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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 January 2022

Corinna Jentzsch
Corinna Jentzsch
Affiliation:
Universiteit Leiden

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Information
Violent Resistance , pp. 213 - 222
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Advanced Command Post and General Headquarters (Posto de Comando Avançado, PCA), 92, 97
África Livre, 115–117, 127, 130
African National Congress (ANC), 44, 69
Albino, Ambrósio, 114, 138, 168–169
aldeamentos (population camps), 75
Alto Ligonha, 113
Alto Molócuè district, 98, 101, 106, 113, 120
amnesty law, 136
ancestral spirits, António’s special powers from, 103
Angoche, 115
Angola, 83, 107
antigos combatentes (Frelimo veterans), 158
António, Manuel
ceremonies of, 131–132, 160–161
death of, 80–81, 125, 132, 135
Frelimo attitude towards, 108, 166
in Mecubúri, 142
in Mocuba, 83
Muaquiua, battle of, 121
in Namagoa refugee camp, 120–122
in Namarrói, 130–133, 135, 137
Naparama, creation of, 79, 88
in Nicoadala, 160–161, 166
nonpolitical objectives, 109–110
plea for agency, attention to, 164
refugee camps, recruitment in, 104, 120–122
special powers, claims of, 102–103, 160, 182
as threat to Frelimo, 82, 106
travels of, 112–114
archives, in research project, 10, 32
armas brancas (white weapons), 80
Armed Forces Movement (Portugal), 50
army, Mozambican
coup, plots of, 85
ineffectiveness of, 71, 101
Naparama, conflict with, 135, 137
Naparama, co-operation with, 124–125
recruitment and training, 71–72
restructuring of, 72–73
as threat to population, 129
attrition, wars of, 19, 93
Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC), 15
avoidance, war of, 94
banditry, 75
Battalion 054, 129
Beira corridor, 85
Boina Vermelha (Red Berets), 73, 158
Cabo Delgado
Frelimo liberated zones, 53
Islamist insurgency, 183–184
liberation struggle in, 48
Manuel António’s origins, 102
Renamo activity in, 61
Carnation Revolution (Portugal), 50
Casa Banana, Renamo headquarters, 64, 70
case selection (research study), 28
Catholic Church, 84, 99
Central Intelligence Organization (CIO, Rhodesia), 58–59
centros de acomodação (displacement camps), 157
Chai, Frelimo attack on, 48
Chicarre, Renamo base, 60
child soldiers, 72
Chipande, Alberto, 48, 73–74
Chissano, Joaquim, 61, 70, 72, 84–85, 92
cholera, 35, 39
civil patrols (Guatemala), 16
civil war in Mozambique
community response to, 76–78
course of, 68–70, 84–85
historiography of, 66–68, 86
peace process, 83–86
civil wars. See also third actors in civil war
civilian agency in, 176–178
dichotomous understanding of, 13
governance in, 180
regionalization of, 22
Civilian Defense Forces (CDF, Sierra Leone), 181
Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF, Nigeria), 2
civilians
displacement of, 98–99
self-protection, 177
wartime uncertainty, experience of, 4, 155, 165, 178
commonality, in militia mobilization, 26, 155, 160–162, 169
communal villages
alienation of population, role in, 36, 76, 101, 159
creation of, 55–56
displaced people, resettlement of, 98
forcable resettlement in, 151
in Milange, 91
Renamo attacks on, 62, 141
community-empowering stalemates
emergence of, 11, 20–21, 89–97
timing of, 18, 181
in Zambézia and Nampula, 89–97, 101
community-initiated militias
characteristics of, 179
as civilian self-protection, 177
as expression of civilian agency, 3
definition of, 15–17, 174
diffusion of, 112–113, 138, 144, 146–147
elite unity, importance of, 113, 130, 179
formation, location of, 21–24, 175
formation, process of, 148
formation, timing of, 18–21, 88–89, 110–111, 175
military stalemates, effect of, 97, 178–179
mobilization of, 24–27, 150–152, 175
people’s needs, fulfilment of, 17
research, future avenues of, 182
in Sierra Leone, 180–182
social conventions, role in, 46
spiritual dimension of, 78, 86
state, relationship with, 18, 107
study of, 9–10, 13, 28–30
sustained diffusion of, 113
trust, gaining and retaining of, 123
violence, role in militia formation, 46
Conselho Cristão de Moçambique (CCM), 84
control zones (Gersony), 64–65
Cristina, Orlando, 59, 62
cultural bonds, in militia diffusion, 4, 121–122, 126, 130, 132, 138, 176
data analysis (research study), 29–30
data collection (research study), 28
destruction zones (Gersony), 64–65
Dhlakama, Afonso
death of, 183
European tour, 62
Gongorosa, battle for, 84
in post-war politics, 40, 86
Maputo, virtual siege of, 76
peace negotiations, 80
as Renamo commander-in-chief, 63
as Renamo president, 59
Renamo strategy, 91
diffusion agents
Antonio as, 132
local residents as, 143
migration of, 11, 21–24, 122, 126, 138, 146
in Nampula, 168
diffusion, of community-initiated militias, 112–113, 138, 144, 146–147, See also initial diffusion, sustained diffusion
discontent, in militia mobilization, 156
Domingos, Raul, 91
dos Santos, Hermínio, 184
dos Santos, Marcelino, 52
drought, 98
dynamizing groups (grupos dinamizadores, GD), 53–54, 123
Economic Rehabilitation Program (Programa de Restruturação Econômica, PRE), 76
elections
militias, role in, 7
multiparty, post-war, 85, 116
peace negotiations, role in, 85
elites
conflict between, 131, 137, 139, 176, 179
southern domination of Frelimo, 101
stalemate, perception of, 89
toleration or support of community-initiated militias, 20
unity, importance of, 21, 24, 113, 144–145, 147, 175
Emochá tea factory, 117
enemies of the people (Frelimo definition of), 54
Erati district, 56
ethnic and cultural bonds
in militia formation, 180
in sustained diffusion, 23, 138
famines, 98
Fernandes, Evo, 62
Fertit militia (southern Sudan), 15
fieldwork
data collection, 28
ethical and practical challenges, 31–34
Naparama, interviews with, 40–41
political sensitivity in, 38
research legitimacy, establishment of, 38
researchers as intruders, 37
stakeholder approval of, 38
suspicion of in communities, 34–36
with marginalized and high-risk groups, 41
forças de defesa territorial (territorial defense forces), 151
forum for the demobilized of the war (fórum dos desmobilizados da guerra), 184
Frelimo (Frente de Libertação Moçambique)
Second Congress, 52
Third Congress, 54
Fourth Congress, 74
Fifth Congress, 84
community-initiated militias, opposition to, 178
control over people as objective, 77, 86
counterinsurgency strategy, 71–73
detribalization, 83
economic and social policies, 53–56, 86
elites, southern domination, 36, 101
formation of, 47–48
inertia of, political and military, 105
internal conflict, 50–52
liberation struggle, 47–50
Marxist-Leninist ideology, 54, 84, 166
military operations (civil war), 69–70
multiparty politics, 37
N’komati Accords, 68
Naparama, co-operation with in Lugela, 125
Naparama, toleration of, 81–83, 105–110, 166, 172, 176
peace process, 83–86
return to repression, 184
socialization of the countryside, 54–56, 159
state-initiated militias, creation of, 86, 98, 150–152, 158–159
territorial defense, 73–76, 106
traditional power, changing attitudes towards, 81–83, 106
traditional religion, stance on, 78
gatekeeper bias, 39, 41
Gaza
peace zones in, 82
Renamo activity in, 68–69, 76
Gorongosa
Renamo base, 59–60, 64, 69, 84–85
Renamo first congress, 84
grupo decidido (the committed group), 100–101, 142
grupos dinamizadores (dynamizing groups, GD), 53–54, 62, 123
grupos vigilantes (vigilante groups), 73
harvests, failure of, 98
historiography
civil war in Mozambique, 5, 66–68, 86
Frelimo triumphalism, 47–48, 51
Homoíne massacre, 70
hunter militias (Sierra Leone), 181
identification problem, in irregular civil wars, 152
Ila de Inhamgoma, Renamo headquarters, 84
indiscriminate violence, 25, 96–97, 152–155, 178
Indonesia, 10
Inhambane, Frelimo military successes, 69
Inhassunge, 81
initial diffusion
conditions for, 21, 24
of Naparama to Lugela, 120–122
of Naparama to Mecubúri, 141–144
of Naparama to Namarrói, 130–132
social context of, 149
Inlugo, Naparama/army clash in, 135
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 76
International Red Cross, 85
Janjaweed (Sudan), 2, 16
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 99
Jesus Christ, António as messenger of, 103
Kamajors (Sierra Leone), 2, 15–16, 181–182
Lakwena, Alice, 5
Lancaster House agreement, 1979 , 59
learning
in militia diffusion, 23, 112, 144, 146–147
in militia mobilization, 156
Naparama vaccination as, 165
Licuar water facility, defense of, 158
Lidimo, General Lagos, 97
Limpopo valley, 70, 85
Lomwe ethnic group, 115
luck, in environment of arbitrary violence, 152, 154
Lugela
army weakness in, 119–120
district town, battle for, 118
Frelimo weakness in, 105–106, 120
geography of, 115
military situation in, 116–120
Naparama initial diffusion, 120–122
Naparama sustained diffusion, 122–126, 146
Naparama-army co-operation, 125
Renamo activity in, 117–119
Renamo strength in, 115–116
Lusaka Accord, 1974, 50, 52
Mabadane, Renamo base, 157
Mabote, Colonel-General, 71
Machel, Samora Moíses
army plots against, 71
death of, 70, 72, 92
N’komati accords, 69
Naparama as bandits, 107
peace talks, 84
as President of Mozambique, 50
revolutionary vision of, 52
territorial defense system, 73
Madal tea factory, 117
Makonde ethnic group, 48, 51–52
Makosso, Naparama commander, 134–137
Makua-Lomwe ethnic group, 103, 142, 160
Malawi
end of assistance to Renamo, 45, 69–70, 91
refugees from, 55
refugees in, 98
Renamo bases in, 61
Renamo cross-border activities, 91, 115, 117–118, 128
mambos (Renamo traditional leaders), 62, 64, 86, 127
Manica, 84
Maputo
Renamo activity in, 68
virtual siege of, 70, 76
Maquiringa, Renamo base, 126, 128–129
Marea, community resistance in, 100
Marxist-Leninist ideology (in Frelimo), 54, 84, 166
Massina (administrator in Murrupula), 172
Matsangaíssa, André, 59, 63
Mecubúri
district town, Naparama retaking of, 143
fieldwork in, 34–36, 39–40
grupo decidido in, 100–101
military situation in, 139–141
Naparama initial diffusion, 141–144
Naparama recruitment in, 148
Naparama sustained diffusion, 144–147
Meque, Calisto, 60, 97, 121
Mfumo, Amórico, 172
migration, in militia diffusion, 112, 122, 126, 144, 146
Milange
Renamo activity in, 61, 117
UNAR activities in, 90–91
milícias populares (popular militias), 73, 149–150, 158–159
militarization of society, 100
military stalemates. See also community-empowering stalemates
civilian response to, 97, 100, 102
community-initiated militias, rise of, 89, 110, 175
definitions of, 18–21
indiscriminate violence in, 93, 175, 178
in militia diffusion, 23–24
in Mozambique, 70, 76, 82
third actors in, 3–4, 105, 178–179
in war over people, 45–46
militias. See also community-initiated militias, state-initiated militias milícias populares
definition of, 14–15, 174
formation, location of, 21–24
formation, timing of, 18–21
mobilization of, 24–27
reactionary agendas of, 14
research agenda on, 174
trust, gaining and retaining of, 123
typology of, 15–18
Mirasse, Silva Taitosse, 115
mobilization of community-initiated militias
classic approaches to, 155
learning, role in, 156
mechanisms of, 155–156
security context of, 149
social context of, 149, 155
state support, role in, 156
Mocuba
Frelimo army headquarters, 116, 119–120
Naparama headquarters, 91, 114, 120
Mogovola, 115
Moma, 115
Mondlane, Eduardo, 48, 52
Morrumbala, Renamo bases in, 91
Mothi
Naparama, formation of, 172
traditional healing in, 168–169
vaccination in, 171
Movimento Nacional de Resistência (Mozambican National Resistance, MNR), 44
Mozambican Christian Council (Conselho Cristão de Moçambique, CCM), 84
Mozambican intelligence service (Serviço Nacional de Segurança Popular, SNASP), 142
Muabanama, PRM/Africa Livre attacks on, 117
Mualiua massacre, 127
Muaquiua, Naparama attack on, 114, 121–122
Mucheluia, Renamo attack on, 140
Muecate, Renamo base, 167
Muémue, Naparama/Frelimo conflict in, 134–137
Muite, Frelimo/Naparama co-operation in, 144
mujeeba (Renamo police), 64, 86, 118, 127, 136, 169, 172
multiparty politics, 37, 116
Mungoi, spirit of, 82–83
Munhamade Bridge, Renamo destruction of, 117
Murrupula
Frelimo toleration of Naparama, 106–107, 109, 172
grupo decidido, visit to, 142–143
military situation in, 167
Naparama diffusion in, 112
Narapama mobilization in, 149, 166–173
research fieldwork in, 31, 37–38, 40–41
N’kavandame, Lázaro, 52
N’komati Accord, 44, 68–69, 83
Nacala corridor, 90
Nahipa
grupo decidido in, 100–101, 142
Naparama formation in, 142–144
Namacurra, 112
Namagoa, refugee camp, 119–123
Namahia, Renamo base, 139
Namapa, 83, 183
Namarrói
civilian defense against Renamo, 99–100
cultural explanation of Naparama failure, 137
district town, battles for, 128–129, 137
geography of, 115
indiscriminate violence in, 127–128, 130
military situation in, 126–130
Naparama failure, alternative explanations, 137–138
Naparama initial diffusion, 130–132
Naparama sustained diffusion, failure of, 132–137, 147
Naparama, failure to integrate in security apparatus, 133–134
Renamo popularity in, 126–127
Renamo strength in, 115–116
spiritual power in, 137
state-intiated militias in, 148
Nametil, Renamo attack on, 139
Namilasse, Renamo base, 139, 167
Nampevo, Naparama base, 114
Nampila (traditional healer), 115, 138, 142, 168–170
Nampila, Gregório, 168
Nampula
Albino, activities of, 115
civilian vulnerability in, 98
community-empowering stalemate in, 89–97
fieldwork in, 28
Frelimo support for Naparama, 108
geography of, 90
Naparama activity in, 79–80, 85, 138
opposition to Frelimo, tradition of, 36, 101
Renamo activity in, 68
Namudavale (Naparama leader), 121–124
Namuli mountains, Renamo base, 61, 91
Namuno district, 102
Nantutu, Renamo base, 126, 129
Naparama. See also Parama (Naparama) vaccine
abducted people, rescue of, 123, 163–165
army, conflict with, 135, 137
army, co-operation with, 124–125
army, overpowering of, 145–146
civilian response to, 97–105, 176–177
code of conduct, 162
demobilization benefits, struggle for, 31–32, 40
disbanding of, 81, 183
displaced people, rescue of, 104–105
farmland, reclaiming of, 163
Frelimo’s toleration of, 81–83
initial diffusion to Lugela, 120–122
initial diffusion to Mecubúri, 141–144
initial diffusion to Namarrói, 130–132
initiation ritual, 2, 131–132, 149, 161, 165, 180
interviews with members of, 40–41
military effectiveness, 80–81, 84–85, 143–144
military strength of, 79
mobilization in Murrupula, 166–173
mobilization in Nicoadala, 160–166, 173
mobilization of, 149
mobilization, alternative explainations for, 165–166
nonpolitical objectives of, 108–110, 179
as rag-tag army, 176
religious idioms of, 103–104
rise of, 79–81, 86, 146
role in ending the civil war, 174
self-empowerment, appeal of, 162–165, 169–171
social conventions, role in mobilization, 155, 169
sustained diffusion to Lugela, 122–126, 146
sustained diffusion to Mecubúri, 144–147
sustained diffusion to Namarrói, failure of, 132–137, 147
violence against civilians, 81
window of opportunity, 107, 110
National Defence Force (Syria), 2
Nauela, Naparama’s loss of support in, 114
Ndau ethnic group, 63
new man (Frelimo ideal of), 54
NGO workers, percieved arrogance and distance of, 37
Niassa, Reflimo liberated zones
Frelimo liberated zones, 53
Nicoadala
civilian passivity in, 98
displaced people in, 156–157
fieldwork in, 38, 40
Frelimo toleration of Naparama, 110
Frelimo, weakness in, 158–159
military situation in, 156–159
Naparam demobilization in, 81
Naparama headquarters in, 114, 156
Naparama mobilization in, 149–150, 159–166, 173
Naparama revolt, post-war, 183–184
violence, experience of, 152
Nihia, Major General António da Silva, 170
operação produção (Operation Production), 54
operação tira camisa (operation shirt removal), 72
Operation “Gordian Knot” (Portugese counterinsurgency campaign), 48
Parama (Naparama) vaccine
appeal of, 163, 165, 169, 173, 177
credibility of, 169
in Lugela, 120, 122
in Mecubúri, 142–146
in Murrupula, 169–171
in Nampula, 115
Naparama code of behaviour, 80
Naparama initiation ceremonies, 2, 149, 161
stories and rumors of, 112
trust in, 125
Pardido Revolucionário de Moçambique (PRM), 90–91, 115–117
peace building, post-war, 34
peace zones, 99–100
peasant revolt, Renamo as, 67
Peru, 2, 7, 13, 17
pleasure in agency (Wood), 27, 179
polarization, in post-war society, 32, 34
political opportunity, in militia mobilization, 156
politics of punishment (Machava), 47
popular militias (milícias populares), 73, 98, 149–150, 158–159
Portugal
Carnation Revolution, 50
counterinsurgency campaign, 20, 48
Frelimo militias, support for, 151
Posto de Comando Avançado (PCA), 92, 97
process tracing, 29–30
Programa de Restruturação Econômica (PRE), 76
prophetic armed movements, 5
ProSAVANA (agribusiness project), 37
proto-states, in civil wars, 180
qualitative analysis in research project, 30
Quelimane, 40, 157–158
reconciliation process, post-war, 34, 84
Red Berets (Boina Vermelha), 73, 158
refugees, 98
Regone, Renamo base, 126
regulados (chieftaincies), 53
Renamo (Resistência Nacional Moçambicana)
bases, 64–65
civilian nonviolent response to, 99
civilians as human shields, 101
control over people as objective, 77, 86
control, tax and destruction zones (Gersony), 64–65
cult of violence (Wilson), 78
expansion of, 60–61
formation of, 56–59
Frelimo state, attacks on, 62
indiscriminate violence of, 96–97, 155
Lugela, military and political objectives in, 117–119
military effectiveness of, 80
military hierarchy, 63–64
military operations, 68–70
mujeeba (Renamo police), 64, 86, 118, 127, 136, 169, 172
Murrupula, activity in, 167
Namarrói, activity in, 126–127
Nicoadala, activity in, 156–157
peace process, 83–86
political goals, 62–63
popular support for, 65–68, 86
radio station, 59
social base of, 86
strength of, 60, 91
violence in 2013 183–184
violence, use of, 64–66
war of the spirits, 78
research
archives, use of, 10, 32
design, 27–30
ethical and practical challenges, 31–34, 42
in polarized societies, 42
interviews in, 28
legitimacy, establishment of, 38
Naparama, interviews with, 40–41
neutrality in, 38–39, 43
political sensitivity in, 38
politicization of, 40
power relationships in, 42
process tracing in, 29–30
qualitative analysis, 30
researchers as intruders, 37
researchers as political actors, 42–43
stakeholder approval of, 38
suspicion of in communities, 34–36
resettlement of population, as control over people, 11, 46, 56, 65–66, 71, 75–76, 85
resource allocation, in militia mobilization, 156
Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 2, 182
Rhodesia
intelligence service, 9
Mozambique, independence revolt, role in, 52
Renamo, formation of, 57–59
Renamo, support for, 37, 44, 47, 61, 67
Ribáuè district, António’s personal guard, 102
Roberto, Holden, 107
Rome peace agreement, 32, 84, 183
rondas campesinas (Peru), 14, 17, 152
Rudes, Jacinto, 129, 134
Rumbezi African National Union (UNAR), 90
rumors and storytelling, in militia diffusion, 113
sampling bias, 39
Sant’Egidio, Catholic community in Rome, 84
Savimbi, Jonas, 76, 107
scorched-earth tactics, 19, 97
self-defense committees (rondas campesinas, Peru), 14, 17, 152
self-empowerment, context for in militia mobilization, 26–27, 155, 162–165, 169–171
Selous Scouts, 58
Serviço Nacional de Segurança Popular (SNASP), 142
Shangaan ethnic group, 51
Sierra Leone, 2, 10, 15–16, 180–182
Simango, Uria, 52
Sitatonga, Renamo base, 59
snowball sampling, 38
social banditry (Hobsbawm), 17
social conventions, in militia mobilization, 24–27, 173, 176, 179
socialization of the countryside (Frelimo policy), 54–56
Sofala
indiscriminate violence in, 96–97
Renamo activity in, 64, 84–85
South Africa
Mozambique, destabilization of, 61, 86
Mozambique, independence revolt, role in, 52
Mozambique, rapprochement with, 84
N’komati Accord, 45, 68–69, 83
Renamo, radio network, 63
Renamo, support for, 10, 37, 44, 47, 57, 59–60, 67, 89
special forces, Mozambican army, reliance on, 73, 129, 158
spirit healers, response to civil war, 78
spiritual dimension of war, 86, 161
Stalemates. See community-empowering stalemates, military stalemates
starvation, 98
state-initiated militias
definition of, 16
doomed to fail?, 152
effectiveness of, 158–159
forced recruitment of, 75
full-time prfessionalized militias, 16
in Frelimo territorial defense, 73–76
mobilization, problems of, 148, 150, 173
as threat to population, 17, 130, 151
storytelling, in militia diffusion, 113, 122, 182
structural adjustment, 76
sustained diffusion, 21
elites, role in, 24
ethnic or ideological bonds, role in, 23
mechanisms of, 23, 139–140
of Naparama in Lugela, 122–126
of Naparama in Mecubúri, 144–146
of Naparama in Namarrói, failure of, 132–137
Tacuane, Renamo attack on, 117
Tamaboro militia, Sierra Leone, 181
Tanzania
military intervention in Mozambique, 68, 73, 92, 158
militia training in Mozambique, 151
refugees from, 55
withdrawal of troops, 76
tax zones (Gersony), 64–65
territorial defense forces (forças de defesa territorial), 151
Tete, 37, 84
Thai, General Hama, 97
third actors in civil war
civilian agency in, 13, 15
in militia diffusion, 22
rise of, 12, 176
studies of, 3–4, 7, 177–178
Tocolo, Renamo attack on, 139
traditional authorities
communal villages, resistance to, 56
Frelimo’s abolition of, 36, 53–54, 83, 101, 166
Frelimo’s change of attitude, 83
Naparama, support for, 103, 144
Renamo, alienation from, 78
Renamo, support for, 46, 62, 66
traditional healers, 78, 138, 161, 169
traditional religion, 27, 78, 103
Transvaal, Renamo training camp, 59
uncertainty
civilian experience in war, 4, 152–155, 165, 178
in decision-making in war, 25, 156, 159
social conventions in decision-making, 26, 155, 173, 175, 179
United Nations Operation in Mozambique (ONUMOZ), 85, 183
United Self-Defence Forces of Colombia (AUC), 15
vaccine, Naparama (Parama)
appeal of, 163, 165, 173, 177
credibility of, 169
in Lugela, 120, 122
in Mecubúri, 142–146
in Murrupula, 169–171
in Nampula, 115
Naparama code of behaviour, 80
Naparama initiation ceremonies, 2, 131, 149, 161
stories and rumors of, 112
trust in, 125
victim narrative, of civilians in civil war, 77
vigilante groups (grupos vigilantes), 73, 98
vigilantism, 7
villagization, role in origins of civil war, 56, 66
violence
cults and counter-cults (Wilson), 78
fear of resurgence of, 34
indiscriminate, 25, 96–97, 152–155, 178
Voz da África Livre (Voice of Free Africa), 58
war of avoidance, 94
war of the spirits, 78
war over people
Mozambique civil war as, 75–77, 86
Naparama, role in, 79
warlordism, 75, 180
white settlers in Mozambique, 52–53
Wiriamu massacre, 50
Zambezi river, 97
Zambézia
António’s travels in, 113
civilian suffering in, 97
community-empowering stalemate in, 89–97
displaced people in, 98
fieldwork in, 28
Frelimo support for Naparama, 108
geography of, 90
indiscriminate violence in, 97
military operations in, 69–70, 84–85, 90–94
Naparama activity in, 79–80
opposition to Frelimo, tradition of, 36, 101, 159
peace zones in, 99
religion in society, 103
Renamo activity in, 68
state-initiated militias in, 158–159
Zimbabwe
independence of, 44, 89
military intervention in Mozambique, 64, 68–70, 84, 92
withdrawal of troops from Mozambique, 85
Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army’s (ZANLA), 5, 57–58

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  • Index
  • Corinna Jentzsch, Universiteit Leiden
  • Book: Violent Resistance
  • Online publication: 13 January 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108936026.011
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  • Index
  • Corinna Jentzsch, Universiteit Leiden
  • Book: Violent Resistance
  • Online publication: 13 January 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108936026.011
Available formats
×

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  • Index
  • Corinna Jentzsch, Universiteit Leiden
  • Book: Violent Resistance
  • Online publication: 13 January 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108936026.011
Available formats
×