This chapter discusses the phenomenon of Emergence delirium/agitation that is fairly unique to children. The author reviews the pathophysiology, detection using the relevant scoring systems as well as treatment and prognosis of emergence delirium.

This chapter, provides anoverview of the basics of pediatric neurological tumors. The author identifies the common tumor pathologies and presenting symptoms in children by anatomic region. The key anesthetic concerns present for posterior fossa tumor resection are presented. The chapter reviews the differentiation and treatment of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone, diabetes insipidus and Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome.

In this chapter, the authors discuss numerous anesthetic considerations related to the care for the premature infant. A host of topics associated with prematurity are reviewed including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pulmonary hypertension, apnea of prematurity, retinopathy of prematurity, cerebral palsy, neonatal hypoglycemia, hypothermia and acidosis, necrotizing enterocolitis and the performance of neonatal spinal anesthetics.

This chapter, reviews burns management in children.The authors discuss the various types of burns in children and the impact on management. The authors review burn classification, penetration and assessment of body surface area affected as it relates to children. Discussion of the anesthetic considerations related to patients with severe burns is presented including, carbon monoxide and cyanide toxicities, fluid and temperature management, airway considerations and analgesic options

This chapter, provides an overview for pediatric upper extremity nerve blocks. The authors describe the nerve distribution and ultrasound Sonoanatomy for the common upper extremity blocks (interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular and axillary nerve blocks. Indications and contraindications as well as discussion of perineural catheters are discussed.

This chapter, provides an overview for midgestational approach to neural tube defects. The authors describe pathophysiology and associated anomalies related to neural tube defects. The surgical approaches and related anesthetic implications are discussed.

In this chapter, reviews a core pediatric consideration, the management of post-operative and post-discharge nausea and vomiting in children. The authors review the incidence and inciting factors related of pediatric PONV. Anesthetic considerations for prevention of and treatment of PONV are presented.

This chapter reviews the thankfully rare but critical topic of local anesthetic systemic toxicity in children. The authors discuss the incidence, presentation and differential diagnosis related to local anesthetic toxicity. The chapter discusses the prevention and treatment of local anesthetic toxicity which is crucial knowledge for providers performing regional anesthesia in children.

this chapter, reviews anesthetic considerations for children undergoing dental procedures requiring anesthesia. The dental considerations for children requiring anesthesia are discussed. The requirements for infective endocarditis prophylaxis are provided as many of these patients have underlying cardiac disease.