Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-01T08:42:06.126Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Political Use of Recognition: The Influence of the International System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 June 2011

M. J. Peterson
Affiliation:
Harvard University
Get access

Abstract

This article inquires into changes in the distribution of power and the extent of ideologically based conflict in the international system as they affect one aspect of international law, the recognition of new governments. These effects are assessed by analyzing instances in which recognition is used as a device for expressing opinions about or securing specific commitments from a new government. An examination of such instances since 1815 leads to the conclusions that (a) the distribution of power makes a difference only when the international system, or the new government's regional subsystem, is dominated by one strong power; (b) the extent of ideological conflict has a significant effect on expressions of opinion; and (c) a number of addictional factors also affect all political uses of recognition.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Trustees of Princeton University 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Kaplan, Morton and Katzenbach, Nicholas, The Political Foundations of International Law (New York: Wiley, 1961).Google Scholar

2 Hoffmann, Stanley, “International Systems and International Law,” in Deutsch, Karl and Hoffmann, Stanley, eds., The Relevance of International Law (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1968).Google Scholar

3 Puntila, L., The Political History of Finland, 1809–1966 (Helsinki: Otaea, 1968), 102–9.Google Scholar This case was brought to the author's attention by Arto Mansala.

4 Azvedo, J., Aspects generaux de la reconnaissance des gouvernements [General View of Recognition of Governments] (Paris: Pedone, 1953), 39.Google Scholar

5 Padelford, Norman, International Law and Diplomacy in the Spanish Civil Strife (New York: Macmillan, 1939), 17.Google Scholar

6 U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington, D.C.: 1936), 36.Google Scholar

7 Degras, Jane, ed., Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, 1917–1941, III (London: Oxford University Press, 1941), 405–7.Google Scholar

8 Misra, Kashi, India's Policy of Recognition of States and Governments (Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1966), 107–8.Google Scholar

9 Annuaire française de droit international, 1969, pp. 947–51.

10 Revue general de droit international public, Vol. 75 (No. 1, 1971), 158–59.

11 Keesing's Contemporary Archives, 1970, p. 24127.

12 Washington Post, March 28, 1975, p. A10.

13 Revue general de droit international public, Vol. 79 (No. 4, 1975), 1106–7. Washington Post, April 18, 1975, p. A15; Aprii 19, 1975, p. A15; and May 2, 1975, p. A13.

14 Annuaire française de droit international, 1965, pp. 1084–85.

15 Annuaire française de droit international, 1971, p. 1124.

16 China Yearbook (1921), 623–26; comment in Nonis V. Federation of Seamen, Court of Appeals of Genoa, 1930, in Annual Digest and Reports of International Law Cases (1929–30), 45–46; Kiss, Charles, ed., Repertoire de la pratique française en matiere de droit international public [Digest of French Practice of International Law], III (Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1965), 85Google Scholar; Houghton, Nealie, “Policy of the United States and other Nations with Respect to the Recognition of the Russian Soviet Government,” International Conciliation, No. 247 (1929), 96.Google Scholar

17 New York Times, March 29, 1977, p. 10.

18 Gemma, Scipione, “Les gouvernements de faitHague Academy Recueil des cours, No. 4 (1929), 341Google Scholar; Oppenheim, Lassa, International Law, I, 2d ed. (London: Longman's, 1912), 426.Google Scholar

19 Smith, Herbert A., ed., Great Britain and the Law of Nations, II (London: King, 1932), 231–33.Google Scholar

20 Mirkine-Guetzevich, Boris, “Droit international et droit constitutionnelHague Academy Recueil des cours, No. 38 (1931), 338.Google Scholar

21 Moore, John B., ed., Digest of International Law, I (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906), 137–64Google Scholar; Neumann, William, Recognition of Governments in the Americas (Washington, D.C.: Foundation for Foreign Affairs, 1947).Google Scholar

22 Text in American Journal of International Law, II (1908), Supplement, p. 229.

23 Sharp, Roland H., Nonrecognition as a Legal Obligation (Liège: Imprimerie Georges Thone, 1934), 4345.Google Scholar

24 Ibid., 45–46.

25 Houghton (fn. 16), 90–94 and 105, n. 99.

26 Hackworth, Green, ed., Digest of International Law, I (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1940), 182–44 and 222–81Google Scholar; for discussion, see Neumann (fn. 21).

27 Text in American Journal of International Law, XVII (1923), Supplement, 118.

28 Hsiung, James C., “China's Recognition Practice and its Implications in International Law,” in Cohen, J., ed., China's Practice of International Law (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972), 5455.Google Scholar

29 New YorK Times, April 15, 1974, p. 13.

30 See discussion of these events in Mittelman, James, “The Uganda Coup and the Internationalization of Political Violence,” Munger Africana Library Notes, No. 14 (September 1972).Google Scholar

31 See the OAS resolution stressing the desirability of continuous diplomatic relations (and hence not withholding recognition) among American governments in OAS Annals, I (1949), 136.

32 Text in American Journal of International Law, Vol. 60 (April 1966), 398.

33 Thomas Galloway, L., Recognizing Foreign Governments (Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1978), 7983.Google Scholar

34 However, the Mexican Newsletter, No. 46 (December 31, 1974), 31, noted a later severing of diplomatic relations by Mexico.

35 Smith, (fn. 19), I, 139.Google Scholar The offer was rejected.

26 Ibid., 1, 232–33.

37 See U.S. State Department, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1883, p. 664; and Fontes Juris Gentium, B, Sec. 1, Vol. 7, pt. 1, nos. 517–18 (Berlin: Karl Heymanns Verlag, 1933).

38 U.S. State Department, Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington, D.C.: 1908), 648–49.Google Scholar

39 See Hackworth (fn. 26), I: 182–94; and Cole, Taylor, The Recognition Policy of the United States since 1901 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1928), 3449.Google Scholar

40 Great Britain, Foreign Office, Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, 1st ser., VI, doc. No. 307.Google Scholar

41 Ibid., XII, docs. No. 75 and 202.

42 Lauterpacht, Hersh, Recognition in International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1947), 350, n. 2.Google Scholar

43 Kiss (fn. 16), III,.57.

44 Ibid., 59.

45 See the State Department letter on that question in Whiteman, Marjorie, ed., Digest of International Law, I (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963), 123–24.Google Scholar Text of the agreement in U.S. State Department, Foreign Relations of the United States: the Soviet Union, 1931–39 (Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1952), 2829.Google Scholar

46 Degras (fn. 7), II, 30–31.

47 Ti-chiang, Chen, The International Law of Recognition (New York: Praeger, 1951), 285–88.Google Scholar

48 Burckhardt, Walter, ed., Le droit federal suisse, I (Neuchatel: Delachaux and Niestle, 1930), 189.Google Scholar

49 Reynolds, George M., “The Recognition Policy of the United States as Applied in the Caribbean” (M.A. thesis, Columbia University, 1928), 62.Google Scholar

50 Dinegar, Caroline, “Some Aspects of the Use of the Recognition of new Governments as an Instrument of United States Foreign Policy” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1963), 234–35.Google Scholar

51 U.S. State Department, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1921, II, 399419.Google Scholar

52 U.S. State Department, United States Policy Toward Latin America (Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1975), 14.Google Scholar

53 Whiteman (fn. 45), II, 322–25.

54 Erasmus, Stephen, “General De Gaulle's Recognition of Peking,” China Quarterly, No. 18 (April-June 1964), 196–97.Google Scholar

55 Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 80 (1979), 270.

56 Cochran, Charles, “The Recognition of States and Governments by President John F. Kennedy” (Ph.D. diss., Tufts University, 1969), 270Google Scholar; Revue general de droit international public, Vol. 70 (No. 1, 1966), 182.

57 See a typical statement of expectations in Department of State Bulletin, XLVII (1962), 348–49.

58 New YorK Times, June 10, 1974, p. 1.

59 U.S. State Department, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1928, I (Washington, D.C.: 1942), 850.Google Scholar

60 Slusser, Robert and Triska, Jan, eds., A Calendar of Soviet Treaties, 1917–1957 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1959).Google Scholar

61 On the power of such ideas, see discussion in U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Recognition of Foreign Governments (Hearings on Senate Resolution 205, 91st Cong., ist sess., 1969).Google Scholar

62 See Hackworth (fn. 27), I, 327–86; Whiteman (fn. 45), II, 524–745; Kiss (fn. 16); Lauterpacht (fn. 42), chap. 20; Chen (fn. 47), part 3; Verhoeven, Joe, La reconnaissance internationale dans la pratique contemporaine, I, chap. 11Google Scholar; and Peterson, M. J., “Recognition of Governments” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1976)Google Scholar, chap. 5.

63 On the progress of relations between the U.S. and the PRC, see Department of State Bulletin, Vols. 50–70 (1969–1979), throughout.

64 See Dinegar (fn. 50); Galloway (fn. 33); and McChesney, Robert, “International Law and Mexican Foreign Policy” (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1969).Google Scholar

65 The text of the note of January 6, 1959, formally expressing recognition, appears in Department of State Bulletin, XL (1959), 128.