Eight species ofPseudocyphellariaare recorded from mainland Ecuador viz., P. arvidssonii, P. aurata, P. bartlettii, P. clathrata, P. crocata, P. dozyana, P. encoensis and P. intricata, with taxa asterisked being new records for Ecuador. Pseudocyphellaria bartlettii andP. encoensis are also new records for northern South America, and P. dozyana is new to South America. A key is given, and details of anatomy, morphology, chemistry, distribution, ecology and taxonomy are discussed.

The following new combinations are made: Anema cernohorskyi (Servít) Henssen, A. prodigulum(Nyl.) Henssen, Cryptothelelaatokkaënsis (Vainio) Henssen, C. rhodosticta (Taylor) Henssen, Gonohymenia heppii (Müll. Arg.) Henssen, G. iodopulchra (Crozals) Henssen, G. minnesotensis (Fink) Henssen, G. polyspora (Magnusson) Henssen, G. schleicheri (Hepp) Henssen, Metamelanea caesiella (Th. Fr.) Henssen, Paulia myriocarpa (Zahlbr.) Henssen, P. pyrenoides (Nyl.) Henssen, P. schroederi (Zahlbr.) Henssen, Peccania arabica (Müll. Arg.) Henssen, P. teretiuscula (Flagey) Henssen, P. tiruncula (Nyl.) Henssen, Pterygiopsis coracodiza (Nyl.) Henssen, P. umbilicaia (Vezda) Henssen, Thelignya groenlandica(Dahl) Henssen, T. Hgnyota (Wahlenb.) P. M. Jørg. & Henssen, Thyrea pachyphylla (Müll. Arg.) Henssen, T.pachyphylla var. laxa (Müll. Arg.) Henssen. The following new names (one as a new species) were found necessary: Pyrenopsis haematina P. M. Jørg. & Henssen and Thyrea confusa Henssen. New synonyms are given for several names. The world-wide distribution of the genera Phloeopeccania and Pterygiopsis is mentioned.

Survival strategies of 34 species of lichens from a range of substrata, climates and growth forms were examined using the triangular ordination procedure of Grime. Triangular ordination is apparently an appropriate technique to apply to lichens, all available data falling within a triangle except for two foliicolous species which are probably partial leaf parasites. Statistically significant relationships between survival strategy and growth form, mode of asexual reproduction, substratum preference, family affiliation, and diversity of secondary chemical biosynthetic pathways have been demonstrated.

The composition and richness of the microfauna on lime trees was surveyed in relation to the distribution and cover of lichens in Belfast. Parameters used to help interpret the results included distance from the city centre and available data on air quality. The percentage epiphyte cover on the trunks of lime trees was significantly correlated with distance from the city centre whereas that on tree bases as not. In contrast, the number of microfaunal species revealed strong positive correlations with distance for both the bases and the trunks of trees. Most of this increase in microfaunal species richness towards rural areas was due to protistans which are thus proposed as useful bioindicators of air pollution. The total species richness of fauna showed slight negative correlation with smoke but not SO2 levels.