In this work, nonlinear variational optimization is used for obtaining minimal seeds for the formation of turbulent bands in channel flow. Using nonlinear optimization together with energy bisection, we have found that the minimal energy threshold for obtaining spatially patterned turbulence scales with $Re^{-8.5}$ for $Re>1000$. The minimal seed, which is different to that found in a much smaller domain, is characterized by a spot-like structure surrounded by a low-amplitude large-scale quadrupolar flow filling the whole domain. This minimal-energy perturbation of the laminar flow has dominant wavelengths close to $4$ in the streamwise direction and $1$ in the spanwise direction, and is characterized by a spatial localization increasing with the Reynolds number. At $Re \lesssim 1200$, the minimal seed evolves in time, creating an isolated oblique band, whereas for $Re\gtrsim 1200$, a quasi-spanwise-symmetric evolution is observed, giving rise to two distinct bands. A similar evolution is found also at low $Re$ for non-minimal optimal perturbations. This highlights two different mechanisms of formation of turbulent bands in channel flow, depending on the Reynolds number and initial energy of the perturbation. The selection of one of these two mechanisms appears to be dependent on the probability of decay of the newly created stripe, which increases with time, but decreases with the Reynolds number.

Recently, many authors have investigated the origin and growth of turbulent bands in shear flows, highlighting the role of streaks and their inflectional instability in the process of band generation and sustainment. Recalling that streaks are created by an optimal transient growth mechanism, and motivated by the observation of a strong increase of the disturbance kinetic energy corresponding to the creation of turbulent bands, we use linear and nonlinear energy optimisations in a tilted domain to unveil the main mechanisms allowing the creation of a turbulent band in a channel flow. Linear transient growth analysis shows an optimal growth for wavenumbers having an angle of approximately $35^\circ$, close to the peak values of the premultiplied energy spectra of direct numerical simulations. This linear optimal perturbation generates oblique streaks, which, for a sufficiently large initial energy, induce turbulence in the whole domain, due to the lack of spatial localisation. However, spatially localised perturbations obtained by adding nonlinear effects to the optimisation or by artificially confining the linear optimal to a localised region in the transverse direction are characterised by a large-scale flow and lead to the generation of a localised turbulent band. These results suggest that two main elements are needed for inducing turbulent bands in a tilted domain: (i) a linear energy growth mechanism, such as the lift-up, for generating large-amplitude flow structures, which produce inflection points; (ii) spatial localisation, linked to the presence or generation of large-scale vortices. We show that these elements alone generate isolated turbulent bands also in large non-tilted domains.

Maternal antenatal depression strongly influences child mental health but with considerable inter-individual variation that is, in part, linked to genotype. The challenge is to effectively capture the genotypic influence. We outline a novel approach to describe genomic susceptibility to maternal antenatal depression focusing on child emotional/behavioral difficulties. Two cohorts provided measures of maternal depression, child genetic variation, and child mental health symptoms. We constructed a conventional polygenic risk score (PRS) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (PRSADHD) that significantly moderated the association between maternal antenatal depression and internalizing problems at 60 months (p = 2.94 × 10−4, R2 = .18). We then constructed an interaction PRS (xPRS) based on a subset of those single nucleotide polymorphisms from the PRSADHD that most accounted for the moderation of the association between maternal antenatal depression and child outcome. The interaction between maternal antenatal depression and this xPRS accounted for a larger proportion of the variance in child emotional/behavioral problems than models based on any PRSADHD (p = 5.50 × 10−9, R2 = .27), with similar findings in the replication cohort. The xPRS was significantly enriched for genes involved in neuronal development and synaptic function. Our study illustrates a novel approach to the study of genotypic moderation on the impact of maternal antenatal depression on child mental health and highlights the utility of the xPRS approach. These findings advance our understanding of individual differences in the developmental origins of mental health.

While many studies focus on the association between early life adversity and the later risk for psychopathology, few simultaneously explore diverse forms of environmental adversity. Moreover, those studies that examined the cumulative impact of early life adversity focus uniquely on postnatal influences. The objective of this study was to focus on the fetal period of development to construct and validate a cumulative prenatal adversity score in relation to a wide range of neurodevelopmental outcomes. We also examined the interaction of this adversity score with a biologically informed genetic score based on the serotonin transporter gene. Prenatal adversities were computed in two community birth cohorts using information on health during pregnancy, birth weight, gestational age, income, domestic violence/sexual abuse, marital strain, as well as maternal smoking, anxiety, and depression. A genetic score based on genes coexpressed with the serotonin transporter in the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex during prenatal life was constructed with an emphasis on functionally relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms, that is, expression quantitative trait loci. Prenatal adversities predicted a wide range of developmental and behavioral alterations in children as young as 2 years of age in both cohorts. There were interactions between the genetic score and adversities for several domains of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), with pervasive developmental problems remaining significant adjustment for multiple comparisons. Scores combining different prenatal adverse exposures predict childhood behavior and interact with the genetic background to influence the risk for psychopathology.

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.

Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (LCOGT) is currently building a new kind of general-purpose astronomical facility: a fully robotic network of telescopes of 2m, 1m and 0.4m apertures and homogeneous instrumentation. A pan-network approach to scheduling (rather than per individual telescope) offers redundancy in the event of poor weather or technical failure, as well as the ability to observe a target around the clock. Here we describe the network design and instrumentation under development, together with the main science programmes already being lead by LCOGT staff.

The biomass and the biochemical composition of periphyton were studied during one year in three streams of Réunion Island. The results revealed that nutritional conditions for fish development were most favourable during the dry season. The nutritive value of periphyton was highest in the Marsouins and Mât streams and remained the lowest in the Roches stream. Food availability was strongly affected by high flow, particularly during the exceptional hydrological events of February 1998 (cyclonic high flows). Study of seasonal variations of morphophysiological characteristics and biochemical composition (lipids, proteins) of the grazer gobiidae Sicyopterus lagocephalus showed that inspite of unfavourable nutritional conditions caused by hydrological disturbances, fish continue their reproduction which coincides with the summer high flow period. The significant depletion of lipid reserves which express a deterioration in animal condition is influenced by flooding period. At this time of gonad development involving an additional energy investment, fish were not able to recover a stable nutritional state after the complete achievement of the reproduction cycle. Except during this period, there is a weak participation of the reproductive physiological processes in the seasonal changes of somatic composition of this fish.

Yb3+–Er3+–codoped phosphate glasses have been studied in the context ofresearch for eye-safe laser source near 1540 nm, wavelength corresponding to the4I13/2→4I15/2 Er3+– transition. Undoped and dopedglasses of the composition La2O3–Li2O–P2O5 have been synthesised.Absorption from both the 2F7/2 Yb3+–ground state and the4I15/2 Er3+–ground state, excited state absorption4I13/2→4I9/2 Er3+–transition, emission spectra,decay time measurements and Raman scattering have been investigated by using laserspectroscopic techniques. The Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωt (t = 2, 4, 6)for Er3+ have been calculated in order to determine the radiative lifetimes, thebranching ratios of the transitions and the line strength of the excited stateabsorption 4I13/2→4I9/2. A thermal conductivitymeasurement has also been realised. In this paper, the Mayn spectroscopic properties of Yb3+–Er3+–codopedLaLiP4O12 will be discussed and compared with otherYb3+–Er3+–codoped phosphate glasses.

Les études menées au cours de quatre années sur la composition corporelle de la perche (Perca fluviatilis, L.) et du gardon (Rutilus rutilus, L.) de la retenue de Pareloup ont révélé certaines années, pendant la période estivale et essentiellement chez la perche, une diminution des lipides somatiques accompagnée soit d'un ralentissement soit d'un arrêt de l'accrétion protéique. En fin d'automne, on a pu observer une croissance compensatrice chez les animaux qui auraient subi des conditions nutritionnelles défavorables en été.La composition biochimique du plancton au cours du cycle saisonnier montre que la valeur nutritive du phytoplancton et du zooplancton est maximale en été. Par contre, on a observé une diminution de la quantité disponible au cours de l'automne, ce qui implique un élargissement du spectre alimentaire des deux espèces. La variabilité interannuelle de la structure du peuplement et de la biomasse planctonique disponible en été pourrait expliquer l'utilisation des réserves énergétiques chez les poissons à cette saison.

D'importantes mortalités ont été notées après la phase d'acclimatation chez des populations de perches et gardonssauvages placées en stabulation. Une diminution de la dureté totale de l'eau de l'ordre de 40 mg/l de CaCO3 sembleêtre à l'origine de la mort des animaux. L'effet de cette baisse des concentrations en Ca2+ et Mg2+ de l'eau paraît êtrepotentialisé par une modification thermique. De plus, ne pourrait-on pas observer dans ces conditions une forte modificationdes seuils de toxicité de certaines substances polluantes ?