Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword – Alan B. Scott
- Preface
- 1 The pretherapeutic history of botulinum toxin
- 2 Botulinum toxin: history of clinical development
- 3 Pharmacology of botulinum toxin drugs
- 4 Immunological properties of botulinum toxins
- 5 Treatment of cervical dystonia
- 6 Treatment of hemifacial spasm
- 7 Treatment of blepharospasm
- 8 Treatment of oromandibular dystonia
- 9 Treatment of focal hand dystonia
- 10 Botulinum toxin applications in ophthalmology
- 11 Botulinum toxin therapy of laryngeal muscle hyperactivity syndromes
- 12 The use of botulinum toxin in otorhinolaryngology
- 13 Spasticity
- 14 The use of botulinum toxin in spastic infantile cerebral palsy
- 15 Hyperhidrosis
- 16 Cosmetic uses of botulinum toxins
- 17 Botulinum toxin in the gastrointestinal tract
- 18 Botulinum toxin in urological disorders
- 19 Use of botulinum toxin in musculoskeletal pain and arthritis
- 20 The use of botulinum toxin in the management of headache disorders
- 21 Treatment of plantar fasciitis with botulinum toxin
- 22 Treatment of stiff-person syndrome with botulinum toxin
- 23 Botulinum toxin in tic disorders and essential hand and head tremor
- 24 Developing the next generation of botulinum toxin drugs
- Index
- References
23 - Botulinum toxin in tic disorders and essential hand and head tremor
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2009
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword – Alan B. Scott
- Preface
- 1 The pretherapeutic history of botulinum toxin
- 2 Botulinum toxin: history of clinical development
- 3 Pharmacology of botulinum toxin drugs
- 4 Immunological properties of botulinum toxins
- 5 Treatment of cervical dystonia
- 6 Treatment of hemifacial spasm
- 7 Treatment of blepharospasm
- 8 Treatment of oromandibular dystonia
- 9 Treatment of focal hand dystonia
- 10 Botulinum toxin applications in ophthalmology
- 11 Botulinum toxin therapy of laryngeal muscle hyperactivity syndromes
- 12 The use of botulinum toxin in otorhinolaryngology
- 13 Spasticity
- 14 The use of botulinum toxin in spastic infantile cerebral palsy
- 15 Hyperhidrosis
- 16 Cosmetic uses of botulinum toxins
- 17 Botulinum toxin in the gastrointestinal tract
- 18 Botulinum toxin in urological disorders
- 19 Use of botulinum toxin in musculoskeletal pain and arthritis
- 20 The use of botulinum toxin in the management of headache disorders
- 21 Treatment of plantar fasciitis with botulinum toxin
- 22 Treatment of stiff-person syndrome with botulinum toxin
- 23 Botulinum toxin in tic disorders and essential hand and head tremor
- 24 Developing the next generation of botulinum toxin drugs
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction: tics
Tics are brief, sudden movements (motor tics) or sounds (phonic tics) which are intermittent but may be repetitive and stereotypic (Jankovic, 2001; Singer, 2005). Transient tic disorder is the mildest and most common cause of tics. Although these tics usually resolve in childhood, some may persist and become associated with a variety of comorbid disorders such as attention deficit disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Tourette's syndrome (TS), considered a genetic and neurodevelopmental disorder, is the most common cause of chronic tics (Jankovic, 2001; Albin and Mink, 2006). There are many other causes of tics which are referred to as “tourettism” or secondary tics. Other causes of tics in particular include insults to the brain and basal ganglia (infection, stroke, head trauma, drugs, and neurodegenerative disorders) (Jankovic & Mejia, 2006). The currently used diagnostic criteria for definite TS formulated initially by The Tourette's Syndrome Classification Study Group (1993) include: (1) multiple motor tics; (2) at least one vocal tic (not necessarily concurrently); (3) a waxing and waning course with increasing severity over time; (4) tic symptoms for at least one year; (5) onset before age 21 years; (6) no precipitating etiologies such as illnesses or drugs; and (7) observation of tics by a medical professional (Jankovic, 2001).
Clinical features
Motor and phonic tics consist of either simple or complex movements that may be seemingly goal directed. Motor tics may be rapid (clonic), or more prolonged (Jankovic, 2001).
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- Information
- Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy , pp. 195 - 204Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2009
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