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The first live birth to occur after ovarian-tissue transplantation between two genetically different sisters was reported in 2011. Since this is an acceptable practice with monozygotic twins, there is no apparent reason to refrain from using it with genetically different sisters, especially if one of the sisters previously received bone marrow from the other, leading to complete chimerism (HLA compatibility) between donor and recipient, thus obviating the need for immunosuppressive treatment. This approach allows for natural conception, which could be important on moral, ethical or religious grounds.
This chapter begins to explore the phenomenon of unusual routines in six cases of organizational information and communication technologies (ICT – including computer-mediated communication systems). Unusual routines associated with ICTs are rarely acknowledged, diagnosed, or addressed by systems personnel or management, and only minimally by information systems researchers. Further, most systems analysis approaches emphasize the development of systems according to planned uses and expectations, and do not well anticipate dysfunctional uses, negative outcomes, and components resistant to diagnosis and correction. Markus (1984) and Bostrom and Heinen (1977a) noted that a frequent assumption of system designers is that problems with systems are due to user inadequacies ranging from lack of training to resistance to incompetence, rather than inadequacies of the system (similar to the “operator error” explanation of complex system failures, in Chapter 8). (For exceptions clearly emphasizing the social aspects of systems analysis and implementation, see Hirschheim, 1985; Kendall and Kendall, 1999; and Markus, 1984.) Users and clients may know they are experiencing difficulties with the system, but rarely do they identify these as URs.
The interactions, procedures, and processes are designed into the regular operation of the system or organization, and organizational structures or policies rarely allow the identification or mitigation of associated URs. The problematic processes are due, in the broadest sense, to faulty system design, impermeable organizational boundaries, and limited understanding of the complex, ambiguous, and changing social environments in which people use such systems.
Western media coverage of the violence associated with the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq has contrasted in magnitude and nature with population-based survey reports.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which first-hand reports of violent deaths were captured in the English language media by conducting in-depth interviews with Iraqi citizens.
The England-based Iraq Body Count (IBC) has methodically monitored media reports and recorded each violent death in Iraq that could be confirmed by two English language media sources. Using the capturerecapture method, 25 Masters' Degree students were assigned to interview residents in Iraq and asked them to describe 10 violent deaths that occurred closest to their home since the 2003 invasion. Students then matched these reports with those documented in IBC. These reports were matched both individually and crosschecked in groups to obtain a percentage of those deaths captured in the English language media.
Eighteen out of 25 students successfully interviewed someone in Iraq. Six contacted individuals by telephone, while the others conducted interviews via e-mail. One out of seven (14%) phone contacts refused to participate. Seventeen out of 18 primary interviewees resided in Baghdad, however, some interviewees reported deaths of neighbors that occurred while the neighbors were elsewhere. The Baghdad residents reported 161 deaths in total, 39 of which (24%) were believed to be reported in the press as summarized by IBC. An additional 13 deaths (8%) might have been in the database, and 61 (38%) were absolutely not in the database.
The vast majority of violent deaths (estimated from the results of this study as being between 68–76%) are not reported by the press. Efforts to monitor events by press coverage or reports of tallies similar to those reported in the press, should be evaluated with the suspicion applied to any passive surveillance network: that it may be incomplete. Even in the most heavily reported conflicts, the media may miss the majority of violent events.
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