¹ This section is based on Hibbs, Douglas A. Jr, Long-Run Trends in Strike Activity in Comparative Perspectives, monograph, Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, 1976)Google Scholar, and Hibbs, , “On the Political Economy of Long-Run Trends in Strike Activity,” British Journal of Political Science, VIII (Part 2, 1978), 153–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

² But see the attempt by Wilensky, Harold, The “New Corporatism,” Centralization and the Welfare State (Beverly Hills: Sage Professional Papers in Contemporary Political Sociology, 1976).Google Scholar Since Wilensky included racist and xenophobic outbursts along with genuine antitax, antispending activities in his attempt to measure “tax-welfare backlash,” we did not make use of his quantitative scores.

³ See Jackson, Dudley, Turner, H. A., and Wilkinson, Frank, Do Trade Unions Cause Inflation? 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975).Google Scholar

⁴ Evidence consistent with this argument also appears in Johnston, J. and Timbrell, M., “Empirical Tests of a Bargaining Theory of Wage Rate Determination,” The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, XLI (June 1973), 141–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, The Tax/Benefit Position of Various Income Groups (Paris: OECD, 1978).Google Scholar

⁶ See Borre, Ole, “Denmark's Protest Election of December 1973,” Scandinavian Political Studies, IX (1974), 197–204Google Scholar, and Einhorn, Eric, “Post-Industrial Politics and the Threat of Stalemate: The Scandinavian Experience,” paper prepared for delivery at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, September 2–5, 1975.Google Scholar

⁷ It was widely believed among Danish election specialists that Glistrup's Progressives would quickly recede from the political scene. See, for example, Damgaard, Eric, “Stability and Change in the Danish Party System over Half a Century,” Scandinavian Political Studies, IX (1974), 103–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar, who speculated just after the 1973 election about the likelihood of an early “reinstating” election.

⁸ Rusk, Jerrold and Borre, Ole, “The Changing Space in Danish Voter Perceptions 1971–1973,” European Journal of Political Research, 11 (No. 3, 1974), 329–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁹ The Meidner Plan was the LO's (the blue-collar peak union) proposal to gradually place ownership and control of large firms in the hands of the trade unions.

¹⁰ See Petersson, Olof, “The 1976 Election: New Trends in the Swedish Electorate,” Scandinavian Political Studies, I (new series, Nos. 2–3, 1978)Google Scholar, and Zetterberg, Hans, “The Swedish Election of 1976,” paper presented to the World Association of Public Opinion Research, Uppsala, August 1977.Google Scholar

¹¹ Taxation was rated as an important issue by 84 percent of the electorate. Forty percent of the voters thought taxation would be lower under a bourgeois government than under a Social Democratic one; only 17 percent believed the reverse. See Petersson, Olof, Valundersökningar. Rapport 3. Teknisk Rapport (Stockholm: Statistiska Centralbyrån, 1977).Google Scholar

¹² Several decades ago the politically critical share was generally assumed to be about 25 percent of the national income.

¹³ Before 1970, income taxes in Denmark were paid on the income of the previous year. Since nominal incomes were growing rapidly, a rapid increase occurred in the contemporaneous effective tax rate because book rates were not adjusted downward.

¹⁴ See Elvander, Nils, “The Politics of Taxation in Sweden 1945–1970: A Study of the Functions of Parties and Organizations,” Scandinavian Political Studies, VII (1972), 63–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁵ This appears to be true even though social security or public pension schemes in all countries are effectively based on intergenerational transfers.

¹⁶ A change in the Swedish pension system shifted all social security taxes to employers and self-employed income earners after 1974.

¹⁷ On productivity differentials between labor-intensive and non-labor-intensive activities, see Baumol, William J., “Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The Anatomy of Urban Crisis,” American Economic Review, XXIX (June 1967), 415–26Google Scholar, and Hazeldine, Tim, “Unbalanced Growth in the Welfare State,” Scottish Journal of Political Economy, XXXIII (No. 3, 1976), 221–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ See OECD (fn. 5), Table 17; Frazen, Franz, Lövgren, Kerstin, and Rosenberg, Irma, “Redistributional Effects of Taxes and Public Expenditures in Sweden,” Swedish Journal of Economics (1975), 31–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁹ See for example, the OECD's study of higher education, Education, Inequality and Life Chances (Paris: OECD, 1975)Google Scholar; LeGrand, Julian, “The Distribution of Public Expenditure: The Case of Health Care,” Economica, XXXV (May 1978), 125–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar, a study of health care in England and Wales; Platz, Marion, Velkommen til børnehaveklasserne (Kbhv.: Socialforsknings-instituttet, i kommission hos Teknisk Forlag, 1977)Google Scholar, a study of preschool education in Denmark; and Assum, Terje, “Hvem har nytte av forbruker-service?” Artikler fra Statistisk. Centralbyrå, No. 64 (1974)Google Scholar, a study of government-supplied consumer services in Norway. Among the most important recent studies is Esping-Andersen, Gösta, “Social Democracy and State Policy in Denmark and Sweden,” Ph.D. diss. (University of Wisconsin, 1978).Google Scholar

²⁰ Cf. Heidenheimer, Arnold J., Heclo, Hugh, and Adams, Carolyn Teich, Comparative Public Policy: The Politics of Social Choice in Europe and America (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1975).Google Scholar

²¹ See Rose, Richard and Peters, Guy, Can Government Go Bankrupt? (New York: Free Press, 1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar for a prominent illustration.

²² Myrdal, Gunnar, “The Place of Values in Social Policy,” Journal of Social Policy, 1 (No. 1, 1972), 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²³ See the poll data reported in the New Statesman, 18 May 1979, pp. 704–06; also Crewe, Ivor, “Why the Conservatives Won,” in Penniman, Howard, ed., Britain at the Polls (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, forthcoming).Google Scholar