This chapter reviews three of the most important and topical advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Functional MRI (fMRI) permits dynamic evaluation of neural activity in specific brain regions. To understand normal and pathological brain function, one must understand the structural arrangement of white matter tracts, and how this arrangement varies between individuals. This goal can be approached in living subjects with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a variant of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), which permits the non-invasive evaluation of regional white matter structure. Standard anatomical MRI depicts the structural features of the brain, while fMRI demonstrates regional brain activity. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), in contrast, allows non-invasive examination of the chemical composition of the brain. The advanced neuroimaging techniques described in this chapter allow non-invasive evaluation of the intact brain at biochemical, network, and functional levels.