In this chapter, we examine how creativity, intelligence, and wisdom are related in theoretical frameworks and empirical studies. First, definitions of the three constructs are discussed. Although all of them are complex and multifaceted, the relationship between creativity and intelligence has been extensively studied based on their working definitions and models. However, wisdom research remains sparse, and there is a gap between people’s common beliefs and explicit theories of how wisdom is related to intelligence and creativity. Regardless, some common elements of wisdom have been distilled. These include self-awareness, knowledge, and strategies to cope with uncertainty, which can lead to contributions to social goodness. Second, several empirical studies are reviewed. They show some relationships among the three constructs, but the results have been inconsistent. Third, the WICS model, as a cognitive framework, is used to understand the relationships among the three constructs. The model integrated intelligence, creativity, and wisdom, and has also been tested in some fields. Finally, we argue that wisdom, as a distinguishable component of ability, can help determine whether our intelligence and creativity will be harnessed toward benevolence or malevolence.

What have we learned about the development of creativity throughout the lifespan? The rich and comprehensive review by Bornstein (Chapter 4) captures the complexity of creativity within a developmental framework. How do we integrate the constructs and empirical findings in the field of creativity with developmental approaches? Understanding the development of creativity requires perspectives from different disciplines and a number of different investigative approaches, which this Handbook has provided. Here, we highlight some areas of consensus and implications for the future.

In this chapter, we provide an overview of the basic concepts associated with creativity. This includes definitions as well as classic and contemporary models. Our approach to examining creativity theories is in line with the developmental theme of this book. We move through the progressive Four Cs model (mini, little, Pro, and Big) by elucidating each using appropriate theoretical conceptions. The Four Cs model and its representation of the creative trajectory over time, skill, practice, and expertise is crucial to our understanding of creativity across the lifespan. We conclude with placing creativity into a larger perspective that emerges from individual mental processes but thrives within overarching systems.

The focus of this Handbook is on the development, nurturance, and enhancement of creative processes and creative achievement across the lifespan. What do we currently know about the development of creativity? How can we develop the processes important for creative thinking, and how can we help individuals translate that creative potential into creative achievement throughout their lives? We are pleased that leading scholars and researchers in the field agreed to contribute to the Handbook and share their perspectives. There are 25 chapters addressing a variety of topics in the area. This Handbook provides a review of each area, including current research findings, consensus in the literature, best practices in each area, and key questions for future research. In addition, many chapters raise provocative questions that point the way for future consideration and research.