Let $G/K$ be an irreducible symmetric space, where G is a noncompact, connected Lie group and K is a compact, connected subgroup. We use decay properties of the spherical functions to show that the convolution product of any $r=r(G/K)$ continuous orbital measures has its density function in $L^{2}(G)$ and hence is an absolutely continuous measure with respect to the Haar measure. The number r is approximately the rank of $G/K$. For the special case of the orbital measures, $\nu _{a_{i}}$, supported on the double cosets $Ka_{i}K$, where $a_{i}$ belongs to the dense set of regular elements, we prove the sharp result that $\nu _{a_{1}}\ast \nu _{a_{2}}\in L^{2},$ except for the symmetric space of Cartan class $AI$ when the convolution of three orbital measures is needed (even though $\nu _{a_{1}}\ast \nu _{a_{2}}$ is absolutely continuous).

We introduce pinta, a pipeline for reducing the upgraded Giant Metre-wave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) raw pulsar timing data, developed for the Indian Pulsar Timing Array experiment. We provide a detailed description of the workflow and usage of pinta, as well as its computational performance and RFI mitigation characteristics. We also discuss a novel and independent determination of the relative time offsets between the different back-end modes of uGMRT and the interpretation of the uGMRT observation frequency settings and their agreement with results obtained from engineering tests. Further, we demonstrate the capability of pinta to generate data products which can produce high-precision TOAs using PSR J1909 $-$ 3744 as an example. These results are crucial for performing precision pulsar timing with the uGMRT.

Three-dimensional visualisation is invaluable for evaluating cardiac anatomy. Patient-specific three-dimensional printed models of the heart are useful but require significant infrastructure. The three-dimensional virtual models, derived from 3D echocardiography, computed tomographic (CT) angiography or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), permit excellent visualisation of intracardiac anatomy, but viewing on a two-dimensional screen obscures the third dimension. Various forms of extended reality, such as virtual reality and augmented reality, augment the third dimension but only using expensive equipment. Herein, we report a simple technique of anaglyph stereoscopic visualisation of three-dimensional virtual cardiac models. The feasibility of achieving stereovision on a personal computer, using open-source software, and the need for inexpensive anaglyph glasses for viewing make it extremely cost-effective. Further, the retained depth perception of resulting stereo images in electronic and printed format makes sharing with other members of the team easy and effective.

The current investigation was conducted with the objective to develop an epidemiological case definition of possible severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) re-infection and assess its magnitude in India. The epidemiological case definition for SARS-CoV-2 re-infection was developed from literature review of data on viral kinetics. For achieving second objective, the individuals who satisfied the developed case definition for SARS-CoV-2 re-infection were contacted telephonically. Taking available evidence into consideration, re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 in our study was defined as any individual who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on two separate occasions by either molecular tests or rapid antigen test at an interval of at least 102 days with one negative molecular test in between. In this archive based, telephonic survey, 58 out of 1300 individuals (4.5%) fulfilled the above-mentioned definition; 38 individuals could be contacted with healthcare workers (HCWs) accounting for 31.6% of the cases. A large proportion of participants was asymptomatic and had higher Ct value during the first episode. While SARS-CoV-2 re-infection is still a rare phenomenon, there is a need for epidemiological definition of re-infection for establishing surveillance systems and this study contributes to such a goal.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) re-infection is an emerging concern and there is a need to define it. Therefore, working epidemiological case definition for re-infection was developed and its magnitude was explored via archive-based, telephonic survey. Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 was defined as two positive tests at an interval of at least 102 days with one interim negative test. Thirty-eight of the 58 eligible patients could be contacted with 12 (31.6%) being HCWs. Majority of the participants were asymptomatic and had higher Ct value during their first episode. To conclude, a working epidemiological case definition of SARS-CoV-2 re-infection is important to strengthen surveillance. The present investigation contributes to this goal and records reinfection in 4.5% of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals in India.

This research paper introduces a ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple input multiple output (MIMO)/diversity antenna with three rejected bands using one compact electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure. The suggested EBG structure rejects three bands at WiMAX, WLAN, and the X-band within the passband of the UWB antenna. To achieve compactness in the conventional EBG structure, two via and square slots are introduced. This structure contributes to better impedance matching by using tapered feedline and slots in the radiating patch. To improve the isolation among all four compact UWB monopoles, decoupling strips are extended from the ground plane. Furthermore, the |S21| is below 17 dB in between the antenna elements and the envelope correlation coefficient is below 0.5, which are tolerable values within the UWB range. Furthermore, different MIMO/diversity characteristics are also discussed. An FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 38 × 45 × 1.6 mm3 is used for the fabrication of the suggested structure.

In this paper, we describe the system design and capabilities of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope at the conclusion of its construction project and commencement of science operations. ASKAP is one of the first radio telescopes to deploy phased array feed (PAF) technology on a large scale, giving it an instantaneous field of view that covers $31\,\textrm{deg}^{2}$ at $800\,\textrm{MHz}$. As a two-dimensional array of 36$\times$12 m antennas, with baselines ranging from 22 m to 6 km, ASKAP also has excellent snapshot imaging capability and 10 arcsec resolution. This, combined with 288 MHz of instantaneous bandwidth and a unique third axis of rotation on each antenna, gives ASKAP the capability to create high dynamic range images of large sky areas very quickly. It is an excellent telescope for surveys between 700 and $1800\,\textrm{MHz}$ and is expected to facilitate great advances in our understanding of galaxy formation, cosmology, and radio transients while opening new parameter space for discovery of the unknown.

A 11-year-old with history of mitral valve replacement presented with low-grade fever, breathlessness and multiple episodes of haemoptysis for 2 days. Detailed echocardiographic evaluation revealed possible prosthetic valve thrombosis, which was confirmed by fluoroscopy. She was thrombolysed with low dose infusion of tenecteplase. Post thrombolysis her symptoms improved, valve mobility was restored, and haemoptysis subsided. Left sided prosthetic valve thrombosis presenting predominantly with haemoptysis is very rare.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: By developing and validating a simple and cost-effective at-home screening tool for loss of smell, we can efficiently detect infection with COVID-19, neuropsychiatric disease such as Alzheimer’s, and post-operative smell loss. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To develop and validate a feasible and cost-effective screening tool for olfactory dysfunction (OD) using common household items. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The study has two phases. In the Development phase, 120 participants with self-reported smell changes will complete a survey with a list of 45 household items to smell. Item reduction to develop the NASAL Short Smell Test will occur by measuring content validity, factor analysis, and internal consistency. In the Validation phase, 200 participants with self-reported smell changes will take the NASAL Short Smell Test at baseline and again at three weeks. In both phases, the validated University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) will be used as the gold standard. Measures of performance as well as test-retest reliability and sensitivity to change will be measured. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that the majority of participants will have at least half of the items in their household and will report ability to smell for each. Measures of sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and UPSIT score correlations will allow us to evaluate performance of each item. Item reduction will allow us to create the NASAL Short Smell Test, in which a handful of common items will be used to create a screening tool for smell loss. The Validation phase will allow us to measure discriminative performance of this tool as well as test-retest reliability and sensitivity to change, which we expect to be at least comparable to the validated UPSIT. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Current tools for diagnosis of OD are costly, time-consuming, and often require a clinician to evaluate. The validation of the simple at-home NASAL Short Smell Test to screen for OD will allow us to detect infection with COVID-19, neuropsychiatric disease, or post-operative smell loss quickly and efficiently.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: We describe a novel methodology that combines CRISPR/Cas9-induced double stranded DNA breaks with homology dependent repair from an adeno associated virus (AAV) encoded template to generate single-allele edited isogenic cell line models of cancer-associated mutations with high efficiency. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Conventional approaches to creating isogenic knock-ins, to model disease-associated mutations, are limited by poor efficiency and loss of the mutant allele on extended culture. We present an optimized editing approach combining CRISPR/Cas9 with Adeno-associated virus, using mutant SF3B1 as a prototype. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Left and right homology arms for SF3B1 were PCR amplified and cloned into pAAV-SEPT-Acceptor plasmid (containing a chimeric intron, neomycin resistance cassette and polyA tail). The disease-associated K700E mutation was introduced by site-directed mutagenesis. Single guide RNA (sgRNA) complexed with recombinant Cas9 along with the AAV donor were delivered into K562 cells, G418 resistant clones selected, and screened for integration by PCR. Confirmed clones were then transduced with a doxycycline-inducible Cre-recombinase containing lentiviral vector. Inducible expression of Cre-recombinase and expression of the mutant allele were confirmed by Western blot and Sanger sequencing respectively. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Targeted-integration efficiencies among the Neo-resistant clones, generated by AAV-alone and AAV+CRISPR/Cas9, were 16% and 94%, respectively. Single cell cloning after Cre-mediated excision of loxp was unsuccessful presumably due to toxicity of the K700E mutation. To overcome this limitation, clones were transduced with doxycycline-inducible Cre-recombinase lentiviral vector. Doxycycline induction of Cre-recombinase resulted in reliable excision of the loxp cassette and expression of mutant allele at about 50% variable allele frequency (as determined by Sanger sequencing). The approach was validated in additional cell lines and for introduction of N-terminal FLAG tag for SF3B1. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Combining AAV and CRISPR/Cas9 can generate scalable single-dominant allele mutants with high precision and efficiency compared to AAV or CRISPR alone. Together with inducible Cre-recombinase, our approach can generate isogenic models where the mutation confers a growth disadvantage.

Superior caval vein stenosis is a known complication following paediatric heart transplantation. Herein, we sought to assess the incidence of superior caval vein stenosis and need for intervention in a single centre paediatric heart transplantation programme. A retrospective review was performed to identify variables associated with superior caval vein stenosis and need for intervention. Patients were identified based on angiographic and echocardiographic signs of superior caval vein stenosis. Of 204 paediatric heart transplantation recipients, 49 (24.0%) had evidence of superior caval vein stenosis with no need for catheter intervention and 12 (5.9%) had superior caval vein stenosis requiring catheter intervention. Overall, patients with superior caval vein stenosis with and without intervention had more cavopulmonary anastomosis (41.7%; 20.4%), pre-transplant superior caval vein procedures (41.7%; 28.6%), and bicaval approach (100.0%; 98.0%), compared to the group with no stenosis (11.9% and p = 0.015, 12.6% and p = 0.004, 73.4% and p < 0.001, respectively). Smaller recipients and donors were more likely to need intervention. Intervention was also seen more frequently in recipients who were younger at diagnosis (4.7 years) compared to non-intervention (13.3 years; p = 0.040). Re-intervention was required in 16.7% patients (n = 2) and was not associated with any complications.