Dienes & Perner present a hierarchical model that addresses
the nature – implicit versus explicit – of knowledge in
areas as diverse as learning, memory, and visual perception. This
framework appears difficult to apply to complex situations, such as
those involving implicit learning, because of the indeterminacy that
remains regarding knowledge at the low-level in the hierarchy. These
reservations should not detract from the positive features of this
model. Among its other advantages, it is well adapted to priming
phenomena in which the information responsible for the individual's
behavior can be precisely defined.