Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T16:09:56.298Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutritional effects on odour emissions in broiler production

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2017

N.K. SHARMA ,
M. CHOCT ,
S. WU  and
R.A. SWICK
N.K. SHARMA
Affiliation:
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
M. CHOCT
Affiliation:
Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, PO Box U242, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
S. WU
Affiliation:
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
R.A. SWICK*
Affiliation:
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
*
Corresponding author: rswick@une.edu.au
Get access

Abstract

Odour emissions are a normal part of broiler production but they potentially threaten the sustainable development of the broiler industry. There are currently no effective methods to reduce odour emissions that are practical or affordable for use in commercial farms. Diets can be formulated to more closely meet the bird's nutritional requirements to avoid overfeeding and to reduce the excretion of undigested components. This will decrease the amount of substrates that the microbes metabolise to odorous compounds. Diet can affect gut microflora, faecal microflora, litter moisture content, pH and water activity, all of which may affect the emission of odorants. This review details the role of diets on odour emission from broiler production. In the first part of this review, key odorants from broiler production, their origin, and measurement techniques have been discussed. This is followed by the role of feed ingredients, enzymes, feed additives, minerals, dietary protein levels, necrotic enteritis and litter conditions on odour emissions. It has been reported that nutritional strategies such as partial replacement of soybean meal with meat meal in the diet, use of a low sulphur diet, low protein diet, Bacillus subtilis based probiotic and saponin may reduce emissions. Additionally, drying the litter results in lower emission of odorants including the ones that contain sulphur and prevention of necrotic enteritis and wet litter condition may also reduce odour emission from broiler production.

Keywords

broilerdietlittermeat chickennutritionodorantodourpoultry
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 73 , Issue 2 , June 2017 , pp. 257 - 280
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABARES (2015) Agricultural Commodity Statistics, Canberra, December.Google Scholar
AFTAB, U., ASHRAF, M. and JIANG, Z. (2006) Low protein diets for broilers. World's Poultry Science Journal 62: 688-701.Google Scholar
AHMED, S.T., KIM, G., ISLAM, M.M., MUN, H.-S., BOSTAMI, A.R. and YANG, C.-J. (2015) Effects of dietary chlorine dioxide on growth performance, intestinal and excreta microbiology, and odorous gas emissions from broiler excreta. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 24: 502-510.Google Scholar
AMERAH, A., PLUMSTEAD, P., BARNARD, L. and KUMAR, A. (2014) Effect of calcium level and phytase addition on ileal phytate degradation and amino acid digestibility of broilers fed corn-based diets. Poultry Science 93: 906-915.Google Scholar
ANNETT, C., VISTE, J., CHIRINO-TREJO, M., CLASSEN, H., MIDDLETON, D. and SIMKO, E. (2002) Necrotic enteritis: Effect of barley, wheat and corn diets on proliferation of Clostridium perfringens type A. Avian Pathology 31: 598-601.Google Scholar
ATZENI, M., LANGFORD, V., PRINCE, B. and MAYOR, D. (2016) Rapid continuous chemical analysis of meat chicken shed emissions by SIFT-MS. A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, RIRDC Publication No 16/052, Kingston, ACT, Australia.Google Scholar
BANWART, W. and BREMMER, J. (1975) Identification of sulphur gases evolved from animal manures. Journal of Environmental Quality 4: 363-366.Google Scholar
BEDFORD, M.R, CLASSEN, H. and CAMPBELL, G. (1991) The effect of pelleting, salt, and pentosanase on the viscosity of intestinal contents and the performance of broilers fed rye. Poultry Science 70: 1571-1577.Google Scholar
BEDFORD, M.R. and WALK, C.L. (2015) Superdosing phytase in wheat-based diets improves litter and foot pad score whilst simultaneously improving performance. Proceedings of the 26th Australian Poultry Science Symposium, Sydney, Australia, pp. 193.Google Scholar
BERRANG, M.E., MEINERSMANN, R.J., COX, N.A. and FEDORKA-CRAY, P.J. (2011) Application of chlorine dioxide to lessen bacterial contamination during broiler defeathering. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 20: 33-39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BREGENDAHL, K., SELL, J. and ZIMMERMAN, D. (2002) Effect of low-protein diets on growth performance and body composition of broiler chicks. Poultry science 81: 1156-1167.Google Scholar
BUNDGAARD, A.M., DALGAARD, R., GILBERT, C. and THRANE, M. (2014) Assessment of the potential of digestibility-improving enzymes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from broiler production. Journal of Cleaner Production 73: 218-226.Google Scholar
CAI, L., KOZIEL, J.A., LIANG, Y., NGUYEN, A.T. and XIN, H. (2007) Evaluation of zeolite for control of odorants emissions from simulated poultry manure storage. Journal of Environmental Quality 36: 184-193.Google Scholar
CAREY, J., LACEY, R. and MUKHTAR, S. (2004) A review of literature concerning odors, ammonia, and dust from broiler production facilities: 2. Flock and house management factors. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13: 509-513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHANG, M.H. and CHEN, T.C. (2003) Reduction of broiler house malodour by direct feeding of a lactobacilli containing probiotic. International Journal of Poultry Science 2: 313-317.Google Scholar
CHAVEZ, C., COUFAL, C., CAREY, J., LACEY, R., BEIER, R. and ZAHN, J. (2004) The impact of supplemental dietary methionine sources on volatile compound concentrations in broiler excreta. Poultry Science 83: 901-910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHEEKE, P. (2000) Actual and potential applications of and saponins in human and animal nutrition. Journal of Animal Science 77: 1-10.Google Scholar
CHEEKE, P. (2009) Applications of saponins as feed additives in poultry production. Proceedings of the 20th Australian Poultry Science Symposium, Sydney, Australia, pp. 50.Google Scholar
CHEPETE, H., XIN, H., MENDES, L., LI, H. and BAILEY, T. (2012) Ammonia emission and performance of laying hens as affected by different dosages of Yucca schidigera in the diet. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21: 522-530.Google Scholar
CHO, S., HWANG, O. and PARK, S. (2015) Effect of Dietary Protein Levels on Composition of Odorous Compounds and Bacterial Ecology in Pig Manure. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 28 (9): 1362-1370.Google Scholar
CHOCT, M. (2006) Enzymes for the feed industry: Past, present and future. World's Poultry Science Journal 62: 5-16.Google Scholar
CHOCT, M. and ANNISON, G. (1992) Anti-nutritive effect of wheat pentosans in broiler chickens: Roles of viscosity and gut microflora. British Poultry Science 33: 821-834.Google Scholar
CHOCT, M., KOCHER, A., WATERS, D., PETTERSSON, D. and ROSS, G. (2004) A comparison of three xylanases on the nutritive value of two wheats for broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 92: 53-61.Google Scholar
COWIESON, A., WILCOCK, P. and BEDFORD, M. (2011) Super-dosing effects of phytase in poultry and other monogastrics. World's Poultry Science Journal 67: 225-236.Google Scholar
DEAN, D., BIDNER, T. and SOUTHERN, L. (2006) Glycine supplementation to low protein, amino acid-supplemented diets supports optimal performance of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 85: 288-296.Google Scholar
DEBICKI-GARNIER, A. and HRUBY, M. (2003) The effect of phytase and betaine on broiler performance and excreta characteristics. Proceedings of the 14th European Symposium in Poultry Nutrition, Lillehammer, Norway, pp. 14-15.Google Scholar
DECAMP, S., HILL, B., HANKINS, S., BUNDY, D. and POWERS, W. (2001) Effects of soybean hulls in commercial diet on pig performance, manure composition, and selected air quality parameters in swine facilities. Journal of Animal Science 79 (Suppl. 1): 252.Google Scholar
DIBNER, J. and RICHARDS, J. (2005) Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: History and mode of action. Poultry Science 84: 634-643.Google Scholar
DOSKOVIĆ, V., BOGOSAVLJEVIĆ-BOSKOVIĆ, S., PAVLOVSKI, Z., MILOŠEVIĆ, B., ŠKRBIĆ, Z., RAKONJAC, S. and PETRIČEVIĆ, V. (2013) Enzymes in broiler diets with special reference to protease. World's Poultry Science Journal 69: 343-360.Google Scholar
DREW, M., SYED, N., GOLDADE, B., LAARVELD, B. and VAN KESSEL, A. (2004) Effects of dietary protein source and level on intestinal populations of clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 83: 414-420.Google Scholar
DUNLOP, M., GALLAGHER, E. and SOHN, J.H. (2010) Odour emissions from tunnel-ventilated broiler sheds: Case study of nine Queensland farms. Animal Production Science 50: 546-551.Google Scholar
DUNLOP, M. and GALLAGHER, E. (2011) Dust and odour emissions from meat chicken sheds. Final report. Australian Poultry CRC: 04-45.Google Scholar
DUNLOP, M., RISTOVSKI, Z.D., GALLAGHER, E., PARCSI, G., MODINI, R.L., AGRANOVSKI, V. and STUETZ, R.M. (2013) Odour, dust and non-methane volatile organic-compound emissions from tunnel-ventilated layer-chicken sheds: A case study of two farms. Animal Production Science 53 (12): 1309-1318.Google Scholar
DUNLOP, M.W., BLACKALL, P.J. and STUETZ, R.M. (2016a) Odour emissions from poultry litter-a review litter properties, odour formation and odorant emissions from porous materials. Journal of Environmental Management 177: 306-319.Google Scholar
DUNLOP, M.W., MCAULEY, J., BLACKALL, P.J. and STUETZ, R.M. (2016b) Water activity of poultry litter: Relationship to moisture content during a grow-out. Journal of Environmental Management 172: 201-206.Google Scholar
DUNLOP, M.W., MOSS, A.F., GROVES, P.J., WILKINSON, S.J., STUETZ, R.M. and SELLE, P.H. (2016c) The multidimensional causal factors of ‘wet litter’ in chicken-meat production. Science of The Total Environment 562: 766-776.Google Scholar
EICHNER, G., VIEIRA, S.L., TORRES, C.A., CONEGLIAN, J.L.B., FREITAS, D.M. and OYARZABAL, O.A. (2007) Litter moisture and foot pad dermatitis as affected by diets formulated on an all-vegetable basis or having the inclusion of poultry by-product. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16: 344-350.Google Scholar
FATUFE, A. and RODEHUTSCORD, M. (2005) Growth, body composition, and marginal efficiency of methionine utilisation are affected by nonessential amino acid nitrogen supplementation in male broiler chicken. Poultry Science 84: 1584-1592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FEILBERG, A., LIU, D., ADAMSEN, A.P., HANSEN, M.J. and JONASSEN, K.E. (2010) Odorant emissions from intensive pig production measured by online proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Technology 44: 5894-5900.Google Scholar
FERGUSON, N.S., GATES, R.S., TARABA, J.L., CANTOR, A.H., PESCATORE, A.J., FORD, M.J. and BURNHAM, D.J. (1998) The effect of dietary crude protein on growth, ammonia concentration, and litter composition in broilers. Poultry Science 77: 1481-1487.Google Scholar
FRANCESCH, M. and BRUFAU, J. (2004) Nutritional factors affecting excreta/litter moisture and quality. World's Poultry Science Journal 60: 64-75.Google Scholar
GARRY, B., FOGARTY, M., CURRAN, T. and O'DOHERTY, J. (2007) Effect of cereal type and exogenous enzyme supplementation in pig diets on odour and ammonia emissions. Livestock Science 109: 212-215.Google Scholar
GATES, R. (2000) Poultry diet manipulation to reduce output of pollutants to environment. Simposio sobre Residuos da Producao Avicola, Concordia, SC, pp. 63-75.Google Scholar
GRALAPP, A., POWERS, W., FAUST, M. and BUNDY, D. (2002) Effects of dietary ingredients on manure characteristics and odorous emissions from swine. Journal of Animal Science 80: 1512-1519.Google Scholar
HANSEN, M.J., ADAMSEN, A.P.S., PEDERSEN, P. and FEILBERG, A. (2012) Prediction of odor from pig production based on chemical odorants. Journal of Environmental Quality 41: 436-443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HELMBOLDT, C.F. and BRYANT, E.S. (1971) The pathology of necrotic enteritis in domestic fowl. Avian Diseases 15 (4): 775-780.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HIMATHONGKHAM, S., NUANUALSUWAN, S. and RIEMANN, H. (1999) Survival of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium in chicken manure at different levels of water activity. FEMS Microbiology Letters 172: 159-163.Google Scholar
HOBBS, P., WEBB, J., MOTTRAM, T., GRANT, B. and MISSELBROOK, T. (2004) Emissions of volatile organic compounds originating from UK livestock agriculture. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 84: 1414-1420.Google Scholar
HOBBS, P.J., PAIN, B.F., KAY, R.M. and LEE, P.A. (1996) Reduction of odorous compounds in fresh pig slurry by dietary control of crude protein. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 71: 508-514.Google Scholar
HOSSAIN, M.A., ISLAM, A.F. and IJI, P.A. (2013) Growth responses, excreta quality, nutrient digestibility, bone development and meat yield traits of broiler chickens fed vegetable or animal protein diets. South African Journal of Animal Science 43: 208-218.Google Scholar
HOSSAIN, M., BEGUM, M., KIM, I. 2015. Effect of Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium butyricum, Lactobacillus acidophilus endospores on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, relative organ weight, microbial shedding and excreta noxious gas emission in broilers. Veterinarni Medicina 60 (2): 77-82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JEONG, J. and KIM, I. (2014) Effect of bacillus subtilis c-3102 spores as a probiotic feed supplement on growth performance, noxious gas emission, and intestinal microflora in broilers. Poultry Science 93: 3097-3103.Google Scholar
JHA, R. and BERROCOSO, J.F. (2016) Dietary fiber and protein fermentation in the intestine of swine and their interactive effects on gut health and on the environment: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 212: 18-26.Google Scholar
JIANG, J. and SANDS, J. (2000) Odour and ammonia emission from broiler farms. A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, RIRDC Publication No 00/2, Kingston, ACT, Australia.Google Scholar
JUNG, S., HOUDE, R., BAURHOO, B., ZHAO, X. and LEE, B. (2008) Effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and a bifidobacteria lactis-based probiotic strain on the growth performance and fecal microflora of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 87: 1694-1699.Google Scholar
KALDHUSDAL, M. and HOFSHAGEN, M. (1992) Barley inclusion and avoparcin supplementation in broiler diets. 2. Clinical, pathological, and bacteriological findings in a mild form of necrotic enteritis. Poultry Science 71: 1145-1153.Google Scholar
KIENBUSCH, M. (1986) Measurement of gaseous emission rates from land surfaces using an emission flux chamber. User's guide. EPA Contract: 68-02.Google Scholar
KOZIEL, J., LO, Y., CAI, L. and WRIGHT, D. (2010) Simultaneous characterisation of VOCs and livestock odors using solid-phase microextraction-multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry. Chemical Engineering Transactions 23: 73-78.Google Scholar
LACEY, R., MUKHTAR, S., CAREY, J. and ULLMAN, J. (2004) A review of literature concerning odors, ammonia, and dust from broiler production facilities: 1. Odor concentrations and emissions. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13: 500-508.Google Scholar
LAOR, Y., KOZIEL, J.A., CAI, L. and RAVID, U. (2008) Chemical-sensory characterisation of dairy manure odor using headspace solid-phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry-olfactometry. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 58: 1187-1197.Google Scholar
LE, P.D., AARNINK, A.J.A., JONGBLOED, A.W., VAN DER PEET-SCHWERING, C.M.C., OGINK, N.W.M and VERSTEGEN, M.W.A. (2007a) Effects of dietary crude protein level on odour from pig manure. Animal 1: 734-744.Google Scholar
LE, P., AARNINK, A.J.A., JONGBLOED, A.W., VAN DER PEET SCHWERING, C.M.C., OGINK, N.W.M. and VERSTEGEN, M.W.A. (2007b) Effects of crystalline amino acid supplementation to the diet on odor from pig manure. Journal of Animal Science 85: 791-801.Google Scholar
LE, P.D., AARNINK, A.J.A., OGINK, N.W., BECKER, P.M. and VERSTEGEN, M.W. (2005) Odour from animal production facilities: Its relationship to diet. Nutrition Research Reviews 18: 3-30.Google Scholar
LE, P.D., AARNINK, A.J.A. and JONGBLOED, A.W. (2009) Odour and ammonia emission from pig manure as affected by dietary crude protein level. Livestock Science 121: 267-274.Google Scholar
LI, X., QIANG, L. and XU, C. (2008) Effects of supplementation of fructooligosaccharide and/or bacillus subtilis to diets on performance and on intestinal microflora in broilers. Archiv für Tierzucht-Archives of Animal Breeding 51: 64-70.Google Scholar
LI, H., ZHAO, P., LEI, Y., HOSSAIN, M. and KIM, I. (2015) Phytoncide, phytogenic feed additive as an alternative to conventional antibiotics, improved growth performance and decreased excreta gas emission without adverse effect on meat quality in broiler chickens. Livestock Science 181: 1-6.Google Scholar
LO, Y.-C.M., KOZIEL, J.A., CAI, L., HOFF, S.J., JENKS, W.S. and XIN, H. (2008) Simultaneous chemical and sensory characterisation of volatile organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds emitted from swine manure using solid phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry. Journal of Environmental Quality 37: 521-534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LOWE, J. and KERSHAW, S. (1997) The ameliorating effect of yucca schidigera extract on canine and feline faecal aroma. Research in Veterinary Science 63: 61-66.Google Scholar
LOWE, J., KERSHAW, S., TAYLOR, A. and LINFORTH, R. (1997) The effect of yucca schidigera extract on canine and feline faecal volatiles occurring concurrently with faecal aroma amelioration. Research in Veterinary Science 63: 67-71.Google Scholar
MACFARLANE, S. and MACFARLANE, G.T. (1995) Proteolysis and amino acid fermentation, in: GIBSON, G.R. & MACFARLANE, G.T. (Eds) Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology, pp. 75-100 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL).Google Scholar
MACKIE, R.I., STROOT, P.G. and VAREL, V.H. (1998) Biochemical identification and biological origin of key odour components in livestock waste. Journal of Animal Science 76: 1331-1342.Google Scholar
MATICH, A.J. and PAWLISZYN, J. (1999) Analysis of food and plant volatiles, in: PAWLISZYN, J. (Ed.) Applications of solid phase microextraction, pp. 349-363 (The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK).Google Scholar
McALPINE, P., O'SHEA, C., VARLEY, P., SOLAN, P., CURRAN, T. and O'DOHERTY, J. (2012) The effect of protease and nonstarch polysaccharide enzymes on manure odor and ammonia emissions from finisher pigs. Journal of Animal Science 90: 369-371.Google Scholar
MCGAHAN, E., KOLOMINSKAS, C., BAWDEN, K. and ORMEROD, R. (2002) Strategies to reduce odour emissions from meat chicken farms. Proceedings of the Poultry Information Exchange , Australia, pp. 27-39.Google Scholar
MURPHY, K.R., PARCSI, G. and STUETZ, R.M. (2014) Non-methane volatile organic compounds predict odor emitted from five tunnel ventilated broiler sheds. Chemosphere 95: 423-432.Google Scholar
NAGARAJ, M., WILSON, C., HESS, J. and BILGILI, S. (2007) Effect of high-protein and all-vegetable diets on the incidence and severity of pododermatitis in broiler chickens. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16: 304-312.Google Scholar
NGWABIE, N.M., SCHADE, G.W., CUSTER, T.G., LINKE, S. and HINZ, T. (2008) Abundances and flux estimates of volatile organic compounds from a dairy cowshed in Germany. Journal of Environmental Quality 37: 565-573.Google Scholar
NOSZTICZIUS, Z., WITTMANN, M., KALY-KULLAI, K., BEREGVARI, Z., KISS, I., ROSIVALL, L. and SZEGEDI, J. (2013) Chlorine dioxide is a size-selective antimicrobial agent. PLoS ONE 8: e79157. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079157.Google Scholar
O'NEILL, D. and PHILLIPS, V. (1992) A review of the control of odour nuisance from livestock buildings: Part 3, properties of the odorous substances which have been identified in livestock wastes or in the air around them. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 53: 23-50.Google Scholar
O'SHEA, C., SWEENEY, T., LYNCH, M., GAHAN, D., CALLAN, J. and O'DOHERTY, J. (2010) Effect of β-glucans contained in barley-and oat-based diets and exogenous enzyme supplementation on gastrointestinal fermentation of finisher pigs and subsequent manure odor and ammonia emissions. Journal of Animal Science 88: 1411-1420.Google Scholar
OECD/FAO (2015) OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook (OECD Publishing).Google Scholar
OTTO, E.R., YOKOYAMA, M., HENGEMUEHLE, S., VON BERMUTH, R.D., VAN KEMPEN, T. and TROTTIER, N.L. (2003) Ammonia, volatile fatty acids, phenolics, and odor offensiveness in manure from growing pigs fed diets reduced in protein concentration. Journal of Animal Science 81: 1754-1763.Google Scholar
PARCSI, G. (2010) Chemical analysis of odorants from poultry facilities. Ph. D. Thesis, University of New South Wales, Australia.Google Scholar
PARCSI, G., SIVRET, E., WANG, X. and STUETZ, R.M (2010) Fate of sulphur odorants in odour collection. Proceedings of the AWA Odour Specialty Conference, Sydney. pp. 24-25.Google Scholar
PARCSI, G., SIVRET, E.C., WANG, X. and STUETZ, R.M. (2012) Odour: Characterisation and transformation. Chemical Engineering Transactions 30: 193-198.Google Scholar
PARK, J. and KIM, I. (2014) Supplemental effect of probiotic bacillus subtilis b2a on productivity, organ weight, intestinal salmonella microflora, and breast meat quality of growing broiler chicks. Poultry Science 93: 1-6.Google Scholar
PAYNE, J.B., OSBORNE, J., JENKINS, P. and SHELDON, B. (2007) Modeling the growth and death kinetics of salmonella in poultry litter as a function of pH and water activity. Poultry Science 86: 191-201.Google Scholar
PILLAI, S., PARCSI, G., WANG, X., GALLAGHER, E., DUNLOP, M.W. and STUETZ, R.M (2010) Assessment of direct headspace analysis of broiler chicken litter odorants. Chemical Engineering Transactions 23: 207-212.Google Scholar
PILLAI, S., PARCSI, G., WANG, X. and STUETZ, R.M. (2012) Odour abatement of poultry litter using odour control product. Chemical Engineering Transactions 30: 247-252.Google Scholar
PILLAI, S.M. (2011) Intercomparison of headspace sampling methods coupled to TD-GC-MS/O to characterise key odorants from broiler chicken litter. Ph. D. Thesis, University of New South Wales, Australia.Google Scholar
PRINCE, B.J., MILLIGAN, D.B. and MCEWAN, M.J. (2010) Application of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry to real-time atmospheric monitoring. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 24: 1763-1769.Google Scholar
QAISRANI, S., VAN KRIMPEN, M., KWAKKEL, R., VERSTEGEN, M. and HENDRIKS, W. (2015) Dietary factors affecting hindgut protein fermentation in broilers: A review. World's Poultry Science Journal 71: 139-160.Google Scholar
RSPCA (2013) Meat chickens: RSPCA approved farming scheme standards. RSPCA Australia Inc. (May 2013).Google Scholar
SCHIFFMAN, S.S., BENNETT, J.L. and RAYMER, J.H. (2001) Quantification of odors and odorants from swine operations in North Carolina. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 108: 213-240.Google Scholar
SEEFELDT, K. and WEIMER, B.C. (2000) Diversity of sulphur compound production in lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science 83: 2740-2746.Google Scholar
SEN, S., INGALE, S., KIM, Y., KIM, J., KIM, K., LOHAKARE, J., KIM, E., KIM, H., RYU, M. and KWON, I. (2012) Effect of supplementation of bacillus subtilis ls 1-2 to broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient retention, caecal microbiology and small intestinal morphology. Research in Veterinary Science 93: 264-268.Google Scholar
SHARMA, N.K., CHOCT, M., DUNLOP, M.W., WU, S.-B., CASTADA, H.Z. and SWICK, R.A. (2016a) Characterisation and quantification of changes in odorants from litter headspace of meat chickens fed diets varying in protein levels and additives. Poultry Science 2016; doi 10.3382/ps/pew309 .Google Scholar
SHARMA, N.K., CHOCT, M., WU, S.-B., SMILLIE, R., MORGAN, N., OMAR, A.S., SHARMA, N. and SWICK, R.A. (2016b) Performance, litter quality and gaseous odour emissions of broilers fed phytase supplemented diets. Animal Nutrition 2: 288-295.Google Scholar
SHARMA, N.K., CHOCT, M., WU, S.-B., SMILLIE, R. and SWICK, R.A. (2015) Dietary composition affects odour emissions from meat chickens. Animal Nutrition 1: 24-29.Google Scholar
SHARMA, N.K., CHOCT, M., KEERQIN, C., MORGAN, N., WU, S.-B. and SWICK, R.A. (2016c) Necrotic enteritis challenge and high dietary sodium level increase litter headspace concentration of odorants in broilers. Poultry Science(submitted).Google Scholar
SHARMA, N.K., CHOCT, M., KEERQIN, C., WU, S.-B. and SWICK, R.A. (2016d) . Emissions of volatile odorous metabolites by Clostridium perfringens- in vitro study using two broth cultures. Poultry Science(submitted).Google Scholar
SHURSON, J., WHITNEY, M. and NICOLAI, R. (1999) Manipulating diets may reduce hydrogen sulphide emissions. Feedstuffs 71: 12-17.Google Scholar
SPOELSTRA, S. (1980) Origin of objectionable odorous components in piggery wastes and the possibility of applying indicator components for studying odour development. Agriculture and Environment 5: 241-260.Google Scholar
SVIHUS, B., CHOCT, M. and CLASSEN, H. (2013) Function and nutritional roles of the avian caeca: A review. World's Poultry Science Journal 69: 249-264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TRABUE, S., SCOGGIN, K., LI, H., BURNS, R. and XIN, H. (2008b) Field sampling method for quantifying odorants in humid environments. Environmental Science and Technology 42: 3745-3750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TRABUE, S., SCOGGIN, K., MITLOEHNER, F., LI, H., BURNS, R. and XIN, H. (2008a) Field sampling method for quantifying volatile sulphur compounds from animal feeding operation. Atmospheric Environment 42: 3332-3341.Google Scholar
UPADHAYA, S., KIM, S., VALIENTES, R. and KIM, I. (2015) The Effect of Bacillus-based feed additive on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal gas emission, and pen cleanup characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 28 (7): 999-1005.Google Scholar
VAN DER HOEVEN-HANGOOR, E., PATON, N., VAN DE LINDE, I., VERSTEGEN, M. and HENDRIKS, W. (2013) Moisture content in broiler excreta is influenced by excreta nutrient contents. Journal of Animal Science 91: 5705-5713.Google Scholar
VAN DER HOEVEN-HANGOOR, E., RADEMAKER, C., PATON, N., VERSTEGEN, M. and HENDRIKS, W. (2014) Evaluation of free water and water activity measurements as functional alternatives to total moisture content in broiler excreta and litter samples. Poultry Science 93: 1-11.Google Scholar
VAN DER KLIS, J.D. and LENSING, M. (2007) Wet litter problems relate to host-microbiota interactions. World Poultry 23: 20-22.Google Scholar
VAN HEUGTEN, E. and VAN KEMPEN, T.A. (2002) Growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and fecal odorous compounds in growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing hydrolysed feather meal. Journal of Animal Science 80: 171-178.Google Scholar
VAN HUFFEL, K., HEYNDERICKX, P.M., DEWULF, J. and VAN, H. (2012) Measurement of odorants in livestock buildings: SIFT-MS and TD-GC-MS. Chemical Engineering Transactions 30: 67-72.Google Scholar
VAN KEMPEN, T., POWERS, W. and SUTTON, A. (2002) Technical note: Fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy as an optical nose for predicting odour sensation. Journal of Animal Science 80: 1524-1527.Google Scholar
WADUD, S.J. (2011) Understanding the microbial ecology of chicken litter in the context of odour production. Ph. D. Thesis, The University of New South Wales, Australia.Google Scholar
WALK, C., SANTOS, T. and BEDFORD, M. (2014) Influence of superdoses of a novel microbial phytase on growth performance, tibia ash, and gizzard phytate and inositol in young broilers. Poultry Science 93: 1172-1177.Google Scholar
WHITNEY, M., NICOLAI, R. and SHURSON, G. (1999) Effects of feeding low sulphur starter diets on growth performance of early weaned pigs and odor, hydrogen sulphide, and ammonia emissions in nursery rooms. Journal of Animal Science 77 (Suppl. 1): 70.Google Scholar
WILLIAMS, M., COUFAL, C., CARAWAY, E., CARPENTER, R. and LEE, J. (2013) Evaluation of a rice/soy fermentate on performance and volatilisation of odorants from fresh fecal material when included in broiler diets. International Journal of Poultry Science 12 (12): 698-704.Google Scholar
WITKOWSKA, D. (2013) Volatile gas concentrations in turkey houses estimated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. British Poultry Science 54: 289-297.Google Scholar
WOYENGO, T. and NYACHOTI, C. (2013) Review: Anti-nutritional effects of phytic acid in diets for pigs and poultry-current knowledge and directions for future research. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 93: 9-21.Google Scholar
WRIGHT, D.W., EATON, D.K., NIELSEN, L.T., KUHRT, F.W., KOZIEL, J.A., SPINHIRNE, J.P. and PARKER, D.B. (2005) Multidimensional gas chromatography-olfactometry for the identification and prioritisation of malodors from confined animal feeding operations. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 8663-8672.Google Scholar
WU-HAAN, W., POWERS, W., ANGEL, C., HALE, C. and APPLEGATE, T. (2007) Effect of an acidifying diet combined with zeolite and slight protein reduction on air emissions from laying hens of different ages. Poultry Science 86: 182-190.Google Scholar
WU-HAAN, W., POWERS, W., ANGEL, R. and APPLEGATE, T. (2010) The use of distillers dried grains plus solubles as a feed ingredient on air emissions and performance from laying hens. Poultry Science 89: 1355-1359.Google Scholar
YANG, Y., IJI, P. and CHOCT, M. (2009) Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: A review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. World's Poultry Science Journal 65: 97-114.Google Scholar
ZHANG, Z., CHO, J. and KIM, I. (2013) Effects of Bacillus subtilis UBT-MO2 on growth performance, relative immune organ weight, gas concentration in excreta, and intestinal microbial shedding in broiler chickens. Livestock Science 155: 343-347.Google Scholar
ZHU, J. (2000) A review of microbiology in swine manure odor control. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 78: 93-106.Google Scholar