Abbreviations

AC

Absorptive capacity

AMC

Advance market commitment

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BGs

Business groups

BOP

Balance of payments

CBUs

Completely built units

CEO

Chief executive officer

CEPAL

Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe

CES

Consumer Electronics Show

CKD

Complete knock-down

CMO

Contract manufacturing organization

CORFO

Corporación de Fomento de la Producción

CTT

Cycle time of technologies

DRAM

Dynamic random access memory

DVAFXSH

Domestic value added embodied in foreign exports as a share of the gross exports of a foreign country

EEs

Emerging economies

E&E

Electrical and electronic

EU

European Union

FAW

First Automotive Works

FCh

Fundación Chile

FDI

Foreign direct investment

FELDA

Federal Land Development Agency

FIZ

Free industrial zone

FOE

Foreign-owned enterprise

FTA

Free trade agreement

FVA

Foreign value added

GDP

Gross domestic product

GM

General Motors

GNP

Gross national product

GPAC

Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Company

GVC

Global value chain

HaS

Hub-and-spoke

HHI

Herfindahl–Hirschman Index

HICOM

Heavy Industries Corporation of Malysia Berhad

HKEX

Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing

HSIP

Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park

IMF

International Monetary Fund

IPO

Initial public offering

IPR

Intellectual property rights

ITRI

Industrial Technology Research Institute

JVs

Joint ventures

KOSDAQ

Korean Securities Dealers Automated Quotations

KSE

Korea Stock Exchange

LCRs

Local content requirements

M&A

Merger and acquisition

MICs

Middle-income countries

MIT

Middle-income trap

MNCs

Multinational corporations

MPOB

Malaysian Palm Oil Board

MRB

Malaysian Rubber Board

NBS

National Bureau of Statistics

NERI

National Economic Research Institute

NIS

National Innovation System

NYSE

New York Stock Exchange

OBM

Original brand manufacturer

ODM

Original design manufacturer

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OEM

Original equipment manufacturer

PDA

Petroleum Development Act

PDC

Penang Development Centre

POLE

Privately owned local enterprise

PORIM

Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia

PORLA

Palm Oil Registration and Licensing Authority

PPP

Purchasing power parity

PSC

Production-sharing contract

PSDC

Penang Skill Development Centre

RCA

Revealed comparative advantage

R&D

Research and development

RIS

Regional innovation system

SAIC

Shanghai Auto Industry Corporation

SEAT

Spanish Touring Automobiles Company

SEC

Securities & Exchange Commission

SEZ

Special economic zone

SME

Small- and medium-sized enterprise

SMIC

Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (Shanghai)

SOE

State-owned enterprise

TDX

Time-Division Exchange (public–private R&D consortium)

TFP

Total factor productivity

TIPS

Technology incubator programs for startups

TSMC

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company

UMC

United Microelectronics Corporation

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

USAMG

US Army Military Government

USPTO

United States Patent and Trademark Office

VoC

Varieties of capitalism

WTO

World Trade Organization