chapter also points out the eight paradoxes of the neoclassical model. These eight paradoxes show that neoclassical economics totally distorts our understanding of the real market.