Transforming global food systems to meet sustainability and justice outcomes under climate change requires engaging with complex multi-level governance while appreciating specific local contexts. As such, climate change and food security are ‘messy’ policy issues; policies need to be effectively shaped and fit for purpose across different scales, geographic areas, and sectors. Policy implementation necessitates coordination across multiple perspectives towards a common goal, and an anticipatory governance approach can enable this. Working against the status quo is not easy but can be achieved through truly engaged and inclusive stakeholder processes. Redistribution of power entails employing a gendered, socially inclusive lens in the development of food system transformation policies. Establishing an enabling policy environment for transforming food systems requires diverse approaches and multiple perspectives. The appropriate facilitation and coordination of multi-stakeholder engagements is key to clear communication between participants and to support learning.

Chapter 6 is the second part of our analytic narrative. We describe coordination failure by Russian-speaking elites trying to decide whether or not they wanted to try to emulate Crimea. The chapter contrasts the orderly spectacle of irredentist annexation in Crimea with the chaotic “Russian Spring” across Eastern and Southern Ukraine. The existential question was whether the interstate border would change again. The Party of Regions had imploded, so there was no mechanism of transregional cooperation. Dozens of Russian-speaking communities each had to decide locally whether sedition or loyalty to Kyiv would prevail. Russia attempted, but failed, to use a television narrative to encourage established elites in the East to back secessionist uprisings. Sedition did not really get off the ground in most Russian-speaking communities, as pro-Ukraine militias became dominant in the streets. By early May, anti-Kyiv protests died down most everywhere – except in the Donbas.

Chapter 2 presents a statement of the book’s theory. The geography and demography of the post-Soviet space suggests a strategic game with three actors, all second-guessing each others strategies: peripheral elites in Russian-speaking communities, “national” elites in the capital, and elites in the Kremlin. The output of bargaining processes is the distribution of symbolic cultural goods. The game is played in two stages. In the first, inside Russian-speaking communities, elites attempt to coordinate to threaten to secede, or not. In the second stage, bargaining takes place between the capital and the potentially seditious community. If bargaining breaks down, the Russian government might intervene. We outline the analytic narrative structure that organizes the remainder of the book. The theory is formalized in a mathematical appendix (Appendix A).

In this chapter, the contributions of teams working together on South Slavic and Southern Bantu languages, many of which began specifically as new research partnerships forged after the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia and the end of apartheid, provide compelling evidence that syntactic processes must include reference to linear order. Syntax may not be just a spinning Calderian mobile: Agreement in gender for cases of conjoined NP subjects (and possibly objects) refers to the NP linearly closest to the verb.

Complex sentences stand at the edge of discourse: they represent conventionalized forms of discourse cohesion. Coordination and adverbial subordination express the same types of semantic relations between events. Coordination packages the related events in a symmetrical, complex figure construal; adverbial subordination packages them in an asymmetrical, figure--ground construal between a matrix clause and a dependent clause. Referents and other concepts may be coordinated as well. Both coordination and adverbial subordination share the same strategies. Both may use conjunctions to express the relation between events, although the semantic categories expressed by coordinating conjunctions differ from those expressed by adverbializers. Both may use either a balanced or deranked strategy for the form of the predicates expressing the events. Crosslinguistically, one can distinguish two types of deranked predicate forms: converbs (for adverbial subordination) and action nominals. Conjunctions typically originate from discourse markers. Deranked coordination appears to originate in deranked subordination; in some languages, both are expressed identically.

This chapter provides a short summary of intermediate results and key arguments in favor of applying Systems Thinking as a remedy to imprecise depictions of corporate groups.

This chapter discusses how internal governance mechanisms may diverge from the legal starting point of a limited liability entity as directed by its corporate board and that shareholders (including a parent company) are only permitted to exercise their power through the means of the general meeting. I have, to analyze internal governance mechanisms on the outskirts of the law, drawn on management literature to broaden the rather narrow discussions in corporate law on the strategic and coordinative means of a parent company. This chapter therefore, through this, adds a discussion of the factual divergence between law and practice and between formal ownership structures and internal control structures to corporate law literature.

Clause combining, or clause linkage, is traditionally analysed on the syntactic, semantic and prosodic (spoken) levels, and the combinations are called complex sentences in many popular grammars. What is widely accepted today is that clause combining or clause linkage should be understood as mechanisms of connecting clauses rather than sentences. Since the clause is the most fundamental grammatical unit, Chapter 5 considers how non-finiteness plays its role in clause combining from the process-relation perspective. Three types of clause relations are proposed: paratactic, circumstantial and participantial. Non-finite clauses act as the bridges in clause combining viewed from the perspective of metaphoric syndrome. Thus, an answer to the third research question (How does non-finiteness function for inter-clausal connectivity?) is provided.

Categorially obscure words of relations, sometimes accompanied by semantic obscurity too, characteristically occur between the connected constituents regardless of the specific word-order setting of a language. This chapter investigates two kinds of such connectors, the conjunctions and the linkers. It is argued that the functional void of UG responsible for the grammatical behaviors of connectors is that UG cannot project any lexical item without a categorial specification. If a lexical item does not acquire a category for some independent reason, its consequential lack of syntactic representation leads to unique grammatical behavior dependent on the specific semantic relation it encodes. In the case of conjunctions, the symmetric nature of ‘and’ and ‘or’, triggering linear iconicity while restricted by the isomorphic implementation of the USM, results in representing conjuncts on parallel planes of which one is the “default” due to computational cost. It is this simultaneous symmetry–asymmetry enforced by the UG-iconicity interface that explains a large set of apparently self-contradictory traits of coordination. Linkers from Mandarin Chinese, Chamorro and Cantonese are analyzed in a similar manner.

In this chapter, we examine the contribution of routine dynamics studies toward the management of unexpected events. In particular, we explore how routine dynamics studies have extended our insights into flexible coordination in the face of the unexpected and how such a perspective generates novel insights into the way people make sense of unexpected events, how they mindfully operate during the occurrence of unexpected events, and how improvisation is enacted as routine performance. In this review, we connect routine dynamics studies with research on crisis management and discuss how a routine dynamics perspective expands the research agenda for the management of unexpected events and crises.

Over time, organizational routines are likely to become persistent or even path-dependent. Such a process is obviously influenced by the degree of routinization; by the complexity, inter¬dependency and complementarity of routines; and also by their embeddedness in (inter-)organizational structures and practices. However, the acknowledgement of the tendency of routines to become path-dependent also depends on the theoretical lens used to examine them. Under the conditions mentioned, the classic view attributes a high likelihood of routines to become path-dependent – and thereby become a source of inertia or persistence, if not of the path dependence of a subunit or entire organization. The more recent view of routine dynamics, by contrast, requires a more nuanced reasoning. Against the background of this debate, the chapter discusses what routine dynamics research can learn from studies of organizational path dependence – and vice versa.

This chapter identifies the technological features of network infrastructures that are relevant for safeguarding their critical functions. Our approach pushes further the economic analysis of the technological dimension of network infrastructures by taking on board important lessons from systems engineering literature. Doing so allows a better understanding of the issues of coordination among the complex combinations of artefacts that provide the physical foundations of infrastructures. Different technological layers are identified and characterized, based on the degree to which the purpose of network infrastructures is specified. The layer “architecture” is typified by the constitutive features of network infrastructures, related to the generic services provided, the constitutive material components, and the basic technological arrangements for safeguarding critical functions. The layer “technological designs” articulates the contextual framing of a generic architecture related to the provision of specific services, material components, and technological arrangements. Lastly, the layer “technical operation” is characterized by the actual processing of technological devices and arrangements so that services are physically provided. In this way, our approach provides an integrated view of the relevant technological features of network infrastructures that can be related to the corresponding institutional characteristics.

In this chapter, we specify the nature of network infrastructures from our alignment perspective. We first pay attention to the expected services that network infrastructures intend to provide: they are the backbones of the economy and deliver services essential to its citizens. We show how the infrastructures and the services they are expected to deliver are embedded in societal values. We then discuss the two dimensions of network infrastructures, the technological and the institutional dimensions, and analyze the characteristic of complementarity that underlies their components. Complementarities require tight coordination. Furthermore, we discuss in this chapter the core of our argument: the modalities providing technological coordination, on the one hand, and institutional coordination, on the other hand, should be well aligned; otherwise, the fulfillment of critical functions is endangered. We need to better understand how network infrastructures operate and under which conditions they can achieve the expected performance. We focus on the interdependencies between the technological and the institutional dimensions; on the critical functions as requirements for the system to provide the expected services; and on the necessity to align the coordination arrangements in both dimensions, in order to fulfill these critical functions. Otherwise, expected services cannot be delivered.