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Selective Broadleaf Weed Control in Turfgrass with the Bioherbicides Phoma macrostoma and Thaxtomin A

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Joseph C. Wolfe ,
Joseph C. Neal  and
Christopher D. Harlow
Joseph C. Wolfe
Affiliation:
Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609
Joseph C. Neal
Affiliation:
Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609
Christopher D. Harlow*
Affiliation:
Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609
*
∗Corresponding author's E-mail: jcneal@ncsu.edu
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Abstract

Both regulatory and consumer forces have increased the demand for biopesticides, particularly in amenity areas such as turfgrass. Unfortunately, few natural products are available for selective weed control in turfgrass. Two bioherbicides reported to control broadleaf weeds without injuring turfgrass are Phoma macrostoma and thaxtomin A. Field and container experiments were conducted to evaluate PRE and POST efficacy of P. macrostoma and thaxtomin A on regionally important broadleaf weeds. In container experiments, PRE applications of P. macrostoma provided 65 to 100% control of dandelion, marsh yellowcress, and flexuous bittercress, equivalent to that of pendimethalin. Control of yellow woodsorrel, henbit, hairy galinsoga, common chickweed, or annual bluegrass was less than with pendimethalin. In contrast, POST applications did not control any species as well as an industry-standard synthetic auxin herbicide. PRE or POST applications of thaxtomin A controlled six of the eight species tested as well as the industry-standard PRE or POST herbicides. In field tests, overall PRE broadleaf weed control with P. macrostoma and thaxtomin A peaked 4 wk after treatment at 64 and 72%, respectively, and declined afterward, suggesting that these bioherbicides possess short residuals and therefore must be reapplied for season-long control. Overall POST broadleaf weed control using P. macrostoma and thaxtomin A was only 41 and 25%, respectively. PRE followed by early-POST applications of thaxtomin A provided ≥ 86% henbit control. These results suggest that both P. macrostoma and thaxtomin A are capable of controlling certain broadleaf weeds in turfgrass. However, both lack efficacy on some important weed species, particularly chickweed. Thaxtomin A efficacy on henbit was improved by increased dose and by PRE followed by early-POST applications.

Tanto fuerzas regulatorias como los consumidores han incrementado la demanda por biopesticidas, particularmente en áreas amenas tales como áreas con césped. Desafortunadamente, hay pocos productos naturales disponibles para el control selectivo de malezas en céspedes. Dos bioherbicidas reportados para el control de malezas de hoja ancha sin causar daño al césped son Phoma macrostoma y thaxtomin A. Experimentos de campo y en contenedores fueron realizados para evaluar la eficacia de P. macrostoma y thaxtomin A PRE y POST en malezas de hoja ancha importantes en la región. En experimentos con contenedores, las aplicaciones PRE de P. macrostoma brindó 65 a 100% de control de Taraxacum officinale, Rorippa palustris, y Cardamine flexuosa, el cual fue equivalente al control con pendimethalin. El control de Oxalis stricta, Lamium amplexicaule, Galinsoga quadriradiata, Stellaria media, o Poa annua fue menor que con pendimethalin. En contraste, las aplicaciones POST no controlaron ninguna de las especies tan bien como un herbicida sintético auxinic estándar en la industria. Las aplicaciones PRE o POST de thaxtomin A controlaron seis de las ocho especies evaluadas tan bien como los herbicidas PRE y POST estándar en la industria. En los ensayos de campo, en general el control PRE de malezas de hoja ancha con P. macrostoma y thaxtomin A alcanzó el máximo nivel 4 semanas después del tratamiento con 64 y 72%, respectivamente, y declinó después de este momento, sugiriendo que estos bioherbicidas poseen un corto efecto residual, por lo que deben ser reaplicados para obtener control a lo largo de toda la temporada. En general, el control POST de malezas de hoja ancha usando P. macrostoma y thaxtomin A fue solamente 41 y 25%, respectivamente. Aplicaciones PRE seguidas por POST-tempranas de thaxtomin A brindaron ≥86% de control de L. amplexicaule. Estos resultados sugieren que P. macrostoma y thaxtomin A son capaces de controlar algunas malezas de hoja ancha en céspedes. Sin embargo, ambos carecen de eficacia en el control de algunas especies de malezas importantes, particularmente S. media. La eficacia de thaxtomin A en L. amplexicaule fue mejorada al aumentar la dosis y al hacer aplicaciones PRE seguidas de aplicaciones POST-tempranas.

Keywords

Phoma macrostomathaxtomin Ahairy galinsoga (Galinsoga quadriradiata)dandelion, Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers, TAROFyellow woodsorrel, Oxalis stricta L., OXASTmarsh yellowcress, Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess., RORISivyleaf speedwell, Veronica hederifolia L., VERHEannual bluegrass (Poaannua)flexuous bittercress, Cardamine flexuosa With., CARFLhenbit, Lamium amplexicaule L., LAMAMcommon chickweed, Stellaria media (L.) Vill., STEMElarge hop clover, Trifolium campestre Schreb., TRFCAsparrow vetch, Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb., VICTEfield madder, Sherardia arvensis L., SHRARtall fescue, Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire, ‘The Rebels’, ‘Top Choice’Biocontrolbiological weed controlbiopesticidemacrocidin
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 30 , Issue 3 , September 2016 , pp. 688 - 700
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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Footnotes

Associate Editor for this paper: Prashant Jha, Montana State University.

References

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