Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Preface
- Chapter 1 The pretherapeutic history of botulinum neurotoxin
- Chapter 2 Botulinum neurotoxin: history of clinical development
- Chapter 3 Pharmacology of botulinum neurotoxins
- Chapter 4 Immunological properties of botulinum neurotoxins
- Chapter 5 Treatment of cervical dystonia
- Chapter 6 Examination and treatment of complex cervical dystonia
- Chapter 7 Ultrasound guidance for botulinum neurotoxin therapy: cervical dystonia
- Chapter 8 Treatment of blepharospasm
- Chapter 9 Botulinum neurotoxin in oromandibular dystonia
- Chapter 10 Treatment of focal hand dystonia
- Chapter 11 Botulinum neurotoxin therapy of laryngeal muscle hyperactivity syndromes
- Chapter 12 The use of botulinum neurotoxin in otorhinolaryngology
- Chapter 13 Treatment of hemifacial spasm
- Chapter 14 Spasticity
- Chapter 15 The use of botulinum neurotoxin in spastic infantile cerebral palsy
- Chapter 16 The role of ultrasound for botulinum neurotoxin injection in childhood spasticity
- Chapter 17 The use of botulinum neurotoxin in spasticity using ultrasound guidance
- Chapter 18 The use of botulinum neurotoxin in tic disorders and essential hand and head tremor
- Chapter 19 Treatment of stiff-person syndrome with botulinum neurotoxin
- Chapter 20 Botulinum neurotoxin applications in ophthalmology
- Chapter 21 Cosmetic uses of botulinum neurotoxins
- Chapter 22 Hyperhidrosis
- Chapter 23 Botulinum neurotoxin A treatment for ischemic digits
- Chapter 24 Botulinum neurotoxin in wound healing
- Chapter 25 Use of botulinum neurotoxin in neuropathic pain
- Chapter 26 The use of botulinum neurotoxin in the management of headache disorders
- Chapter 27 The use of botulinum neurotoxin in musculoskeletal pain and arthritis
- Chapter 28 Treatment of plantar fasciitis with botulinum neurotoxins
- Chapter 29 Use of botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of low-back pain
- Chapter 30 Use of botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of piriformis syndrome
- Chapter 31 Ultrasound-guided botulinum neurotoxin injections for thoracic outlet syndrome
- Chapter 32 Botulinum neurotoxin in the gastrointestinal tract
- Chapter 33 Botulinum neurotoxin applications in urological disorders
- Index
- References
Chapter 13 - Treatment of hemifacial spasm
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 February 2014
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Preface
- Chapter 1 The pretherapeutic history of botulinum neurotoxin
- Chapter 2 Botulinum neurotoxin: history of clinical development
- Chapter 3 Pharmacology of botulinum neurotoxins
- Chapter 4 Immunological properties of botulinum neurotoxins
- Chapter 5 Treatment of cervical dystonia
- Chapter 6 Examination and treatment of complex cervical dystonia
- Chapter 7 Ultrasound guidance for botulinum neurotoxin therapy: cervical dystonia
- Chapter 8 Treatment of blepharospasm
- Chapter 9 Botulinum neurotoxin in oromandibular dystonia
- Chapter 10 Treatment of focal hand dystonia
- Chapter 11 Botulinum neurotoxin therapy of laryngeal muscle hyperactivity syndromes
- Chapter 12 The use of botulinum neurotoxin in otorhinolaryngology
- Chapter 13 Treatment of hemifacial spasm
- Chapter 14 Spasticity
- Chapter 15 The use of botulinum neurotoxin in spastic infantile cerebral palsy
- Chapter 16 The role of ultrasound for botulinum neurotoxin injection in childhood spasticity
- Chapter 17 The use of botulinum neurotoxin in spasticity using ultrasound guidance
- Chapter 18 The use of botulinum neurotoxin in tic disorders and essential hand and head tremor
- Chapter 19 Treatment of stiff-person syndrome with botulinum neurotoxin
- Chapter 20 Botulinum neurotoxin applications in ophthalmology
- Chapter 21 Cosmetic uses of botulinum neurotoxins
- Chapter 22 Hyperhidrosis
- Chapter 23 Botulinum neurotoxin A treatment for ischemic digits
- Chapter 24 Botulinum neurotoxin in wound healing
- Chapter 25 Use of botulinum neurotoxin in neuropathic pain
- Chapter 26 The use of botulinum neurotoxin in the management of headache disorders
- Chapter 27 The use of botulinum neurotoxin in musculoskeletal pain and arthritis
- Chapter 28 Treatment of plantar fasciitis with botulinum neurotoxins
- Chapter 29 Use of botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of low-back pain
- Chapter 30 Use of botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of piriformis syndrome
- Chapter 31 Ultrasound-guided botulinum neurotoxin injections for thoracic outlet syndrome
- Chapter 32 Botulinum neurotoxin in the gastrointestinal tract
- Chapter 33 Botulinum neurotoxin applications in urological disorders
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterized as involuntary irregular clonic or tonic movements of the facial muscles innervated by cranial nerve VII on one side of the face and is most often a result of vascular compression of the facial nerve at the root exit zone (Wang and Jankovic, 1998). Facial muscle twitches usually begin in the periocular region and can progress to involve the cheek and perioral muscles. Hemifacial spasm is almost always unilateral; however, when bilateral, the two sides are always asynchronous. Atypical cases have been reported to initiate in the orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles and gradually spread upward to involve the orbicularis oculi (Ryu et al., 1998). At times, with involvement of the platysma muscle, a tremor-like appearance of the head can develop (Frei and Truong, 2008). Muscles involved in HFS include the orbicularis oculi, frontalis (rarely), corrugator, nasalis, zygomaticus, risorius, orbicularis oris and sometimes the platysma (Fig. 13.1).
Hemifacial spasm is more prevalent in females, commonly begins in the fifth decade and tends to have a fluctuating course. In contrast to essential blepharospasm, symptoms often continue during sleep and can provoke insomnia. Emotion and stress tend to exacerbate facial twitching. Ear clicks can occur which resolve with treatment of the HFS (Rudzinska et al., 2010). Although benign, HFS can be disabling because of social embarrassment and excessive closure of the affected eye, interfering with vision. Symptoms can progress over time and facial weakness may develop independent from botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) therapy. Hypertension is thought to be a risk factor for the development of HFS (Oliveira et al., 1999).
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- Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy , pp. 101 - 106Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2014