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25 results

Page 1 of 2

  • 2 - Including Outsiders in Latin America
  • from Part I - Extending Social Policy and Participation
  • Edited by Diana Kapiszewski, Georgetown University, Washington DC, Steven Levitsky, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Deborah J. Yashar, Princeton University, New Jersey
  • Book: The Inclusionary Turn in Latin American Democracies
  • Published online: 12 January 2021
  • Print publication: 04 February 2021, pp 59-92
  • View extract

    Summary

    This chapter analyzes the dramatic expansion of social policy to traditionally unprotected labor-market outsiders (i.e. the informal sector, unemployed, rural workers and dependents) in Latin America. Comprising between 40 and 80 percent of the regional population, outsiders had been historically marginalized from social protection. Focusing on the countries analyzed in Shaping the Political Arena (Collier and Collier 1991) it asks, why did incumbents adopt social policy for outsiders? Why did some expand broad-reaching, nondiscretionary benefits while others refrained from launching significant protections or launched discretionary benefits? The political regime type as well as the presence of either electoral competition for the vote of outsiders or social mobilization by movements representing outsiders and labor unions help explain whether expansion occurred and what pattern of social policy emerged. Moreover, among governments that expanded nondiscretionary and broad-reaching policies, some created more generous and encompassing inclusive benefits in which groups often participated in policy implementation, while others provided more restrictive benefits, with less coverage, lower benefits, and bureaucratic implementation. I show that the balance of partisan power and the involvement of social movements in policy design accounts for whether inclusive or restrictive benefits were launched across three areas – pensions, healthcare, and income support.

  • 8 - A Multilevel Approach to Enforcement
  • Edited by Daniel M. Brinks, University of Texas, Austin, Steven Levitsky, Harvard University, Massachusetts, María Victoria Murillo, Columbia University, New York
  • Book: The Politics of Institutional Weakness in Latin America
  • Published online: 06 May 2020
  • Print publication: 11 June 2020, pp 183-207
  • View extract

    Summary

    This book is based on the premise that formal institutions in several Latin American democracies are weak; they are unstable and their capacity to shape actors’ behavior is limited. Institutional strength not only varies across countries, but also at the subnational level, as many institutions are unevenly enforced within countries (Bergman 2009; Amengual 2013, 2016; Holland 2017, this volume). Focusing on why some institutions take root in some places and not in others, we address the enforcement of forest protection legislation, a domain of environmental rules that has experienced important innovations in Latin America since the early 2000s.

    As it boosted economic growth across the region, the commodity boom of the 2000s also intensified environmental degradation and sparked conflicts over the regulation of mining (see Amengual and Dargent, this volume) and the protection of forestlands jeopardized by the expansion of the agricultural frontier.

Social Policy Expansion in Latin America
  • Social Policy Expansion in Latin America
  • Candelaria Garay
  • Published online: 26 January 2017
  • Print publication: 29 December 2016
  • View description
    Throughout the twentieth century, much of the population in Latin America lacked access to social protection. Since the 1990s, however, social policy for millions of outsiders - rural, informal, and unemployed workers and dependents - has been expanded dramatically. Social Policy Expansion in Latin America shows that the critical factors driving expansion are electoral competition for the vote of outsiders and social mobilization for policy change. The balance of partisan power and the involvement of social movements in policy design explain cross-national variation in policy models, in terms of benefit levels, coverage, and civil society participation in implementation. The book draws on in-depth case studies of policy making in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico over several administrations and across three policy areas: health care, pensions, and income support. Secondary case studies illustrate how the theory applies to other developing countries.

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