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³ To clarify, this article is concerned with the rhetorical construction of Prevent; it is not intended as a judgement on the appropriateness of that policy, although it is acknowledged that this policy is highly controversial and subject to intense criticism. Furthermore, this is not a discussion that relates to judging the appropriateness of policies on other issues of security/rights within UK policy, such as asylum seekers.

⁴ Tim Farron, ‘Theresa May can’t be trusted to get it right on counter-terrorism policy’, The Guardian (5 June 2017), available at: {https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/05/theresa-may-trusted-counter-terrorism-policy} accessed 16 May 2018; Andrew Grice, ‘Theresa May cuts a reassuring figure – but her anti-terrorism plans for the future leave a lot to be desired’, The Independent (24 May 2017), available at: {http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/manchester-attack-salman-abedi-terrorism-prevent-muslims-theresa-may-response-wrong-a7753496.html} accessed 16 May 2018; Jack Maidment, ‘Government’s anti-terror Prevent programme must be strengthened after Manchester attack, says former terror watchdog’, The Telegraph (24 May 2017), available at: {http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/24/governments-anti-terror-prevent-programme-must-strengthened/} accessed 16 May 2018.

⁵ Sewell Chan and Steven Erlanger, ‘Questions on U.K. policing mount as 3^rd London attacker is identified’, The New York Times (6 June 2017), available at: {https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/06/world/europe/london-attack-uk.html?_r=0} accessed 16 May 2018.

⁶ Counter-radicalisation policy is not exclusive to the UK. For excellent accounts comparing British policies to that in France and also within the EU, see Tsoukala, Anastassia, ‘Democracy against security: the debates about counterterrorism in the European Parliament, September 2001–June 2003’, Alternatives, 29:4 (2004), pp. 417–439 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tsoukala, Anastassia, ‘Democracy in the light of security: British and French political discourses on domestic counter-terrorism policies’, Political Studies, 54:3 (2006), pp. 607–627 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁵⁸ Theresa May, ‘Terrorism: Home Secretary’s CONTEST speech’, gov.uk (12 July 2011), available at: {https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/terrorism-home-secretarys-contest-speech} accessed 16 May 2018.

⁵⁹ Theresa May, as quoted in Rowena Mason and Vikram Dodd, ‘May: I’ll rip up human rights laws that impede new terror legislation’, The Guardian (6 June 2017), available at: {https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/06/theresa-may-rip-up-human-rights-laws-impede-new-terror-legislation} accessed 16 May 2018.

⁶⁰ Jon Stone, ‘Theresa May: London terror attack shows Britain too tolerant of extremism’, The Independent (4 June 2017), available at: {http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/london-bridge-terror-attack-theresa-may-tolerance-of-extremism-terrorism-islam-a7771836.html} accessed 16 May 2018.

⁶¹ George Eaton, ‘Theresa May’s police cuts have returned to haunt her’, New Statesman (5 June 2017), available at: {http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/june2017/2017/06/theresa-mays-police-cuts-have-returned-haunt-her} accessed 16 May 2018.

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⁶³ Theresa May, ‘Home Secretary: We must work together to defeat terrorism’, gov.uk (18 June 2015), available at: {https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/home-secretary-we-must-work-together-to-defeat-terrorism} accessed 16 May 2018.

⁶⁴ Theresa May, ‘Speech to the Conservative Party Conference 2014’, Conservatives.com (30 September 2014), available at: {http://press.conservatives.com/post/98799073410/theresa-may-speech-to-conservative-party} accessed 16 May 2018

⁶⁵ Theresa May, ‘Prevent Strategy’, House of Commons, Hansard 529 (7 June 2011).

⁶⁶ Theresa May, ‘Extremism’, House of Commons, Hansard 582 (9 June 2014). See also Theresa May, ‘Theresa May speech in full’, Politics (3 November 2010), available at: {http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2010/11/3/theresa-may-speech-in-full} accessed 16 May 2018; Theresa May, ‘Home Secretary Theresa May on counter-terrorism’, gov.uk (24 November 2014), available at: {https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/home-secretary-theresa-may-on-counter-terrorism} accessed 16 May 2018; Theresa May in ‘Terrorist Attacks (Paris)’, House of Commons, Hansard 580 (14 January 2015).

⁶⁷ Theresa May, ‘Topical Questions’, House of Commons, Hansard 530 (27 June 2011).

⁶⁸ May, ‘CONTEST speech’.

⁶⁹ May, ‘Council on Foreign Relations’; May, ‘Home Secretary Theresa May on counter-terrorism’; May, ‘Speech to the Conservative Party Conference 2014’.

⁷⁰ May, ‘CONTEST speech’.

⁷¹ May, ‘Prevent Strategy’.

⁷² May, ‘CONTEST speech’.

⁷³ May, ‘Prevent Strategy’.

⁷⁴ Ibid; May, ‘Council on Foreign Relations’; May, ‘Home Secretary Theresa May on counter-terrorism’; May, ‘Speech to the Conservative Party Conference 2014’; Theresa May, ‘PM Commons Statement on Westminster Attack: 23 March 2017’, gov.uk (23 March 2017), available at: {https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-commons-statement-on-westminster-attack-23-march-2017} accessed 16 May 2018; Theresa May, ‘Prime Minister Theresa May gave a statement in Downing Street following the terrorist attack in Manchester’, gov.uk (23 May 2017), available at: {https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-following-terrorist-attack-in-manchester-23-may-2017}accessed 16 May 2018; Theresa May, ‘PM Statement following second COBR meeting on Manchester attack: 23 May 2017’, gov.uk (23 May 2017), available at: {https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-following-second-cobr-meeting-on-manchester-attack-23-may-2017} accessed 16 May 2018.

⁷⁵ Theresa May in ‘Counter-Terrorism and Security Bill’, House of Commons, Hansard 589 (2 December 2015).

⁷⁶ May, ‘Second COBR meeting’.

⁷⁷ Theresa May, ‘Home Secretary: International action needed to tackle terrorism’, gov.uk (16 February 2016), available at: {https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/home-secretary-international-action-needed-to-tackle-terrorism} accessed 16 May 2018.

⁷⁸ May, ‘CONTEST speech’; May in ‘Extremism’; May, ‘Council on Foreign Relations’; May, ‘Home Secretary Theresa May on counter-terrorism’; May, ‘Speech to the Conservative Party Conference 2014’; Theresa May, ‘Brussels Terrorist Attack’, House of Commons, Hansard 607 (23 March 2016); May, ‘Downing Street following the terrorist attack in Manchester’.

⁷⁹ May, ‘Terrorist Attacks (Paris)’.

⁸⁰ Theresa May, ‘Theresa May: Speech in Dudley 22^nd April 2017’, Conservatives.com (22 April 2017), available at: {http://press.conservatives.com/post/159865695365/theresa-may-speech-in-dudley-22nd-april-2017} accessed 16 May 2018.

⁸¹ Tsoukala, ‘Light of security’.

⁸² May, ‘Downing Street following the terrorist attack in Manchester’.

⁸³ May, ‘CONTEST speech’.

⁸⁴ May, ‘We must work together to defeat terrorism’.

⁸⁵ May, ‘Counter-Terrorism and Security Bill’. See also May, ‘Extremism’; May, ‘Speech to the Conservative Party Conference 2014’; May, ‘Terrorist Attacks (Paris)’; Theresa May, ‘A stronger Britain, built on our values’, gov.uk (23 March 2015), available at: {https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/a-stronger-britain-built-on-our-values} accessed 16 May 2018.

⁸⁶ May, ‘Brussels Terrorist Attack’.

⁸⁷ Theresa May, ‘PM Statement at the G7 Summit in Sicily: 26 May 2017’, gov.uk (26 May 2017), available at: {https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-at-the-g7-summit-in-sicily-26-may-2017} accessed 16 May 2018.

⁸⁸ Jeffrie G. Murphy, ‘The killing of the innocent’, The Monist, 57:4 (1973), p. 527.

⁸⁹ May, ‘A stronger Britain, built on our values’.

⁹⁰ May, ‘PM Commons Statement on Westminster Attack’.

⁹¹ Theresa May, ‘Terrorism’, House of Commons, Hansard 532 (12 September 2011).

⁹² May, ‘Brussels Terrorist Attack’.

⁹³ May, ‘Speech to the Conservative Party Conference 2014’.

⁹⁴ May, ‘A stronger Britain, built on our values’; May, ‘Brussels Terrorist Attack’.

⁹⁵ Michelle Bentley, ‘Recognition making response: Preventing far right extremism and radicalisation’, in Baker-Beall, Heath-Kelly, and Jarvis (eds), Counter-Radicalisation, pp. 102–22.

⁹⁶ May, ‘Prevent Strategy’. See also Theresa May, ‘Radical new Prevent Strategy launched’, gov.uk (8 June 2011), available at: {https://www.gov.uk/government/news/radical-new-prevent-strategy-launched} accessed 16 May 2018; May, ‘Extremism’; May, ‘Speech to the Conservative Party Conference 2014’; May, ‘Terrorist Attacks (Paris)’; May, ‘PM Commons Statement on Westminster Attack’; May, ‘Second COBR meeting’.

⁹⁷ Lionel K. McPherson, ‘The instability of “executive discretion”’, Nomos, 50 (2011), p. 144.

⁹⁸ May, ‘A stronger Britain, built on our values’.

⁹⁹ This statement of othering draws on the work of Anastassia Tsoukala, ‘Boundary-creating processes and the social construction of threat’, Alternatives, 33:2 (2008), p. 143.

¹⁰⁰ May, ‘Theresa May speech in full’.

¹⁰¹ As per Holmes, Baker, and Aradau above.

¹⁰² Theresa May, ‘Home Secretary’s defence and security lecture’, gov.uk (24 June 2014), available at: {https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/home-secretarys-defence-and-security-lecture} accessed 16 May 2018.

¹⁰³ Ibid.

¹⁰⁴ May, ‘Prevent Strategy’.

¹⁰⁵ Theresa May, ‘Terrorism: Home Secretary’s speech to the Council on Foreign Relations’, gov.uk (16 September 2011), available at: {https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/terrorism-home-secretarys-speech-to-the-council-on-foreign-relations} accessed 16 May 2018.

¹⁰⁶ May, ‘Terrorist Attacks (Paris)’.

¹⁰⁷ May, ‘Theresa May speech in full’.

¹⁰⁸ Alan Travis, ‘Theresa May announces reform of stop-and-search powers’, The Guardian (30 April 2014), available at: {https://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/apr/30/theresa-may-reform-police-stop-and-search-powers} accessed 16 May 2018.

¹⁰⁹ May, ‘Terrorist Attacks (Paris)’.

¹¹⁰ May, ‘Counter-Terrorism and Security Bill’; May, ‘Home Secretary Theresa May on counter-terrorism’; May, ‘We must work together to defeat terrorism’.

¹¹¹ May, ‘Terrorist Attacks (Paris)’.

¹¹² May, ‘Brussels Terrorist Attack’.