Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- 1 An overview of intrauterine insemination and ovulation induction
- 2 Male causes of infertility: evaluation and treatment
- 3 Female causes of infertility: evaluation and treatment
- 4 Clinic and laboratory design, personnel and equipment
- 5 Semen analysis: semen requirements for intrauterine insemination
- 6 Semen preparation for intrauterine insemination
- 7 Ovulation induction for intrauterine insemination I: oral drugs clomiphene, tamoxifen, letrozole
- 8 Ovulation induction for intrauterine insemination II: gonadotropins and oral drug–gonadotropin combinations
- 9 Ultrasonography in the management of ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination
- 10 Insemination technique and insemination complications
- 11 Cryopreservation
- 12 Donor sperm
- 13 The role of the nurse in intrauterine insemination and ovulation induction
- 14 Complications of ovulation induction I: high-order multiple births, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, congenital anomalies, ovarian cancer
- 15 Complications of ovulation induction II: ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, ovarian torsion
- 16 The psychological issues of intrauterine insemination
- 17 Ethical, legal and religious considerations of artificial insemination
- Index
5 - Semen analysis: semen requirements for intrauterine insemination
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 February 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- 1 An overview of intrauterine insemination and ovulation induction
- 2 Male causes of infertility: evaluation and treatment
- 3 Female causes of infertility: evaluation and treatment
- 4 Clinic and laboratory design, personnel and equipment
- 5 Semen analysis: semen requirements for intrauterine insemination
- 6 Semen preparation for intrauterine insemination
- 7 Ovulation induction for intrauterine insemination I: oral drugs clomiphene, tamoxifen, letrozole
- 8 Ovulation induction for intrauterine insemination II: gonadotropins and oral drug–gonadotropin combinations
- 9 Ultrasonography in the management of ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination
- 10 Insemination technique and insemination complications
- 11 Cryopreservation
- 12 Donor sperm
- 13 The role of the nurse in intrauterine insemination and ovulation induction
- 14 Complications of ovulation induction I: high-order multiple births, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, congenital anomalies, ovarian cancer
- 15 Complications of ovulation induction II: ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, ovarian torsion
- 16 The psychological issues of intrauterine insemination
- 17 Ethical, legal and religious considerations of artificial insemination
- Index
Summary
Introduction
The semen analysis (SA) in the form in which it appears today is a relatively recent invention. The definition of a “normal” semen analysis was not standardized until publication of the World Health Organization (WHO) Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm–Cervical Mucus Interactions in 1980. Between 1869, when Sims reported that sperm needed to be present in cervical mucus for conception to occur, and 1951, the Sims–Huhner postcoital test and the presence of motile sperm on a microscopic slide were considered the only tests necessary to evaluate male fertility. The postcoital test was used as part of their initial evaluation of infertile couples by 92% of infertility specialists in private practice in the United States according to a survey taken in 1998. Examination of a droplet of ejaculate under the microscope remains a highly accurate, easy-to-perform “qualitative” test of male fertility.
In 1951, MacLeod and Gold analyzed the sperm counts of 1,000 fertile and 1,000 infertile men stratified at intervals of 20 × 106/mL. They observed that 19% of infertile men had counts of less than 20 × 106/mL, compared to 8% of fertile men. On this basis they stated that men with sperm counts above 20 × 106/mL were fertile, and men with counts below that concentration were subfertile, even though they had not further stratified counts of less than 20 × 106.
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- Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2009