Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Editor, Associate Editors, Artistic Consultant, and Contributors
- Preface
- PART I CONTEXT
- PART II ENDOTHELIAL CELL AS INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICE
- PART III VASCULAR BED/ORGAN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
- 121 Introductory Essay: The Endothelium in Health and Disease
- 122 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia: A Model to Probe the Biology of the Vascular Endothelium
- 123 Blood–Brain Barrier
- 124 Brain Endothelial Cells Bridge Neural and Immune Networks
- 125 The Retina and Related Hyaloid Vasculature: Developmental and Pathological Angiogenesis
- 126 Microheterogeneity of Lung Endothelium
- 127 Bronchial Endothelium
- 128 The Endothelium in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- 129 The Central Role of Endothelial Cells in Severe Angioproliferative Pulmonary Hypertension
- 130 Emphysema: An Autoimmune Vascular Disease?
- 131 Endothelial Mechanotransduction in Lung: Ischemia in the Pulmonary Vasculature
- 132 Endothelium and the Initiation of Atherosclerosis
- 133 The Hepatic Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell
- 134 Hepatic Macrocirculation: Portal Hypertension As a Disease Paradigm of Endothelial Cell Significance and Heterogeneity
- 135 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- 136 The Vascular Bed of Spleen in Health and Disease
- 137 Adipose Tissue Endothelium
- 138 Renal Endothelium
- 139 Uremia
- 140 The Influence of Dietary Salt Intake on Endothelial Cell Function
- 141 The Role of the Endothelium in Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Sepsis
- 142 The Endothelium in Cerebral Malaria: Both a Target Cell and a Major Player
- 143 Hemorrhagic Fevers: Endothelial Cells and Ebola-Virus Hemorrhagic Fever
- 144 Effect of Smoking on Endothelial Function and Cardiovascular Disease
- 145 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
- 146 Thrombotic Microangiopathy
- 147 Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
- 148 Sickle Cell Disease Endothelial Activation and Dysfunction
- 149 The Role of Endothelial Cells in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- 150 Diabetes
- 151 The Role of the Endothelium in Normal and Pathologic Thyroid Function
- 152 Endothelial Dysfunction and the Link to Age-Related Vascular Disease
- 153 Kawasaki Disease
- 154 Systemic Vasculitis Autoantibodies Targeting Endothelial Cells
- 155 High Endothelial Venule-Like Vessels in Human Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
- 156 Endothelium and Skin
- 157 Angiogenesis
- 158 Tumor Blood Vessels
- 159 Kaposi's Sarcoma
- 160 Endothelial Mimicry of Placental Trophoblast Cells
- 161 Placental Vasculature in Health and Disease
- 162 Endothelialization of Prosthetic Vascular Grafts
- 163 The Endothelium's Diverse Roles Following Acute Burn Injury
- 164 Trauma-Hemorrhage and Its Effects on the Endothelium
- 165 Coagulopathy of Trauma: Implications for Battlefield Hemostasis
- 166 The Effects of Blood Transfusion on Vascular Endothelium
- 167 The Role of Endothelium in Erectile Function and Dysfunction
- 168 Avascular Necrosis: Vascular Bed/Organ Structure and Function in Health and Disease
- 169 Molecular Control of Lymphatic System Development
- 170 High Endothelial Venules
- 171 Hierarchy of Circulating and Vessel Wall–Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells
- PART IV DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
- PART V CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
- Index
- Plate section
161 - Placental Vasculature in Health and Disease
from PART III - VASCULAR BED/ORGAN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 May 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Editor, Associate Editors, Artistic Consultant, and Contributors
- Preface
- PART I CONTEXT
- PART II ENDOTHELIAL CELL AS INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICE
- PART III VASCULAR BED/ORGAN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
- 121 Introductory Essay: The Endothelium in Health and Disease
- 122 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia: A Model to Probe the Biology of the Vascular Endothelium
- 123 Blood–Brain Barrier
- 124 Brain Endothelial Cells Bridge Neural and Immune Networks
- 125 The Retina and Related Hyaloid Vasculature: Developmental and Pathological Angiogenesis
- 126 Microheterogeneity of Lung Endothelium
- 127 Bronchial Endothelium
- 128 The Endothelium in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- 129 The Central Role of Endothelial Cells in Severe Angioproliferative Pulmonary Hypertension
- 130 Emphysema: An Autoimmune Vascular Disease?
- 131 Endothelial Mechanotransduction in Lung: Ischemia in the Pulmonary Vasculature
- 132 Endothelium and the Initiation of Atherosclerosis
- 133 The Hepatic Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell
- 134 Hepatic Macrocirculation: Portal Hypertension As a Disease Paradigm of Endothelial Cell Significance and Heterogeneity
- 135 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- 136 The Vascular Bed of Spleen in Health and Disease
- 137 Adipose Tissue Endothelium
- 138 Renal Endothelium
- 139 Uremia
- 140 The Influence of Dietary Salt Intake on Endothelial Cell Function
- 141 The Role of the Endothelium in Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Sepsis
- 142 The Endothelium in Cerebral Malaria: Both a Target Cell and a Major Player
- 143 Hemorrhagic Fevers: Endothelial Cells and Ebola-Virus Hemorrhagic Fever
- 144 Effect of Smoking on Endothelial Function and Cardiovascular Disease
- 145 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
- 146 Thrombotic Microangiopathy
- 147 Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
- 148 Sickle Cell Disease Endothelial Activation and Dysfunction
- 149 The Role of Endothelial Cells in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- 150 Diabetes
- 151 The Role of the Endothelium in Normal and Pathologic Thyroid Function
- 152 Endothelial Dysfunction and the Link to Age-Related Vascular Disease
- 153 Kawasaki Disease
- 154 Systemic Vasculitis Autoantibodies Targeting Endothelial Cells
- 155 High Endothelial Venule-Like Vessels in Human Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
- 156 Endothelium and Skin
- 157 Angiogenesis
- 158 Tumor Blood Vessels
- 159 Kaposi's Sarcoma
- 160 Endothelial Mimicry of Placental Trophoblast Cells
- 161 Placental Vasculature in Health and Disease
- 162 Endothelialization of Prosthetic Vascular Grafts
- 163 The Endothelium's Diverse Roles Following Acute Burn Injury
- 164 Trauma-Hemorrhage and Its Effects on the Endothelium
- 165 Coagulopathy of Trauma: Implications for Battlefield Hemostasis
- 166 The Effects of Blood Transfusion on Vascular Endothelium
- 167 The Role of Endothelium in Erectile Function and Dysfunction
- 168 Avascular Necrosis: Vascular Bed/Organ Structure and Function in Health and Disease
- 169 Molecular Control of Lymphatic System Development
- 170 High Endothelial Venules
- 171 Hierarchy of Circulating and Vessel Wall–Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells
- PART IV DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
- PART V CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
- Index
- Plate section
Summary
Vascular development occurs through the processes of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis (1,2). Angiogenesis is the process of neovascularization from pre-existing blood vessels, whereas vasculogenesis is the process of blood vessel generation from angioblast precursor cells. The human placenta undergoes high levels of both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis during fetal development (3). Additionally, the placenta undergoes a process of vascular mimicry (also referred to as pseudovasculogenesis), in which the placental cytotrophoblasts convert from an epithelial to an endothelial phenotype during normal placental development (4). When placental vascular development is deranged, serious complications such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preeclampsia can occur. This chapter discusses placental vascular development during health and in disease, with an emphasis on the role of placental angiogenic factors in these processes.
PLACENTAL VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT IN HEALTH
Implantation
Placentation, which is characteristic of and specific to mammals, allows for the development of the fetus within a protective maternal environment (5). The placenta provides oxygen (O2) and nutrients to, and transfers wastes from, the developing fetus. The placenta is a highly vascular organ, containing both embryonic and maternal blood vessels (Figure 161.1; for color reproduction, see Color Plate 161.1).
During embryonic development, the blastocyst separates into two cell populations: an outer polarized cell layer (the trophoectoderm) and the nonpolarized inner cell mass. The trophoectoderm gives rise to extraembryonic trophoblasts, whereas the inner cell mass is destined to form the embryo proper.
Implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall, which occurs approximately 1 week after fertilization, involves a complex interplay between the trophoblasts and maternal cells.
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- Information
- Endothelial Biomedicine , pp. 1488 - 1500Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2007