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12 results

  • Imagery rescripting and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing as treatment for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder from childhood trauma: randomised clinical trial

  • Katrina L. Boterhoven de Haan, Christopher W. Lee, Eva Fassbinder, Saskia M. van Es, Simone Menninga, Marie-Louise Meewisse, Marleen Rijkeboer, Margriet Kousemaker, Arnoud Arntz
  • Journal:
    The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 217 / Issue 5 / November 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    07 September 2020, pp. 609-615
    Print publication:
    November 2020
    • Article
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  • Background

    Investigation of treatments that effectively treat adults with post-traumatic stress disorder from childhood experiences (Ch-PTSD) and are well tolerated by patients is needed to improve outcomes for this population.

    Aims

    The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two trauma-focused treatments, imagery rescripting (ImRs) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), for treating Ch-PTSD.

    Method

    We conducted an international, multicentre, randomised clinical trial, recruiting adults with Ch-PTSD from childhood trauma before 16 years of age. Participants were randomised to treatment condition and assessed by blind raters at multiple time points. Participants received up to 12 90-min sessions of either ImRs or EMDR, biweekly.

    Results

    A total of 155 participants were included in the final intent-to-treat analysis. Drop-out rates were low, at 7.7%. A generalised linear mixed model of repeated measures showed that observer-rated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms significantly decreased for both ImRs (d = 1.72) and EMDR (d = 1.73) at the 8-week post-treatment assessment. Similar results were seen with secondary outcome measures and self-reported PTSD symptoms. There were no significant differences between the two treatments on any standardised measure at post-treatment and follow-up.

    Conclusions

    ImRs and EMDR treatments were found to be effective in treating PTSD symptoms arising from childhood trauma, and in reducing other symptoms such as depression, dissociation and trauma-related cognitions. The low drop-out rates suggest that the treatments were well tolerated by participants. The results from this study provide evidence for the use of trauma-focused treatments for Ch-PTSD.

  • Development and psychometric evaluation of the Transdiagnostic Decision Tool: matched care for patients with a mental disorder in need of highly specialised care

  • Frédérique C. W. van Krugten, Christina M. van der Feltz-Cornelis, Manon A. Boeschoten, Saskia A. M. van Broeckhuysen-Kloth, Jonna F. van Eck van der Sluijs, Elisa van Ee, Saskia M. van Es, Maartje Schoorl, Lineke M. Tak, Werner B. F. Brouwer, Leona Hakkaart-van Roijen
  • Journal:
    BJPsych Open / Volume 6 / Issue 5 / September 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    25 August 2020, e93
    • Article
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  • Background

    Early identification of patients with mental health problems in need of highly specialised care could enhance the timely provision of appropriate care and improve the clinical and cost-effectiveness of treatment strategies. Recent research on the development and psychometric evaluation of diagnosis-specific decision-support algorithms suggested that the treatment allocation of patients to highly specialised mental healthcare settings may be guided by a core set of transdiagnostic patient factors.

    Aims

    To develop and psychometrically evaluate a transdiagnostic decision tool to facilitate the uniform assessment of highly specialised mental healthcare need in heterogeneous patient groups.

    Method

    The Transdiagnostic Decision Tool was developed based on an analysis of transdiagnostic items of earlier developed diagnosis-specific decision tools. The Transdiagnostic Decision Tool was psychometrically evaluated in 505 patients with a somatic symptom disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder. Feasibility, interrater reliability, convergent validity and criterion validity were assessed. In order to evaluate convergent validity, the five-level EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) and the ICEpop CAPability measure for Adults (ICECAP-A) were administered.

    Results

    The six-item clinician-administered Transdiagnostic Decision Tool demonstrated excellent feasibility and acceptable interrater reliability. Spearman's rank correlations between the Transdiagnostic Decision Tool and ICECAP-A (−0.335), EQ-5D-5L index (−0.386) and EQ-5D-visual analogue scale (−0.348) supported convergent validity. The area under the curve was 0.81 and a cut-off value of ≥3 was found to represent the optimal cut-off value.

    Conclusions

    The Transdiagnostic Decision Tool demonstrated solid psychometric properties and showed promise as a measure for the early detection of patients in need of highly specialised mental healthcare.

  • External Validation of Three Prediction Tools for Patients at Risk of a Complicated Course of Clostridium difficile Infection: Disappointing in an Outbreak Setting

  • Yvette H. van Beurden, Marjolein P. M. Hensgens, Olaf M. Dekkers, Saskia Le Cessie, Chris J. J. Mulder, Christina M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 38 / Issue 8 / August 2017
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    08 June 2017, pp. 897-905
    Print publication:
    August 2017
  • OBJECTIVE

    Estimating the risk of a complicated course of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) might help doctors guide treatment. We aimed to validate 3 published prediction models: Hensgens (2014), Na (2015), and Welfare (2011).

    METHODS

    The validation cohort comprised 148 patients diagnosed with CDI between May 2013 and March 2014. During this period, 70 endemic cases of CDI occurred as well as 78 cases of CDI related to an outbreak of C. difficile ribotype 027. Model calibration and discrimination were assessed for the 3 prediction rules.

    RESULTS

    A complicated course (ie, death, colectomy, or ICU admission due to CDI) was observed in 31 patients (21%), and 23 patients (16%) died within 30 days of CDI diagnosis. The performance of all 3 prediction models was poor when applied to the total validation cohort with an estimated area under the curve (AUC) of 0.68 for the Hensgens model, 0.54 for the Na model, and 0.61 for the Welfare model. For those patients diagnosed with CDI due to non-outbreak strains, the prediction model developed by Hensgens performed the best, with an AUC of 0.78.

    CONCLUSION

    All 3 prediction models performed poorly when using our total cohort, which included CDI cases from an outbreak as well as endemic cases. The prediction model of Hensgens performed relatively well for patients diagnosed with CDI due to non-outbreak strains, and this model may be useful in endemic settings.

    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:897–905

  • A national FFQ for the Netherlands (the FFQ-NL 1.0): validation of a comprehensive FFQ for adults

  • Diewertje Sluik, Anouk Geelen, Jeanne H. M. de Vries, Simone J. P. M. Eussen, Henny A. M. Brants, Saskia Meijboom, Martien C. J. M. van Dongen, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Nicole E. G. Wijckmans-Duysens, Pieter van ’t Veer, Pieter C. Dagnelie, Marga C. Ocké, Edith J. M. Feskens
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 116 / Issue 5 / 14 September 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    25 July 2016, pp. 913-923
    Print publication:
    14 September 2016
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  • A standardised, national, 160-item FFQ, the FFQ-NL 1.0, was recently developed for Dutch epidemiological studies. The objective was to validate the FFQ-NL 1.0 against multiple 24-h recalls (24hR) and recovery and concentration biomarkers. The FFQ-NL 1.0 was filled out by 383 participants (25–69 years) from the Nutrition Questionnaires plus study. For each participant, one to two urinary and blood samples and one to five (mean 2·7) telephone-based 24hR were available. Group-level bias, correlation coefficients, attenuation factors, de-attenuated correlation coefficients and ranking agreement were assessed. Compared with the 24hR, the FFQ-NL 1.0 estimated the intake of energy and macronutrients well. However, it underestimated intakes of SFA and trans-fatty acids and alcohol and overestimated intakes of most vitamins by >5 %. The median correlation coefficient was 0·39 for energy and macronutrients, 0·30 for micronutrients and 0·30 for food groups. The FFQ underestimated protein intake by an average of 16 % and K by 5 %, relative to their urinary recovery biomarkers. Attenuation factors were 0·44 and 0·46 for protein and K, respectively. Correlation coefficients were 0·43–0·47 between (fatty) fish intake and plasma EPA and DHA and 0·24–0·43 between fruit and vegetable intakes and plasma carotenoids. In conclusion, the overall validity of the newly developed FFQ-NL 1.0 was acceptable to good. The FFQ-NL 1.0 is well suited for future use within Dutch cohort studies among adults.

  • Effectiveness of psychotherapy for severe somatoform disorder: meta-analysis

  • Jurrijn A. Koelen, Jan H. Houtveen, Allan Abbass, Patrick Luyten, Elisabeth H. M. Eurelings-Bontekoe, Saskia A. M. Van Broeckhuysen-Kloth, Martina E. F. Bühring, Rinie Geenen
  • Journal:
    The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 204 / Issue 1 / January 2014
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2018, pp. 12-19
    Print publication:
    January 2014
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  • Background

    Patients with severe somatoform disorder (in secondary and tertiary care) typically experience functional impairment associated with physical symptoms and mental distress. Although psychotherapy is the preferred treatment, its effectiveness remains to be demonstrated.

    Aims

    To examine the effectiveness of psychotherapy for severe somatoform disorder in secondary and tertiary care compared with treatment as usual (TAU) but not waiting-list conditions.

    Method

    Main inclusion criteria were presence of a somatoform disorder according to established diagnostic criteria and receiving psychotherapy for somatoform disorder in secondary and tertiary care. Both randomised and non-randomised trials were included. The evaluated outcome domains were physical symptoms, psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, anger, general symptoms) and functional impairment (health, life satisfaction, interpersonal problems, maladaptive cognitions and behaviour).

    Results

    Ten randomised and six non-randomised trials were included, comprising 890 patients receiving psychotherapy and 548 patients receiving TAU. Psychotherapy was more effective than TAU for physical symptoms (d = 0.80 v. d = 0.31, P<0.05) and functional impairment (d = 0.45 v. d = 0.15, P<0.01), but not for psychological symptoms (d = 0.75 v. d = 0.51, P = 0.21). These effects were maintained at follow-up.

    Conclusions

    Overall findings suggest that psychotherapy is effective in severe somatoform disorder. Future randomised controlled studies should examine specific interventions and mechanisms of change.

  • Brain anatomy in non-affected parents of autistic probands: a MRI study

  • SASKIA J. M. C. PALMEN, HILLEKE E. HULSHOFF POL, CHANTAL KEMNER, HUGO G. SCHNACK, MARGRIET M. SITSKOORN, MELANIE C. M. APPELS, RENÉ S. KAHN, HERMAN VAN ENGELAND
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 35 / Issue 10 / October 2005
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 May 2005, pp. 1411-1420
    Print publication:
    October 2005

  • Background. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with an estimated genetic origin of 90%. Previous studies have reported an increase in brain volume of approximately 5% in autistic subjects, especially in children. If this increase in brain volume is genetically determined, biological parents of autistic probands might be expected to show brain enlargement, or at least intracranial enlargement, as well. Identifying structural brain abnormalities under genetic control is of particular importance as these could represent endophenotypes of autism.

    Method. Using quantitative anatomic brain magnetic resonance imaging, volumes of intracranial, total brain, frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobe, cerebral and cortical gray and white matter, cerebellum, lateral ventricle, and third ventricle were measured in biological, non-affected parents of autistic probands (19 couples) and in healthy, closely matched control subjects (20 couples).

    Results. No significant differences were found between the parents of the autistic probands and healthy control couples in any of the brain volumes. Adding gender as a factor in a second analysis did not reveal a significant interaction effect of gender by group.

    Conclusions. The present sample of biological, non-affected parents of autistic probands did not show brain enlargements. As the intracranium is not enlarged, it is unlikely that the brain volumes of the parents of autistic probands have originally been enlarged and have been normalized. Thus, increased brain volume in autism might be caused by the interaction of paternal and maternal genes, possibly with an additional effect of environmental factors, or increased brain volumes might reflect phenotypes of autism.

  • Increased gray-matter volume in medication-naive high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder

  • SASKIA J. M. C. PALMEN, HILLEKE E. HULSHOFF POL, CHANTAL KEMNER, HUGO G. SCHNACK, SARAH DURSTON, BERTINE E. LAHUIS, RENÉ S. KAHN, HERMAN VAN ENGELAND
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 35 / Issue 4 / April 2005
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    05 October 2004, pp. 561-570
    Print publication:
    April 2005

  • Background. To establish whether high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have enlarged brains in later childhood, and if so, whether this enlargement is confined to the gray and/or to the white matter and whether it is global or more prominent in specific brain regions.

    Method. Brain MRI scans were acquired from 21 medication-naive, high-functioning children with ASD between 7 and 15 years of age and 21 comparison subjects matched for gender, age, IQ, height, weight, handedness, and parental education, but not pubertal status.

    Results. Patients showed a significant increase of 6% in intracranium, total brain, cerebral gray matter, cerebellum, and of more than 40% in lateral and third ventricles compared to controls. The cortical gray-matter volume was evenly affected in all lobes. After correction for brain volume, ventricular volumes remained significantly larger in patients.

    Conclusions. High-functioning children with ASD showed a global increase in gray-matter, but not white-matter and cerebellar volume, proportional to the increase in brain volume, and a disproportional increase in ventricular volumes, still present after correction for brain volume. Advanced pubertal development in the patients compared to the age-matched controls may have contributed to the findings reported in the present study.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Edited by Harke A. Bosma, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands, E. Saskia Kunnen, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands
  • Book:
    Identity and Emotion
    Published online:
    28 October 2009
    Print publication:
    07 June 2001, pp 1-9

  • Summary

    Over the years, the topics of self and identity have received a great deal of attention in the field of psychology. The literature is replete with investigations into self-concept, people's perceptions, ideas, and feelings about themselves, and into identity, people's perceptions of their own sameness and continuity (Oosterwegel and Wicklund, 1995). Although researchers in the field choose to focus on different facets of self and identity, broad theoretical trends can be identified.

    Traditionally, theorists have conceptualized self and identity as cognitive structures (Hattie, 1992; Marcia, Waterman, Matteson, Archer, and Orlofsky, 1993). These structures have mostly been regarded as stable mental representations that – once they have become crystallized through the repeated processing of personal information – control our further behavior (e.g. Markus and Wurf, 1987). As a result, the phenomena that are seen as indicative of self and identity are implicitly reduced to a self-concept: a set of beliefs about oneself. This set of beliefs, moreover, is considered to have dynamic implications for the regulation of our actions. The self-concept is thought to serve as an interpretative framework that integrates our personal experiences and as a regulative basis to guide further behavior. However, since the mental representations that constitute the self-concept are seen as stable carriers of personal information, deeply engraved in our memory, the traditional approaches are more suitable for accounting for aspects like stability and continuity than for the dynamics that emerge in self and identity.

  • 9 - A self-organizational approach to identity and emotions: an overview and implications

  • Edited by Harke A. Bosma, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands, E. Saskia Kunnen, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands
  • Book:
    Identity and Emotion
    Published online:
    28 October 2009
    Print publication:
    07 June 2001, pp 202-230

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The perceptions, ideas, and feelings we hold of ourselves, whether consciously or not, are a natural, intrinsic part of our daily functioning. They seem a necessary ingredient of our attempts to sustain a basic sense of identity, or as Erikson (1950) described it, to protect a sense of personal continuity, unity, and social recognition. As such, they make us an individual in the eyes of others as well as ourselves. But they are also the orientating instruments by which we try to bring some coherence to our own life or to set out new directions. For psychologists, self-referential processes retain an intriguing, though somewhat elusive character, which makes it difficult to capture them in a single, neat conceptual and empirical framework. In a sense, the content of such processes seems to typify the person one has grown to be. Yet, in another sense, they constitute the foreshadowing of the person one could become. Moreover, in both cases, as James explained, these processes introduce an element of recursivity in the way we experience ourselves, without totally merging with ongoing mental, behavioral, and social processes.

    In chapter 1, we stated that in past decades psychologists have tried to deal with the indefinite status of such generic concepts as self and identity by exclusively focusing on the more tangible aspects. This generally meant that self and identity were equated with the self-concept, which was seen as a relatively stable, generalized set of selfrepresentations that people have formed during their lives. This opened the way to the still predominant empirical practice of using self-descriptions and self-ratings as reliable indications of an underlying self-concept.