Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Note to the Reader
- 1 Stress and Strain
- 2 Elasticity
- 3 Tensile Testing
- 4 Other Tests of Plastic Behavior
- 5 Strain-Hardening of Metals
- 6 Plasticity Theory
- 7 Strain-Rate and Temperature Dependence of Flow Stress
- 8 Slip
- 9 Dislocation Geometry and Energy
- 10 Dislocation Mechanics
- 11 Mechanical Twinning and Martensitic Shear
- 12 Hardening Mechanisms in Metals
- 13 Ductility and Fracture
- 14 Fracture Mechanics
- 15 Viscoelasticity
- 16 Creep and Stress Rupture
- 17 Fatigue
- 18 Residual Stresses
- 19 Ceramics and Glasses
- 20 Polymers
- 21 Composites
- 22 Mechanical Working
- Appendix A Miller Indices
- Appendix B Stereographic Representation of Orientations
- Index
21 - Composites
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Note to the Reader
- 1 Stress and Strain
- 2 Elasticity
- 3 Tensile Testing
- 4 Other Tests of Plastic Behavior
- 5 Strain-Hardening of Metals
- 6 Plasticity Theory
- 7 Strain-Rate and Temperature Dependence of Flow Stress
- 8 Slip
- 9 Dislocation Geometry and Energy
- 10 Dislocation Mechanics
- 11 Mechanical Twinning and Martensitic Shear
- 12 Hardening Mechanisms in Metals
- 13 Ductility and Fracture
- 14 Fracture Mechanics
- 15 Viscoelasticity
- 16 Creep and Stress Rupture
- 17 Fatigue
- 18 Residual Stresses
- 19 Ceramics and Glasses
- 20 Polymers
- 21 Composites
- 22 Mechanical Working
- Appendix A Miller Indices
- Appendix B Stereographic Representation of Orientations
- Index
Summary
Introduction
Throughout history, humanity has used composite materials to achieve combinations of properties that could not be achieved with individual materials. The Bible describes mixing of straw with clay to make tougher bricks. Concrete is a composite of cement paste, sand, and gravel. Today poured concrete is almost always reinforced with steel rods. Other examples of composites include steel-belted tires, asphalt blended with gravel for roads, plywood with alternating directions of fibers, and fiberglass-reinforced polyester used for furniture, boats and sporting goods. Composite materials offer combinations of properties otherwise unavailable.
The reinforcing material may be in the form of particles, fibers, or sheet laminates.
Fiber-reinforced composites
Fiber composites may be classified according to the nature of the matrix and the fiber. Examples of a number of possibilities are listed in Table 21.1.
Various geometric arrangements of the fibers are possible. In two-dimensional products, the fibers may be unidirectionally aligned, at 90° to one another in a woven fabric or cross-ply, or randomly oriented (Figure 21.1). The fibers may be very long or chopped into short segments. In thick objects short fibers may be random in three dimensions. The most common use of fiber reinforcement is to impart stiffness (increased modulus) or strength to a matrix. Toughness may also be of concern.
Elastic properties of fiber-reinforced composites. The simplest arrangement is long parallel fibers. The strain parallel to fibers must be the same in both the matrix and the fiber, εf = εm = ε.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Mechanical Behavior of Materials , pp. 372 - 391Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2005